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Fig. 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 2. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Myers et al. (1991: 29, fig. 20). All evidence is shown on the cladogram. In this scenario, Aromobates nocturnus is postulated to be the sister species of all other dendrobatids. All of the unquestioned synapomorphies listed for Dendrobatidae apply only to A. nocturnus and are unknown in any other dendrobatid.

Fig. 8 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 8. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Widmer et al. (2000: 561, fig. 2), based on parsimony analysis of cytochrome b sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified). Numbers are parsimony/maximum likelihood/neighbor-joining bootstrap frequencies.

Fig. 4 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 4. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Kaplan (1997: 373, fig. 3). Numbered synapomorphies are: (1) tympanum posterodorsally tilted under anterior edge of massive superficial slip of m. depressor mandibulae, (2) mercaptanlike defensive odor, (3) diurnal activity, (4) riparian–terrestrial habitat preference, (5) smaller size (,50 mm SVL), (6) m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis absent (''s'' pattern), (7) neopalatines absent, (8) finger three of males swollen, and (9) lipophilic alkaloids present.

Fig. 19 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 19. Examples of variation in dendrobatid maxillary teeth. A, B: lateral (A) and lingual (B) views of pictus (UMMZ 184099). Note that the teeth do not protrude beyond the edge of the maxilla. C: lateral view of riveroi (AMNH 134144). D: lateral view of subpunctatus (UMMZ 221159). E: lateral view of undulatus (AMNH 159142). F: lateral view of molinarii (UMMZ 176207). G: lateral view of dunni (UMMZ 167131). H: lateral view of nocturnus (AMNH 129940).

Fig. 11 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 11. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Santos et al. (2003: 12794, fig. 1), based on unweighted parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial transcription unit H1 (ca. 2,400 bp), aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) ''under various parameters … and finally adjusted by eye to produce a parsimonious alignment'' whereby ''informative sites were minimized'' (Santos et al., 2003:

Fig. 6 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 6. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Clough and Summers (2000: 342, fig. 1), based on parsimony analysis of 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b DNA sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified) and modified by eye and excluding ambiguously aligned regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).

Fig. 12 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 12. Hypothesized phylogeny of Dendrobates, redrawn from Symula et al. (2003: 459, fig. 3), based on maximum likelihood (under the GTR + C model) analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I DNA sequences aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) (parameters not specified). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown above branches, parsimony bootstrap frequencies shown below branches (frequencies.75% shown).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 4. Forest Islands 1, 2 in The Blue Dyeing Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates tinctorius (Dendrobates azureus, Hoogmoed 1969): extant in Suriname based on a rapid survey

Fig. 4. Forest Islands 1, 2, and 4, extant vegetation comparison between Google Earth images for 2004 (A) and 1969 (B). Red outlines delineating the three forest islands were juxtaposed from the 2004 image onto the 1969 image.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 1 in The Blue Dyeing Poison-Dart Frog, Dendrobates tinctorius (Dendrobates azureus, Hoogmoed 1969): extant in Suriname based on a rapid survey

Fig. 1. Map of Suriname, South America (upper left inset) with approximate location of Sipaliwini savannah indicated by the black box. Forest Islands are outlined in red and identified by numbers corresponding to those of Hoogmoed (1969, 2019). Arrows indicate locations of the 50 x 50 m plots surveyed in Forest Islands 1, 2, and 4 during 16–18 June 2015. Forest Island 3 was not surveyed. In this 2004 Google image, savanna vegetation surrounding the forest islands had been recently burned by indigenous hunters.

Fig. 5 in Bacterial communities associated with Megalopyge opercularis (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae): exploring poisonous lepidopterans

Fig. 5. Diversity order profile (Rényi 1961, Hill 1973) and 95% confidence intervals (dotted) for each developmental stage: larvae (caterpillar, black) and adult (moth, red).

Fig. 3 in Bacterial communities associated with Megalopyge opercularis (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae): exploring poisonous lepidopterans

Fig. 3. Dominant bacterial families found in Megalopyge opercularis: (A) corresponds to percentage of bacterial community in caterpillars; (B) corresponds to percentage of bacterial community in moths.

Fig. 2 in Bacterial communities associated with Megalopyge opercularis (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae): exploring poisonous lepidopterans

Fig. 2. Dominant bacterial community found in Megalopyge opercularis. *Inner circle corresponds to percentage of bacterial community in moths. *Outer circle corresponds to percentage of bacterial community in caterpillars.

Fig. 4 in Bacterial communities associated with Megalopyge opercularis (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae): exploring poisonous lepidopterans

Fig. 4. Percentage of bacterial community at genus level in Megalopyge opercularis. Orange bars correspond to caterpillars and blue bars correspond to moths.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2013View details →

FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.) in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.)

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Transcriptomes for Ranitomeya imitator and R. variabilis: Evidence for a Parabasalian Gut Symbiote in Egg-Feeding Poison Frog Tadpoles in Peru

This dataset contains the assembled transcriptomes for our paper. The three assemblies are for Ranitomeya imitator, R. variabilis, and a merged assembly of the two species. For methodological details, see the published manuscript.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Herbarium specimens reveal century-long trait shifts in poison ivy due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions

Dataset for manuscript entitled "Herbarium specimens reveal century-long trait shifts in poison ivy due to anthropogenic CO2 emissions."  Contains one spreadsheet file ("Ng et al 2023 Poison Ivy trait data.xlsx"). Note that metadata can be found in first tab.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Supplementary data for: Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal Neotropical frogs and loss of the SWS2 opsin in poison frogs

Amphibians are ideal for studying visual system evolution because their biphasic (aquatic and terrestrial) life history and ecological diversity expose them to a broad range of visual conditions. Here we evaluate signatures of selection on visual opsin genes across Neotropical anurans and focus on three diurnal clades that are well-known for the concurrence of conspicuous colors and chemical defense (i.e., aposematism): poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), Harlequin toads (Bufonidae: Atelopus), and pumpkin toadlets (Brachycephalidae: Brachycephalus). We found evidence of positive selection on 44 amino acid sites in LWS, SWS1, SWS2, and RH1 opsin genes, of which one in LWS and two in RH1 have been previously identified as spectral tuning sites in other vertebrates. Given that anurans have mostly nocturnal habits, the patterns of selection revealed new sites that might be important in spectral tuning for frogs, potentially for adaptation to diurnal habits and for color-based intraspecific communication. Furthermore, we provide evidence that SWS2, normally expressed in rod cells in frogs and some salamanders, has likely been lost in the ancestor of Dendrobatidae, suggesting that under low-light levels, dendrobatids have inferior wavelength discrimination compared to other frogs. This loss might follow the origin of diurnal activity in dendrobatids and could have implications for their chemical ecology, biodiversity, and behavior. Our analyses show that assessments of opsin diversification in understudied groups could expand our understanding of the role of sensory system evolution in ecological adaptation.

publicAug 2022View details →

Data for: Investigating signal modalities of aposematism in a poison frog

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publicFeb 2024View details →

Evidence for individual vocal recognition in a pair-bonding poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator

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