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opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

FIGURE 7 in Life history trait variations and population dynamics of Calophysus macropterus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon

FIGURE 7 | Standard length-converted catch curves (SL) and mortality estimates for Calophysus macropterus (A) females, (B) males and all individuals (sexed and unsexed) combined (C) in the Amazonas, lower Marañón and lower Ucayali rivers, calculated from the VBGF parameters at a mean temperature of 27°C. Z, M and F represent the instantaneous rates of total, natural and fishing mortality, respectively. E is the exploitation rate (E = F.Z-1). Black dots = data points in the curve on which the regression was fitted.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern

Understanding the neutral (demographic) and adaptive processes leading to the differentiation of species and populations is a critical component of evolutionary and conservation biology. In this context, recently diverged taxa represent a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation. Northern and southern Idaho ground squirrels (Urocitellus brunneus – NIDGS, and U. endemicus - SIDGS, respectively) are a recently diverged pair of sister species that have undergone dramatic declines in the last 50 years and are currently found in metapopulations across restricted spatial areas with distinct environmental pressures. Here we genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from buccal swabs with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). With these data we evaluated neutral genetic structure at both the inter- and intraspecific level, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs using population structure outlier detection and genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses. At the interspecific level, we detected a clear separation between NIDGS and SIDGS, and evidence for adaptive differentiation putatively linked to torpor patterns. At the intraspecific level, we found evidence of both neutral and adaptive differentiation. For NIDGS, elevation appears to be the main driver of adaptive differentiation, while neutral variation patterns match and expand information on the low connectivity between some populations identified in previous studies using microsatellite markers. For SIDGS, neutral substructure generally reflected natural geographic barriers, while adaptive variation reflected differences in land cover and temperature, as well as elevation. These results clearly highlight the roles of neutral and adaptive processes for understanding the complexity of the processes leading to species and population differentiation, which can have important conservation implications in susceptible and threatened species.

Figure 18 in Geographic variation in U. S. populations of the tiger beetle Cicindela obsoleta Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

Figure 18. Collecting localities for the tiger beetle Cicindela obsoleta in the United States, mapped using ArcView GIS software. Open circles represent collecting localities for Cicindela obsoleta obsoleta; open squares represent Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae; closed circles represent Cicindela obsoleta vulturina; and closed stars represent Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenilis.

Figure 10-17 in Geographic variation in U. S. populations of the tiger beetle Cicindela obsoleta Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

Figure 10-17. Adult habitus photographs of pinned specimens of Cicindela obsoleta in NMNH. 10) Cicindela obsoleta vulturina LeConte, female, Cisco, TX. 11) Cicindela obsoleta vulturina, female, Henrietta, TX. 12) Cicindela obsoleta vulturina, male, Forestburg, TX. 13) Cicindela obsoleta vulturina, male College Station, TX. 14) Cicindela obsoleta vulturina, male, 2.5 miles SW Calico Rock, AR. 15) Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenilis Vogt, paratype male, S. W. Hidalgo Co., TX. 16) Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenilis, paratype female, S.W. Hidalgo Co., TX. 17) Cicindela obsoleta neojuvenilis, paratype female, S. W. Hidalgo Co., TX.

Figure 1-9 in Geographic variation in U. S. populations of the tiger beetle Cicindela obsoleta Say (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

Figure 1-9. Adult habitus photographs of pinned specimens of Cicindela obsoleta in NMNH. 1) Cicindela obsoleta obsoleta Say, male, Silver City, NM. 2) Cicindela obsoleta obsoleta, female, Carrizo Creek Picnic Area, Baca Co., CO. 3) Cicindela obsoleta obsoleta, male, Silver City, NM. 4) Cicindela obsoleta obsoleta X Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae, female, Silver City, NM. 5) Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae Bates, syntype female, Santa Clara, Chihuahua, México. 6) Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae, male, Ft. Wingate, NM. 7) Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae, female, Ft. Wingate, NM. 8) Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae, female, Ft. Wingate, NM. 9) Cicindela obsoleta santaclarae, male, Ft. Wingate, NM.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Slower environmental cycles maintain greater life-history variation within populations

Populations in nature are comprised of individual life histories, whose variation underpins ecological and evolutionary processes. Yet the forces of environmental selection that shape intrapopulation life-history variation are still not well understood, and efforts have largely focused on random (stochastic) fluctuations of the environment. However, a ubiquitous mode of environmental fluctuation in nature is cyclical, whose periodicities can change independently of stochasticity. Here we test theoretically-based hypotheses for whether shortened ('Fast') or lengthened ('Slow') environmental cycles should generate higher intrapopulation variation of life history phenotypes. We show, through a combination of individual-based modelling and a multi-generational laboratory selection experiment using the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus, that slower environmental cycles maintain higher levels of intrapopulation variation. Surprisingly, the effect of environmental periodicity on variation was much stronger than that of stochasticity. Thus, our results show that periodicity is an important facet of fluctuating environments for life-history variation.

opencc-by-4.0May 2011View details →

Fig. 3 in Evidence of the color pattern variation in populations of Gymnotus pantanal (Gymnotiformes) from three streams in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

Fig. 3. Color pattern variation in Gymnotus pantanal from Pinheirinho and Jacutinga streams. (a) 209.8 mm TL (NUP 9311); (b) 181.0 mm TL (NUP 9311); (c) 150.0 mm TL (NUP 9312); (d) 125.0 mm TL (NUP 9312).

opencc-by-4.0May 2011View details →

Fig. 4 in Evidence of the color pattern variation in populations of Gymnotus pantanal (Gymnotiformes) from three streams in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

Fig. 4. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) ordination (a) and average values (± standard error) of the axes scores 1 (b) and 2 (c) from PCA ordination of morphometric characters for Gymnotus pantanal atypical color pattern (G. 1) and Gymnotus pantanal sensu stricto (G. 2).

Fig. 2 in Microsatellite variation and population genetic structure of a neotropical endangered Bryconinae species Brycon insignis Steindachner, 1877: implications for its conservation and sustainable management

Fig. 2. UPGMA clustering of the Nei's genetic distance (1972) of the Brycon insignis sampling locations based on six microsatellite loci. Bootstrap values above 50% are shown above branches indicating percentage support in 5000 permutations. Power Company Hatchery (PCH), São João River (SJR), Paraíba do Sul River (PSR), Imbé River (IMR), Muriaé River (MUR) and Itabapoana River (ITR).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Southern Tunisian Populations

mtDNA (HVR-I and HVR-II) data of five southern Tunisian human populations: - Douz (abbreviation: Douz) - Matmata (abbreviation: MAT) - Nouvelle Zraoua (abbreviation: ZRA) - R'Baya (abbreviation: rba) - Tamezret (abbreviation: TAM)

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Using DNA metabarcoding to explore spatial variation in diet across European Hawfinch populations

The investigation of diet in avian species is essential to an understanding of their ecology and local adaptations, as well as long-term conservation. This can be particularly challenging due to the wide distribution and high ecological plasticity of many bird species. Dietary richness and variation are under-studied in woodland bird species, due primarily to challenges in accurately identifying plant and invertebrate taxa consumed. Within Europe, Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) have shown variation in population trends, with moderate declines across central and eastern Europe, while western European populations have shown moderate increases. Ecological drivers behind this differing trend are still unknown; one possibility is differences in diet, yet little research has been conducted into Hawfinch diet in mainland Europe or elsewhere. This study aimed to present the first molecular dietary analysis of Hawfinch populations across two European countries. Faecal samples were collected between January and July of 2019 from Hawfinch caught at six artificial feed sites: two in Denmark and four in Germany. DNA was successfully extracted from 80 samples and plant Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and invertebrate Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) barcodes were amplified. A total of 35 plant and 37 invertebrate taxa were found across the 80 Hawfinch faecal samples, with plant and insect orders Fagales and Lepidoptera respectively the most frequently detected. Hawfinch dietary composition differed significantly between European countries, suggesting Hawfinch can make use of available food resources which are likely to differ spatially. Our study shows how DNA metabarcoding can be used to provide novel ecological information associated with under-studied bird species, thus providing essential information for future management and conservation of Hawfinch and their habitats.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Otterly delicious: Spatiotemporal variation in the diet of a recovering population of Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) revealed through DNA metabarcoding and morphological analysis of prey remains

Eurasian otters are apex predators of freshwater ecosystems and a recovering species across much of their European range; investigating the dietary variation of this predator over time and space therefore provides opportunities to identify changes in freshwater trophic interactions and factors influencing the conservation of otter populations. Here we sampled faeces from 300 dead otters across England and Wales between 2007 and 2016, conducting both morphological analysis of prey remains and dietary DNA metabarcoding. Comparison of these methods showed that greater taxonomic resolution and breadth could be achieved using DNA metabarcoding but combining data from both methodologies gave the most comprehensive dietary description. All otter demographics exploited a broad range of taxa and variation likely reflected changes in prey distributions and availability across the landscape. This study provides novel insights into the trophic generalism and adaptability of otters across Britain, which is likely to have aided their recent population recovery, and may increase their resilience to future environmental changes.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Additive genetic and environmental variation interact to shape the dynamics of seasonal migration in a wild bird population

Dissecting joint micro-evolutionary and plastic responses to environmental perturbations requires quantifying interacting components of genetic and environmental variation underlying expression of key traits. This ambition is particularly challenging for phenotypically discrete traits where multiscale decompositions are required to reveal non-linear transformations of underlying genetic and environmental variation into phenotypic variation, and when effects must be estimated from incomplete field observations. We devised a joint multistate capture-recapture and quantitative genetic animal model and fitted this model to full-annual-cycle resighting data from partially-migratory European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) to estimate key components of genetic, environmental and phenotypic variance in the ecologically critical discrete trait of seasonal migration versus residence. We demonstrate non-negligible additive genetic variance in latent liability for migration, resulting in detectable micro-evolutionary responses following two episodes of strong survival selection. Further, liability-scale additive genetic effects interacted with substantial permanent individual and temporary environmental effects to generate complex non-additive effects on expressed phenotypes, causing substantial intrinsic gene-by-environment interaction variance on the phenotypic scale. Our analyses therefore reveal how temporal dynamics of partial seasonal migration arise from combinations of instantaneous micro-evolution and within-individual phenotypic consistency, and highlight how intrinsic phenotypic plasticity could expose genetic variation underlying discrete traits to complex forms of selection.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Boldness and physiological variation in round goby populations along their Baltic Sea invasion front

Data/code for the paper: Galli, A., Behrens, J. W., Gesto, M., & Moran, N. P. (2023). Boldness and physiological variation in round goby populations along their Baltic Sea invasion front. Physiology & Behavior, 114261. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114261">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114261</a>

Fig. 7 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 7. Box plot of the morphometric traits that differed statistically (Mann-Whitney, p <0.0039) between allopatric (Allo) and sympatric (Sym) populations of A – Tettigettalna argentata and B – Tettigettalna mariae. All measurements are in millimetres. See Table 2 for description of the morphometric traits.

Fig. 6 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 6. Scatter plot of the 69 Tettigettalna argentata and Tettigettalna mariae occurring allopatrically (Allo) and sympatrically (Sym) in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 13 acoustic variables. See ST3 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 4 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 4. Scatter plot of the 176 specimens of Tettigettalna in the two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of 22 morphometric traits. See ST2 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 2 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 2. The traits of external morphology of specimens of Tettigettalna measured. A – dorsal view; B – ventral view of the head; C – anterior femur; D – operculum; E – tymbal; F – anterior wing; G – posterior wing. (See Table 2 for detailed description).

Fig. 8 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 8. Scatter plot of the 50 Tettigettalna argentata and Tettigettalna mariae occurring allopatrically (Allo) and sympatrically (Sym) in the first two PCA components extracted from a correlation matrix composed of measurements of 22 morphometric traits. See ST4 for details of the Eigen analysis and factor loadings.

Fig. 5 in Patterns of acoustic and morphometric variation in species of genus Tettigettalna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): Sympatric populations show unexpected differences

Fig. 5. Box plot of the acoustic variables that differed statistically (Mann-Whitney, p <0.0039) between allopatric (Allo) and sympatric (Sym) populations of A – Tettigettalna argentata and B – Tettigettalna mariae. Time is in seconds and frequency in kHz.