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FIGURES 1– 5 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 1– 5. Microphotographs of nest components of Rhophitulus aff. xenopalpus. 1. Cell, viewed from below, showing symmetry of shape, soil-filled lateral, thickness of cell closure, and fecal material appressed to rear of top surface. 2. Cell wall with water droplet testing absorption rate of hydrofuge surface. 3, 4. Inner surfaces of cell closures showing spiral patterns. 5. Posterior end of cell, frontal view, showing discrete fecal pellets attached to rear ceiling. FIGURE 6. Microphotograph of nest cell of Rhophitulus mimus demonstrating cell shape and faint sheen of lining.

FIGURES 37–44 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 37–44. Microphotographs of cleared right mandibles of Rhophitulus. 37–40. Rhophitulus xenopalpus, dorsal, inner, inner with apex in maximum profile, and ventral views, respectively. 41, 42. Rhophitulus mimus, inner and ventral views, respectively. 43, 44. Cephalurgus anomalus, inner view and close-up of apex, respectively.

FIGURES 31–36 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 31–36. SEM micrographs with central row in figures 31, 33, and 35, each representing abdominal segment 3, dorsal views. 31. Rhophitulus xenopalpus show transverse sclerotic band with paired dorsal tubercles. 32. Same, close-up of integument on left side showing wrinkled texture of membrane and smooth texture of sclerite. 33. Rhophitulus mimus, mostly left side, showing midline interruption of transverse tubercle and small rounded tubercle mesad of each paired tubercle. 34. Same, close-up of tubercles on left side. 35. Cephalurgus anomalus, showing basal sclerotic ring to each paired tubercle. 36. Close-up of left tubercle and ring.

FIGURES 27–30 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 27–30. SEM micrographs of the predefecating larva of Cephalurgus anomalus. 27. Head, lateral view. 28. Entire larva, lateral view. 29. Close-up of posterior end of abdomen. 30. Close-up of spiracle of abdominal segment 8, identified by rectangle in figure 29.

FIGURES 15–20. 15, 16 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 15–20. 15, 16. SEM micrographs of pollen of Centaurea sp. from larval provisions of Lithurgus chrysurus and of Opuntia sp. from larval provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis, to same scale, respectively. 17. SEM micrograph of egg of L. chrysurus, showing micropyle. 18–20. Dorsal views of integument of abdominal segment 3 of various instars of Lithurgus chrysurus showing surface textures. 18. Third instar. 19. Entire anterior part of body of fourth instar showing projecting caudal annulets ringing thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. 20. Close-up of abdominal segment 3, identified by rectangle in figure 19.

FIGURE 7 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 7. Schematic diagram of a cell containing single individual of Lithurgus chrysurus showing arrangement of provisions and position of egg, cell front to left.

FIGURES 12–14 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Microphotographs of cast exoskeletons from the same fourth instar of Lithurgus chrysurus in figures 10, 11. 12. Third instar exoskeleton with chorion, and first and second instar exoskeletons removed showing position (arrows) of cluster of 10 spiracles on each side. 13. Close-up of spiracles on right side figure12. 14. Close-up of spiracles on the right of the first instar with exoskeletons of second and third instars removed.

FIGURES 8–11 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 8–11. Microphotographs of immatures of Lithurgus chrysurus. 8. Egg attached to scrap of disc. 9. Second instar attached to scrap of disc. 10. Fourth instar, with disc removed, showing accumulation of chorion and exoskeletons of previous instars at rear. 11. Close-up of rear.

FIGURES 21– 26 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 21– 26. Dorsal view of integument of postdefecating fifth instar of Lithurgus chrysurus, showing integument and vestiture. 21. Thorax of same. 22. Metathorax and first two abdominal segments, showing contrast in integument between thoracic segments and abdominal segments of same. 23. Close-up of integument of mesothorax, left side, as identified by rectangle in figure 21. 24. Left side of abdominal segment 3 of same. 25. Close-up of same, left rectangle of figure 24. 26. Same, right rectangle of figure 24.

FIGURES 44–48 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 44–48. SEM micrographs of dorsal part of caudal annulet of abdominal segment 3 with cephalic annulet to the left, lateral view, showing close-ups of vestiture. 44. Dorsal part of caudal annulet, with top rectangle referring to figure 45, middle to figure 46, and lowest to figure 47. 45. Spicule. 46, 47. Different kinds of setae. 48. Spicule on cephalic annulet.

FIGURES 60–65 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 60–65. SEM micrographs of postdefecating larva of Trachusa larreae. 60. Head (with rear left parietal partly torn), dorsolateral view, viewed from somewhat in front. 61. Mouthparts, frontolateral view. 62. Salivary lips, showing parallel ridges of lower lip, frontolateral view. 63. Antenna, close-up. 64. Spiracle, abdominal segment 8. 65. Abdominal segment 3, dorsolateral view of caudal annulet showing flattened surface of middorsal tubercle.

FIGURES 3, 4 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 3, 4. Diagrammatic representation of first nest excavated with approximate dimensions of cell indicated. 3. Entire nest (with only one cell represented), lateral view, with scale (mm) on right referring to nest depth. 4. Radiating cell cluster, top view.

FIGURES 37–43 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 37–43. SEM micrographs of internal surface of cocoon of Trachusa larreae. 37. Front end showing filter of nipple surrounded by nonfenestrated cocoon fabric covering fine-grained anal discharge. 38. Close-up of rectangle in previous figure. 39. Front end of sidewall showing numerous fenestrations as well many areas without fenestrations. 40. Close-up of central rectangle in previous figure. 41. Close-up of part of left, partly shown rectangle in figure 39. 42. Rear end of sidewall showing texture of highly transparent rearmost area (at left) and gauzelike semitransparent anterior area (at right). 43. Close-up of rectangle in previous figure.

FIGURES 22–26 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 22–26. Microphotographs of fecal deposition of larval Trachusa larreae. 22. Cell with wall partly removed showing cocoon with fecal streaks partly covering fabric. 23. Front end of same cell with more wall removed, showing fecal pellet deposited behind cell closure. 24. Front end of cocoon with cell closure entirely removed as well as many fecal pellets to reveal nipple centered on front end. 25. Another view of nipple end; note trace of pale yellow discharge (arrow). 26. Close-up of rear of mature larva as it discharges pale, finegrained anal material.

FIGURES 5–10 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 5–10. Microphotographs of nests of first site. 5. Connected cell closures from first nest discovered, frontal view. 6. Five cells from second nest, with position of cells in cluster outlined, top view, single cells not positioned. 7. Front ends of cluster of three radiating cells from second nest, frontal view; note cell 4 still open. 8. Front end of cell, lateral view, showing pronounced projection of upper rim. 9. Close-up of broken edge of cell wall showing dark, highly reflective resin, imbedded, fractured pale small pebbles, and scattered plant fibers. 10. Cell closure, inner view.

FIGURES 20, 21 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 20, 21. Photographs of nest entrances at second site, with coins used to identify tumuli (arrows).

FIGURES 11–19 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 11–19. Microphotographs of immature stages of Trachusa larreae. 11. Egg lying on surface of provisions. 12. Egg inserted in provisions. 13. Probable second instar. 14. Probable third instar. 15. Fourth instar. 16. Early fifth instar, same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later. 17. Same individual as figure 15, photographed a day later, after reorienting, lying on side against provisions while feeding. 18. Live early fifth instar demonstrating middorsal body tubercles and body vestiture of stubble of short setae and long spicules, lateral view. 19. Same, except ventral view, demonstrating pronounced lateral abdominal lobes and absence of same on thorax.

FIGURES 34–36 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 34–36. Microphotographs of cocoon of Trachusa larreae. 34. Outer surface with front end removed, side view. 35. Inner surface, side view, showing reflective part of rear on left and fibrous part of midsection on right. 36. Inner surface of nipple end, showing outer ring of part of fibrous midsection surrounding smooth, nonfibrous fabric covering fine-grained anal discharge that in turn surrounds pale filter in center.

FIGURE 1. H.G.H in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURE 1. H.G.H. pointing to approximate position of first nest of Trachusa larreae discovered in area covered with blooming Eriogonum trichopes; note pollen plant Larrea tridentata to his right. FIGURE 2. First site of nests studied, with first two nests excavated in middle foreground and third nest in background being examined by H.G.H.

FIGURES 52, 53 in Nesting biology and immatures of the oligolectic bee Trachusa larreae (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini)

FIGURES 52, 53. Diagrams of fifth instars, lateral view, without vestiture, to same scale (= 1.0 mm), showing pre- and postdefecating morphologies, respectively.