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142 results for “pollinator community”
Flexible diets enable pollinators to cope with changes in plant community composition
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Planted pollinator habitat in agroecosystems: How does the pollinator community respond?
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Data from: Pollinator community species richness dilutes prevalence of multiple viruses within multiple host species
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Effects of urban horticulture on insect pollinator community structure, central Arizona Phoenix: site locations
Insects that pollinate flowering plants are often considered "keystone species," animals that play extremely important roles in ecosystem functioning such that their absence would have more widespread and far-reaching effects than their abundance alone would indicate. For example, the absence of pollinating insects would translate to a severe reduction in plant reproduction, which would in turn affect not only the plants but also seed-eating animals, herbivorous animals, predators of the herbivores, and so on in a trophic cascade. Such a scenario would impact not only wildlife but also human populations because insects pollinate the majority of human food-plants. While the importance of these relationships is acknowledged, surprisingly, little is known about how insect pollinator communities are affected by environmental changes, such as global climate change or urban development. There has recently been a call for research on insect pollinator communities, citing a pressing need to obtain baseline information in the face of probable future environmental changes. The Sonoran Desert has one of the most diverse insect communities in the world (particularly for members of the Order Hymenoptera [bees, wasps, and ants], which perform the lion's share of pollination duties for both native and crop plants). This community may be threatened from the presence of the exotic honeybee and from habitat alteration in the form of urban development. We propose to conduct a pilot study to examine how the pollinator community differs under different forms of urban land use in the Phoenix metropolitan area. We have three research questions: (1) How does the ratio of native species to the exotic honeybee differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas that also have flowering plants? (2) How does insect pollinator community structure (richness and abundance) differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas? and (3) How does insect poll
Effects of urban horticulture on insect pollinator community structure in the central Arizona-Phoenix area
Insects that pollinate flowering plants are often considered "keystone species," animals that play extremely important roles in ecosystem functioning such that their absence would have more widespread and far-reaching effects than their abundance alone would indicate. For example, the absence of pollinating insects would translate to a severe reduction in plant reproduction, which would in turn affect not only the plants but also seed-eating animals, herbivorous animals, predators of the herbivores, and so on in a trophic cascade. Such a scenario would impact not only wildlife but also human populations because insects pollinate the majority of human food-plants. While the importance of these relationships is acknowledged, surprisingly, little is known about how insect pollinator communities are affected by environmental changes, such as global climate change or urban development. There has recently been a call for research on insect pollinator communities, citing a pressing need to obtain baseline information in the face of probable future environmental changes. The Sonoran Desert has one of the most diverse insect communities in the world (particularly for members of the Order Hymenoptera [bees, wasps, and ants], which perform the lion's share of pollination duties for both native and crop plants). This community may be threatened from the presence of the exotic honeybee and from habitat alteration in the form of urban development. We propose to conduct a pilot study to examine how the pollinator community differs under different forms of urban land use in the Phoenix metropolitan area. We have three research questions: (1) How does the ratio of native species to the exotic honeybee differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas that also have flowering plants? (2) How does insect pollinator community structure (richness and abundance) differ among natural desert, urban desert remnants, and residential areas? and (3) How does insect poll
Are native and non-native pollinator friendly plants equally valuable for native wild bee communities?
<p>Bees rely on floral pollen and nectar for food. Therefore, pollinator friendly plantings are often used to enrich habitats in bee conservation efforts. As part of these plantings, non-native plants may provide valuable floral resources, but their effects on native bee communities have not been assessed in direct comparison with native pollinator friendly plantings. In this study, we performed a common garden experiment by seeding mixes of 20 native and 20 non-native pollinator friendly plant species at separate neighboring plots at three sites in Maryland, USA, and recorded flower visitors for two years. A total of 3744 bees (120 species) were collected. Bee abundance and species richness was either similar across plant types (mid-season and for abundance also late season) or lower at native than at non-native plots (early season and for richness also late season). The overall bee community composition differed significantly between native and non-native plots, with 11 and 23 bee species found exclusively at one plot type or the other, respectively. Additionally, some species were more abundant at native plant plots, while others<i> </i>were more abundant at non-natives. Native plants hosted more specialized plant-bee visitation networks than non-native plants. Three species out of the five most abundant bee species were more specialized when foraging on native plants than on non-native plants. Overall, visitation networks were more specialized in the early season than in late seasons. Our findings suggest that non-native plants can benefit native pollinators, but may alter foraging patterns, bee community assemblage, and bee-plant network structures.</p> <p> </p>
Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients
<p>1. Understanding how abiotic disturbance and biotic interactions determine pollinator and flowering-plant diversity is critically important given global climate change and widespread pollinator declines. To predict responses of pollinators and flowering-plant communities to changes in wildfire disturbance, a mechanistic understanding of how these two trophic levels respond to wildfire severity is needed.</p> <p>2. We compared site-to-site variation in community composition (β-diversity), species richness, and abundances of pollinators and flowering plants among landscapes with no recent wildfire (unburned), mixed-severity wildfire, and high-severity wildfire in three sites across the Northern Rockies Ecoregion, USA. We used variation partitioning to assess the relative contributions of wildfire, other abiotic variables (climate, soils, topography), and biotic associations among plant and pollinator composition to community assembly of both trophic levels.</p> <p>3. Wildfire disturbance generally increased species richness and total abundance, but decreased β-diversity, of both pollinators and flowering plants. However, reductions in β-diversity from wildfire appeared to result from increased abundances following fires, resulting in higher local species richness of pollinators and flowers in burned than unburned landscapes. After accounting for differences in abundance, standardized effect sizes of β-diversity were higher in burned than unburned landscapes, suggesting that wildfire enhances non-random assortment of pollinator and flowering-plant species among local communities.</p> <p>4. Wildfire disturbance mediated the relative importance of mutualistic associations to β-diversity of pollinators and flowering plants. The influence of pollinator β-diversity on flowering-plant β-diversity increased with wildfire severity, whereas the influence of flowering-plant β-diversity on pollinator β-diversity was greater in mixed-severity than high-severity wildfire or unburned landscapes. Moreover, biotic associations among pollinator and plant species explained substantial variation in β-diversity of both trophic levels beyond what could be explained by wildfire and all other abiotic and spatial factors combined.</p> <p>5. Synthesis: Wildfire disturbance and plant-pollinator interactions both strongly influence the assembly of pollinator and flowering-plant communities at local and regional scales. However, biotic interactions were generally more important drivers of community assembly in disturbed than undisturbed landscapes. As wildfire regimes continue to change globally, predicting its effects on biodiversity will require a deeper understanding of the ecological processes that mediate biotic interactions among linked trophic levels.</p>
Data from: Inferring processes of coevolutionary diversification in a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated pollinating wasps
The fig and pollinator wasp obligate mutualism is diverse (~750 described species), ecologically important, and ancient (~80 Ma). Once thought to be an example of strict one-to-one cospeciation, current thinking suggests genera of pollinator wasps codiversify with corresponding sections of figs, but the degree to which cospeciation or other processes contribute to the association at finer scales is unclear. Here we use genome-wide sequence data from a community of Panamanian strangler figs and associated wasp pollinators to estimate the relative contributions of four evolutionary processes generating cophylogenetic patterns in this mutualism: cospeciation, host switching, pollinator speciation, and pollinator extinction. Using a model-based approach adapted from the study of gene family evolution, our results demonstrate the importance of host switching of pollinator wasps at this fine phylogenetic and regional scale. Although we estimate a modest amount of cospeciation, simulations reveal the number of putative cospeciation events to be consistent with what would be expected by chance. Additionally, model selection tests identify host switching as a critical parameter for explaining cophylogenetic patterns in this system. Our study demonstrates a promising approach through which the history of evolutionary association between interacting lineages can be rigorously modeled and tested in a probabilistic phylogenetic framework.
Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community
Interaction networks are widely used as tools to understand plant–pollinator communities, and to examine potential threats to plant diversity and food security if the ecosystem service provided by pollinating animals declines. However, most networks to date are based on recording visits to flowers, rather than recording clearly defined effective pollination events. Here we provide the first networks that explicitly incorporate measures of pollinator effectiveness (PE) from pollen deposition on stigmas per visit, and pollinator importance (PI) as the product of PE and visit frequency. These more informative networks, here produced for a low diversity heathland habitat, reveal that plant–pollinator interactions are more specialized than shown in most previous studies. At the studied site, the specialization index Embedded Image was lower for the visitation network than the PE network, which was in turn lower than Embedded Image for the PI network. Our study shows that collecting PE data is feasible for community-level studies in low diversity communities and that including information about PE can change the structure of interaction networks. This could have important consequences for our understanding of threats to pollination systems.
Flower traits, habitat and phylogeny as predictors of pollinator service: a plant community perspective
<p>Pollinator service is essential for successful sexual reproduction and long-term population persistence of animal-pollinated plants, and innumerable studies have shown that insufficient service by pollinators results in impaired sexual reproduction ("pollen limitation"). Studies directly addressing the predictors of variation in pollinator service across species or habitats remain comparatively scarce, which limits our understanding of the primary causes of natural variation in pollen limitation. This paper evaluates the importance of pollination-related features, evolutionary history and environment as predictors of pollinator service in a large sample of plant species from undisturbed montane habitats in southeastern Spain. Quantitative data on pollinator visitation were obtained for 191 insect-pollinated species belonging to 142 genera in 43 families, and the predictive values of simple floral traits (perianth type, class of pollinator visitation unit, and visitation unit dry mass), phylogeny, and habitat type were assessed. A total of 24,866 pollinator censuses accounting for 5,414,856 flower-min of observation were conducted on 510 different dates. Flowering patch and single flower visitation probabilities by all pollinators combined were significantly predicted by the combined effects of perianth type (open vs. restricted), class of visitation unit (single flower vs. flower packet), mass of visitation unit, phylogenetic relationships, and habitat type. Pollinator composition at insect order level varied extensively among plant species, largely reflecting the contrasting visitation responses of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera to variation in floral traits. Pollinator composition had a strong phylogenetic component, and the distribution of phylogenetic autocorrelation hotspots of visitation rates across the plant phylogeny differed widely among insect orders. Habitat type was a key predictor of pollinator composition, as major insect orders exhibited decoupled variation across habitat types in visitation rates. Comprehensive pollinator sampling of a regional plant community has shown that pollinator visitation and composition can be parsimoniously predicted by a combination of simple floral features, habitat type and evolutionary history. Ambitious community-level studies can help to formulate novel hypotheses and questions, shed fresh light on long-standing controversies in pollination research (e.g., "pollination syndromes"), and identify methodological cautions that should be considered in pollination community studies dealing with small, phylogenetically-biased plant species samples.</p>
Data from: Taxonomic and functional diversity of the co-flowering community differentially affect Cakile edentula pollination at different spatial scales
1. The number of co-flowering species, floral density and floral trait diversity can be major determinants of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions in a community. However, evaluation of how each one of these co-flowering components affects the pollination success of a single focal plant species, and how these effects vary at different spatial scales, is lacking. 2. Here we evaluated the effects of functional diversity (flower morphology and colour), taxonomic diversity (reflecting potential sampling effects) and flower density (conspecific and heterospecific), on the pollinator environment (i.e. visitation rate and pollinator diversity), and pollination success (i.e. pollen load size and number of pollen tubes per style) of Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). We applied structural equation models (SEM's) at the floral-neighbourhood (plot level) and community-wide scales to uncover the factors that mediate co-flowering community effects on C. edentula pollination success. 3. We found that co-flowering community effects at the community level are more important than fine-scale floral-neighbourhood differences in mediating plant pollination success in our study species. Increasing plant functional diversity decreased pollinator visitation rate but increased the diversity of pollinator functional groups visiting C. edentula flowers. Taxonomic diversity negatively affected pollinator diversity suggesting that other unmeasured floral traits may be relevant or that single-species effects (sampling effects) may be important. Overall, our results suggest that functional floral trait diversity in a community may be the most important factor influencing pollination success of species in a community. We also found evidence for intra- and interspecific pollinator competition mediated by flower density but none of these effects seemed to have a significant impact on pollination success. 4. This study is an important step towards understanding the complexity of co-flowering community effects on the pollination success of individual plant species at multiple spatial scales. This study further reveals the potential importance of plant functional diversity in a community in helping predict competitive and facilitative interactions in co-flowering communities. 5. Synthesis. Floral density, taxonomic and functional co-flowering diversity are important drivers of pollination success in flowering plants. The effects of the co-flowering diversity on the pollination success of plant species can largely depend on the spatial scale being studied. Only evaluating the outcomes of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions at multiple stages of the pollination process can lead to a complete understanding of their ecological consequences in nature.
Supplementary material 1 from: Picanço A, Gil A, Rigal F, Borges PAV (2017) Pollination services mapping and economic valuation from insect communities: a case study in the Azores (Terceira Island). Nature Conservation 18: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.18.11523
Supporting information : Explanation note: Description of the landscape disturbance index methodological approach according to Cardoso et al. (2013).
Data from: Influence of plant-pollinator interactions on the assembly of plant and hummingbird communities
Understanding how ecological processes structure species assemblages is a central issue in community ecology. While the influence of plant–pollinator interactions on each other's evolution is well recognized, their role in the assembly of interdependent communities of plants and pollinators is still unclear. Using data from seven communities of hummingbirds and plants that they pollinate from two tropical rain forest types (lowland and montane), we evaluated phylogenetic relationships and signal of functional traits, over space and time, to test predictions on the main processes (environmental filtering, facilitation or competition) that are driving these hummingbird–plant assemblages. Our findings suggest that the main processes driving these assemblages varied between hummingbirds and plants and between habitats, and even among communities at the same habitat. The non-conserved floral trait and the phylogenetic patterns (even or random) give support to the hypothesis of facilitation or competition as processes regulating the composition of plant assemblages. Moreover, the positive relationship between fitness and flowering synchrony suggests facilitation as the most important mechanism for montane plant communities. Distinctively, for lowland plant communities, the combination of non-conserved traits and clustered phylogenetic patterns may be a result of either adaptive radiation or biotic filtering driven by a particular pollinator species that plays a main role as plant community organizer. Lastly, evidence of trait conservatism, together with clustered or even phylogenetic patterns, suggests that facilitation or competition may drive the assembly of montane hummingbird communities, despite the predominance of random phylogenetic patterns. Synthesis. Overall, we present a pathway to identify central ecological processes that may drive the assembly of plant–pollinator communities. We show that different processes related with pollination that vary in space and time may contribute to the assembly of the interdependent tropical communities of plants and pollinators. These findings highlight the importance of considering ecological interactions when evaluating community assembly processes.
Figure 14. A in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 14. A relationship between fore wing length and tongue length of the observed bees and syrphid flies.
Figure 13. A in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 13. A scatter chart of non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of flower-visitor assemblages (stress value = 0.22). Pearson and Kendall correlations of 13 guilds with ordination axes are shown in red arrows.
Figure 17 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 17. Comparison of pollination systems among different habits of the plants observed in the montane forests in Laos.
Figure 9 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 9. Flowers visited by dipterans. (a) Curculigo crassifolia visited by a syrphid fly; (b) Lindera tonkinensis visited by a muscid fly; (c) Flueggea virosa visited by a mosquito; (d) Breynia retusa visited by a cecidomyiid midge; (e) Isodon coetsa visited by a syrphid fly; (f) Arisaema balansae visited by a mycetophilid midge (spathe dissected); (g, h) Alocasia odora visited by a drosophilid fly; (i) Maesa sp. visited by a sciarid midge.
Figure 7 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 7. Flowers visited by long-tongued bees and flies. (a) Derris scandens visited by Bombus sp.; (b) Amalocalyx microlobus visited by Bombus trifasciatus; (c) Zingiber zerumbet visited by B. trifasciatus; (d, e) Myrioneuron faberi visited by Elaphropoda; (f) Alpinia kwangsiensis visited by Xylocopa caerulea; (g) Phlogacanthus sp. visited by long-tongued syrphid fly.
Figure 5 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 5. Seasonal changes in numbers of bees observed on flowers: (a) honeybees of subgenera Megapis and Apis; (b) honeybees of subgenus Micrapis and stingless bees; (c) bumblebees; (d) Anthophorini; (e) Xylocopini, Ctenoplectini and Megachilidae; (f) Halictidae, Colletidae and Melittidae.
Figure 4 in Community-level plant-pollinator interactions in a Palaeotropical montane evergreen oak forest ecosystem
Figure 4. Seasonal changes in the number of observed flowering plant species at the study sites in Laos. The letter 'n' in the graph denotes a lack of data.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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