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105 results for “nitrogen species”
Fig. 3 in Improved fallow: growth and nitrogen accumulation of five native tree species in Brazil
Fig. 3 Volume (m -3 ha -1) of five species of native trees planted in a mixed-culture slash-and-mulch agroforestry system in Eastern Amazonia of Brazil at Year 6 after planting in 2005. Letters indicate significant differences within species by treatment (N = 4)
Fig. 2 in Improved fallow: growth and nitrogen accumulation of five native tree species in Brazil
Fig. 2 Height (cm) response at Year 6 after planting in 2005 of a slash-and-mulch, improved fallow, mixed-culture agroforestry system in Igarapé Açu, Pará, Brazil. Error bars represent ±1SE (N = 4)
Fig. 4 in Improved fallow: growth and nitrogen accumulation of five native tree species in Brazil
Fig. 4 Above-ground biomass carbon (kg ha-1) of five (5) species of native trees planted in a mixed-culture slash-andmulch agroforestry system in the Eastern Amazon of Brazil at Year 6 after planting in 2005. Capital letters indicate significant differences among the main-plot treatment with P + K fertilization (PK+) or without (PK-). Lower case letters indicate significant differences between treatments (N = 4)
Fig. 1 in Improved fallow: growth and nitrogen accumulation of five native tree species in Brazil
Fig. 1 Ground line diameter (mm) response through Year 6 after planting in 2005 of a slash-and-mulch, improved fallow, mixedculture agroforestry system in Igarapé Açu, Pará, Brazil. Error bars represent ±1SE (N = 4)
Changes in plant species richness due to land use and nitrogen deposition across the globe
<p>Data and scripts corresponding to the article "Combined effects of land use and nitrogen deposition on plant species richness worldwide". In the article, we quantified the combined effects of land use and nitrogen deposition on terrestrial plant species richness at a 0.25º spatial resolution across the globe. We first determined the proportional changes in plant species richness for different land-use types and N deposition values through meta-analyses of local monitoring data obtained from the literature. We then combined the site-level responses with global land use and N deposition maps in a new multi-pressure species-area relationship (mp-SAR) model to provide estimates of changes in plant species richness at a resolution of 0.25º (about 25 km at the equator) worldwide.</p> <p>In this repository you will find all the data necessary to get the final results and the code in R to guide you through out the analysis.</p>
Intra-annual species gain overrides species loss in determining species richness in a typical steppe ecosystem after a decade of nitrogen enrichment
<p>Increasing deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) due to accelerated human activities is a threat to various ecosystems. However, there is a lack of long-term experimental evidence demonstrating the seasonal dynamics of plant species turnover that ultimately determine species richness in natural ecosystems under N enrichment. Moreover, the frequency of N addition also may affect species turnover in a community, but it is rarely studied.</p> <p>To assess the responses of a plant community to N addition, we manipulated the amounts (0-50 g N m<sup>-2</sup> year<sup>-1</sup>) and frequency (2 vs. 12 times year<sup>-1</sup>) of N addition in an Inner Mongolian typical steppe ecosystem in northern China for 12 consecutive years (2008-2020). We measured species richness and density of plant in the growing seasons (May-September) from 2018 to 2020, starting 10 years after the initial N addition treatment.</p> <p>Both species gain and species loss decreased with increasing amounts of N addition, resulting in a lower plant species turnover rate and greater similarity in the community between two adjacent months throughout the growing season. Species loss and species gain increased modestly under high N addition frequency. Species gain was more important than species loss in determining species richness after a decade of N application. In addition, plant density increased at high N amounts, mainly driven by enhanced clonal growth of the dominant species, <em>Leymus chinensis</em>.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis</em></strong>. Together, these results suggest that high levels of N deposition may suppress species richness due to aggravated soil chemical properties and may favor growth of a limited number of N-tolerant species compared to systems that experience low levels of N deposition. To conserve biodiversity and to facilitate restoration of degraded grassland ecosystems exposed to long-term N deposition, amelioration of the acidified soils induced by N deposition may be an important strategy to use.</p>
Data from: Direct effects of nitrogen addition on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species
<p>Seed germination plays an important role in mediating plant species composition of grassland communities under nitrogen (N) enrichment. Shifts of plant community structure with N-enhanced deposition in terrestrial ecosystems have occurred globally. Despite numerous studies about the effects of enhanced N deposition on mature plant communities, few studies have focused on seed germination. Using a laboratory experiment, we report the effects of five N concentrations, including 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mM N (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species. Results showed that low N concentrations (5- and 20-mM N) promoted mean final germination proportion of all eight species by 4.4% and 6.4%, but high concentrations (40 mM N) had no effect. The mean germination rate was decreased 2.1% and 5.1% by higher N concentration (20- and 40-mM N) levels, but germination start time showed the opposite trend, delayed by 0.7, 0.9, and 1.8 d for the 10, 20, and 40 Mm N treatments. Final germination proportion, mean germination rate, and germination start time were significantly different among species in response to N concentration treatments. The final germination proportion of <i>Allium tenuissimum </i>and<i> Chenopodium glaucum </i>were suppressed by increased N concentration, whereas it increased for<i> Potentilla bifurca, Plantago asiatica </i>and<i> Setaria viridis</i>. Our findings provide novel insights into N-deposition-induced species loss based on seed germination factors in semi-arid grassland communities.</p>
Plasticity of plant silicon and nitrogen concentrations in response to water regimes varies across temperate grassland species
<p>Temperate grasslands exhibit strong spatial and temporal variation in water regimes. Thus, grassland plants experience potentially stressful water regimes, which may influence their tissue silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Plant Si and N concentrations play important ecological roles in temperate grasslands, e.g. by influencing plant performance and herbivory, yet comparisons of species' responses to a broad range of water regimes, including drought, waterlogging, and flooding, are lacking.</p> <p>We conducted a mesocosm experiment with ten temperate grassland species of two life forms (grasses and forbs) exposed to four different soil water regimes (drought, benign control, waterlogged and flooded conditions), and analysed their Si and N concentrations.</p> <p>Grasses showed lower Si concentrations under drought and flooding compared to the benign control and the highest concentrations emerged under waterlogging. Overall, plant Si responses of grasses were more uniform, while in forbs, responses varied both in direction and magnitude across species. For N concentrations, all species and life forms showed the highest concentrations under drought compared to the benign control, while half of the species exhibited decreasing concentrations under waterlogging and/or flooding. The water regimes, especially waterlogging and flooding, induced changes in species rankings of plant Si and N concentrations, with stronger shifts in forbs than in grasses.</p> <p>Our results indicate that spatial and temporal variation of water regimes may influence plant Si and N concentrations in temperate grassland species. Plant Si responses to water regimes might be highly species-specific in forbs but more similar in grasses, whereas plant N responses are likely to be relatively uniform across species and life forms.</p> <p>The strong plasticity in plant Si and N concentrations we observed might have pervasive consequences for ecological processes, such as herbivory.</p>
Data from: Nitrogen addition and warming modulate the pathogen impact on plant biomass by shifting intraspecific functional traits and reducing species richness
<p><span>1. </span><span>Foliar fungal pathogens can substantially reduce plant biomass. This effect can be modulated by environment conditions, such as soil nitrogen availability and air temperature. The ongoing global changes are altering these variables and thus interact with pathogens to influence plant biomass, but experimental test of their interactions is scarce. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>We conducted a 4-year field experiment in a Tibetan alpine meadow to examine the interactive effects of nitrogen addition, warming and foliar pathogens (via fungicide application) on plant biomass. We also measured plant functional traits, species richness and abundance to test the possible mechanisms underlying these interactions. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Our results showed that foliar fungal pathogens reduced plant community biomass under nitrogen addition, which in turn weakened the positive nitrogen effect on community biomass. Mechanistically, nitrogen addition shifted the plant communities towards fast-growing traits; this happened predominantly because of changes in within-species trait values, including an increase in specific leaf area and height. These trait changes resulted in greater suppression of plant biomass by pathogens, likely because of the trade-offs associated with the allocation of resources to plant growth and defense. Moreover, the reduction in species richness amplified the pathogen effect under nitrogen addition due to the increased density and susceptibility of the most dominant species (i.e. Kobresia capillifolia). Furthermore, warming did not interact with pathogens and nitrogen addition to influence plant community biomass, but their three-way interaction modified the biomass of K. capillifolia. Specifically, warming enhanced the positive effect of nitrogen addition on the biomass of K. capillifolia in the fungicide, low infection plots, while it weakened the nitrogen effect in the no fungicide, high infection plots.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Synthesis:</span> <span>Our results demonstrate how pathogens interact with nitrogen addition and warming to influence the biomass of dominant species and the whole plant community. Our study highlights the importance of considering foliar fungal pathogens when assessing ecosystem responses to multiple global change factors.</span></p>
Enhanced foliar 15N enrichment with increasing nitrogen addition rates: Role of plant species and nitrogen compounds
<p>Determining the abundance of N isotope (δ15N) in natural environments is a simple but powerful method for providing integrated information on the N cycling dynamics and status in an ecosystem under exogenous N inputs. However, whether the input of different N compounds could differently impact plant growth and their 15N signatures remains unclear. Here, the response of δ15N signatures and growth of three dominant plants (Leymus chinensis, Carex duriuscula, and Thermopsis lanceolata) to the addition of three N compounds (NH4HCO3, urea, and NH4NO3) at multiple N addition rates were assessed in a meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia. The three plants showed different initial foliar δ15N values because of differences in their N acquisition strategies. Particularly, T. lanceolata (N2-fixing species) showed significantly lower 15N signatures than L. chinensis (associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF) and C. duriuscula (associated with AMF). Moreover, the foliar δ15N of all three species increased with increasing N addition rates, with a sharp increase above an N addition rate of ~10 g N m-2yr-1. Foliar δ15N values were significantly higher when NH4HCO3 and urea were added than when NH4NO3 was added, suggesting that adding weakly acidifying N compounds could result in a more open N cycle. Overall, our results imply that assessing the N transformation processes in the context of increasing global N deposition necessitates the consideration of N deposition rates, forms of the deposited N compounds, and N utilization strategies of the co-existing plant species in the ecosystem.<span> </span></p>
Data for: Allometric relationships for eight species of 4–5 year old nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees
<p>Allometric equations are often used to estimate plant biomass allocation to different tissue types from easier-to-measure quantities. Biomass allocation, and thus allometric equations, often differs by species and sometimes varies with nutrient availability. We measured biomass components for five nitrogen-fixing tree species (<em>Robinia pseudoacacia</em>, <em>Gliricidia sepium</em>, <em>Casuarina equisetifolia</em>, <em>Acacia</em> <em>koa</em>, <em>Morella</em> <em>faya</em>) and three non-fixing tree species (<em>Betula nigra, Psidium cattleianum, Dodonaea viscosa</em>) grown in field sites in New York and Hawaii for 4–5 years and subjected to four fertilization treatments. We measured total aboveground biomass, foliar biomass, main stem biomass, secondary stem biomass, and twig biomass in all species, and belowground biomass in <em>Robinia</em> <em>pseudoacacia</em> and <em>Betula</em> <em>nigra</em>, along with basal diameter, height, and canopy dimensions. The individuals spanned a wide size range (<1 to 16 cm basal diameter and 0.24 to 8.8 m height). For each biomass component, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and total biomass, we determined the following four allometric equations: the most parsimonious (lowest AIC) overall, the most parsimonious without a fertilization effect, the most parsimonious without canopy dimensions, and an equation with basal diameter only. For some species, the most parsimonious overall equation included fertilization effects, but fertilization effects were inconsistent across fertilization treatments. We therefore concluded that fertilization does not clearly affect allometric relationships in these species, size classes, and growth conditions. Our best-fit allometric equations without fertilization effects had the following R<sup>2</sup> values: 0.91–0.99 for aboveground biomass (the range is across species), 0.95 for belowground biomass, 0.80–0.96 for foliar biomass, 0.94–0.99 for main stem biomass, 0.77–0.98 for secondary stem biomass, and 0.88–0.99 for twig biomass. Our equations can be used to estimate overall biomass and biomass of tissue components for these size classes in these species, and our results indicate that soil fertility does not need to be considered when using allometric relationships for these size classes in these species.</p>
Data from: Widely naturalized species are not more promiscuous in the use of different nitrogen forms, but benefit more from inorganic nitrogen
<p>Nitrogen (N) has been considered a crucial factor influencing invasion success. Many studies have assessed responses of alien plants to different N availabilities. However, in natural soils, N comes in different forms. Few studies have explored yet whether responses of alien species to different N forms are related to their naturalization success globally. </p> <p>We selected 22 common herbaceous species native to Germany that have all become naturalized elsewhere in the world. We grew them under six different N conditions that differed in the availability or form of N, and assessed their growth performance.</p> <p>We found that neither biomass production nor promiscuity to different N forms was related to naturalization success of the species. However, the biomass response to inorganic N, relative to organic N, was stronger for the widely naturalized species than for the less widely naturalized ones.</p> <p>Our comparative multi-species study shows that although the widely naturalized species were not more promiscuous than the less widely naturalized species, they took more advantage of the inorganic-N forms. This indicates that naturalization success might be partly driven by a species' ability to take advantage of increased inorganic N levels.</p>
Data from: Contrasting conifer species productivity in relation to soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of British Columbia perhumid rainforests
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Data from: Phosphorus amendment mitigates nitrogen addition-induced phosphorus limitation in two plant species in a desert steppe, China
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Data from: Species-specific responses of foliar nutrients to long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lowland tropical forest
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Data for: Allometric relationships for eight species of 4–5 year old nitrogen-fixing and non-fixing trees
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Intra-annual species gain overrides species loss in determining species richness in a typical steppe ecosystem after a decade of nitrogen enrichment
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The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition
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Data from: Tree species rather than type of mycorrhizal association drives inorganic and organic nitrogen acquisition in tree-tree interactions
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Plasticity of plant silicon and nitrogen concentrations in response to water regimes varies across temperate grassland species
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