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136 results for “prey species”
FIGURES 11–16. Procyrnea javaensis n in Two new species of habronematid nematodes (Nematoda: Spirurida: Habronematidae) in birds of prey from West Java, Indonesia with a key to species of Torquatoides
FIGURES 11–16. Procyrnea javaensis n. sp. 11. Anterior end of male, lateral view; 12. Posterior end of male, ventral view; 13. Gubernaculum, ventral view; 14. Anterior extremity of right spicule; 15. Posterior end of female, lateral view; 16. Eggs. Scale bars: figs. 11,14,15, 50µm; 12, 100 µm; figs. 13, 16, 25 µm.
FIGURES 1–10. Procyrnea javaensis n in Two new species of habronematid nematodes (Nematoda: Spirurida: Habronematidae) in birds of prey from West Java, Indonesia with a key to species of Torquatoides
FIGURES 1–10. Procyrnea javaensis n. sp. 1. Cephalic region of male, ventro-lateral view; 2. Apical view, showing mouth opening and internal teeth; 3. Transverse striations in mid-body region, dorsal view; 4. Cervical papilla; 5. Posterior end of female, ventral view; 6. Posterior end of male, ventral view; 7. Posterior end of male showing end of longitudinal ridges on ventral surface; 8. A single median preanal papilla, showing club-shaped papilla; 9. Mushroomshaped caudal papilla; 10. Spherical caudal papilla. Scale bars: Figs. 1, 3, 10 µm; Figs. 2, 4, 8, 9, 5 µm; Figs. 5, 7, 50 µm; Figs. 6, 200 µm.
FIGURES 22–28. Torquatoides noerdjitoi n in Two new species of habronematid nematodes (Nematoda: Spirurida: Habronematidae) in birds of prey from West Java, Indonesia with a key to species of Torquatoides
FIGURES 22–28. Torquatoides noerdjitoi n. sp. 22. Cephalic region of male, apical view; 23. Anterior end of female, lateral view; 24. Vulval region of female. lateral view; 25. Posterior end of male, ventral view; 26. Gubernaculum, ventral view; 27. Posterior end of male, ventrolateral view; 28. Eggs. Scale bars: fig 22: 10 µm; figs. 23, 25, 27: 50µm; fig. 24: 100µm; fig. 26, 20 µm; fig. 28, 25µm.
FIGURE 2. Integripelta acanthus n in Integripelta acanthus n. sp. (Bryozoa: Eurystomellidae) — a tropical prey species of Okenia hiroi (Nudibranchia)
FIGURE 2. Integripelta acanthus n. sp. A, group of zooids and one ovicelled zooid from the zone of astogenetic repetition (portion of holotype colony); B, orifice of an ovicelled zooid; C, orifices and opercula of autozooids at the edge of a small nontype colony. Scale bars 100 µm.
FIGURE 1. Integripelta acanthus n in Integripelta acanthus n. sp. (Bryozoa: Eurystomellidae) — a tropical prey species of Okenia hiroi (Nudibranchia)
FIGURE 1. Integripelta acanthus n. sp. A, holotype colony in life, collected from Cape D'Aguilar Bay, Hong Kong, 5 April 1986; photo by B.W. Darvell; maximum colony diameter 17 mm; B, Okenia hiroi, registered specimen AM C138136, on a nontype colony of I. acanthus n. sp., photographed 10 April 1983 at Site 4.57, Bate Head, Mirs Bay, Hong Kong, at 5–10 m depth by B.W. Darvell.
FIGURE 3. A. Aphestia calceata Schiner, 1867 stat. rev. with its prey, a in Taxonomic review of Aphestia Schiner, 1866 (Diptera: Asilidae: Laphriinae) with description of seven new species
FIGURE 3. A. Aphestia calceata Schiner, 1867 stat. rev. with its prey, a stingless-bee Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793); B–C. Abdomen, lateral (yellow arrows indicate insertion of macrosetae); B. Aphestia dikowi sp. nov.; C. Aphestia annulipes (Macquart, 1838); D–G. Cercus of male and female, dorsal; D. Aphestia calceata Schiner, 1867 stat. rev.; E. Aphestia dikowi sp. nov.; F. Aphestia nigra Bigot, 1878; G. Aphestia nigriseta sp. nov. Abbreviations: cerc: cercus. Scale bar A–C: 1 mm, D–G: 0.5 mm.
Predator cannibalism can shift prey community composition toward dominance by small prey species
<p><span>Cannibalism among predators is a key intraspecific interaction affecting their density and foraging behaviour, eventually modifying the strength of predation on heterospecific prey. Interestingly, previous studies showed that cannibalism among predators can increase or reduce predation on heterospecific prey; however we know less about the factors that lead to these outcomes. Using a simple pond community consisting of <em>Hynobius retardatus</em> salamander larvae and their associated prey, I report empirical evidence that cannibalism among predators can increase predation on large heterospecific prey but reduce that on small heterospecific prey. In a field-enclosure experiment in which I manipulated the occurrence of salamander cannibalism, I found that salamander cannibalism increased predation on frog tadpoles but reduced that on aquatic insects simultaneously. The contrasting effects are most likely to be explained by prey body size. In the study system, frog tadpoles were too large for non-cannibal salamanders to consume, while aquatic insects were within the non-cannibals' consumable prey size range. However, when cannibalism occurred, a few individuals that succeeded in cannibalising reached large enough size to consume frog tadpoles. Consequently, although cannibalism among salamanders reduced their density, salamander cannibalism increased predation on large prey frog tadpoles. Meanwhile, salamander cannibalism reduced predation on small prey aquatic insects probably because of a density reduction of non-cannibals primarily consuming aquatic insects. Body size is often correlated with various ecological traits, for instance, diet width, consumption and excretion rates, and is thus considered as a good indicator of species' effects on ecosystem function. All this considered, cannibalism among predators could eventually affect ecosystem function by shifting the size composition of the prey community. </span></p>
FIGURE 2. Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp. n., collection site and life stages. A. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. tree with infested part indicated by arrows; B. A furrow left by a broken branch, with exposed cambium tissue infested by mealybugs; C. Mealybug nymphs, indicated by arrows; D. Adult females; E.Ants, Nylanderia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), attending the mealybugs; F. Spalgis epius (Westwood) larva (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) preying on the mealybugs. in --A--new--species--of--Paraputo--Laing--1929--(Hemiptera:--Coccomorpha:-- Pseudococcidae)--from--India
FIGURE 2. Paraputo blackmani Joshi sp. n., collection site and life stages. A. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. tree with infested part indicated by arrows; B. A furrow left by a broken branch, with exposed cambium tissue infested by mealybugs; C. Mealybug nymphs, indicated by arrows; D. Adult females; E.Ants, Nylanderia sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), attending the mealybugs; F. Spalgis epius (Westwood) larva (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) preying on the mealybugs.
Figure 3-6. Craspedorrhynchus guizhouensis new species. 3 in Two new species of Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938, (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Chinese birds of prey (Accipitriformes)
Figure 3-6. Craspedorrhynchus guizhouensis new species. 3, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 4, male genitalia, dorsal view. 5, male genitalia, ventral view. 6, female subgenital plates, vulval margin, and post-vulval area, ventral view.
Figure 9-12. Craspedorrhynchus obsoletus new species. 9 in Two new species of Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938, (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Chinese birds of prey (Accipitriformes)
Figure 9-12. Craspedorrhynchus obsoletus new species. 9, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 10, male genitalia, dorsal view. 11, male genitalia, ventral view. 12, female subgenital plate, vulval margin, and post-vulval area, ventral view.
Odors of non-predatory species help prey moderate their risk assessment
<ol> <li><span>Prey use contemporary information to update their risk estimation, and accordingly, optimize their anti-predator reactions. Conceptualization of this process is largely focused on information that reflects predator activity. We aimed to complement this unilateral view by testing whether prey also use cues of non-predatory species to update their risk perception. </span></li> <li><span>We focused our investigation on the desert isopod <i>Hemilepistus reaumuri</i> that reacts defensively to excavated soil mounds, even in the absence of direct predator cues. We located in the field 18 isopod burrows and surrounded each with six soil mounds. One mound remained odorless, and the other five were supplemented with odors of a major isopod predator, the golden scorpion, and four sympatric species that do not prey on isopods, but excavate soil. </span></li> <li><span>Isopods augmented their defensive responses toward mounds supplemented by scorpion odors and lessened their anti-predator reactions toward mounds with odors of herbivore rodents. Isopods' responses to the odors of the two insectivorous species that do not eat isopods were similar to the reaction towards the odorless control mounds. </span></li> <li><span>Our results suggest that prey use non-predatory species cues to moderate their risk estimation. Therefore, we need to consider this potentially important source of information in studies of predator-prey interactions. Our findings also indicate cues of non-predatory species may not be adequate as control treatments to predator cues.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Top–down limits on prey populations may be more severe in larger prey species, despite having fewer predators
Variation in the vulnerability of herbivore prey to predation is linked to body size, yet whether this relationship is size‐nested or size‐partitioned remains debated. If size‐partitioned, predators would be focused on prey within their preferred prey size range. If size‐nested, smaller prey species should become increasingly more vulnerable because increasingly more predators are capable of catching them. Yet, whether either of these strategies manifests in top‐down prey population limitation would depend both on the number of potential predator species as well as the total mortality imposed. Here we use a rare ecosystem scale "natural experiment" comparing prey population dynamics between a period of intense predator persecution and hence low predator densities and a period of active predator protection and population recovery. We use three decades of data on herbivore abundance and distribution to test the role of predation as a mechanism of population limitation among prey species that vary widely in body size. Notably, we test this within one of the few remaining systems where a near‐full suite of megaherbivores occur in high density and are thus able to include a thirtyfold range in herbivore body size gradient. We test whether top‐down limitation on prey species of particular body size leads to compositional shifts in the mammalian herbivore community. Our results support both size‐nested and size‐partitioning predation but suggest that the relative top‐down limiting impact on prey populations may be more severe for intermediate sized species, despite having fewer predators than small species. In addition we show that the gradual recovery of predator populations shifted the herbivore community assemblage towards large‐bodied species and has led to a community that is strongly dominated by large herbivore biomass.
Figure 4. Above, digital X in Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs
Figure 4. Above, digital X-ray of Gonatodes humeralis (USNM 568677) indicating the bones from the gecko skeleton that are more resistant to digestion. Below, histogram indicating the total number and percentage of bones recovered from at least eight geckos preyed upon by six birds. Scale bar 10 mm.
Figure 3 in Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs
Figure 3. Frog bones (Hylidae?) recovered in the stomach contents of dendrocolaptid bird Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus. (A) Premaxilla; (B) maxilla; (C) frontoparietal; (D, E) dentaries; (F–I) indeterminate cranial elements; (J–Q) presacral vertebrae; (J) atlas; (Q) sacrum; (R) scapula; (S) radio-ulna; (T) illium; (U) femur; (V) indeterminate postcranial bones. Scale bar 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs
Figure 2. Sample of gecko bones (Gonatodes humeralis) recovered in the stomach contents of dendrocolaptid birds. (A) Right maxilla; (B) left prefrontal; (C) left postorbitofrontal; (D) frontal; (E) right pterygoid; (F) left dentary; (G) right compound bone + surangular; (H) left and right innominate bone (pelvis); (I) left humerus; (J) ulna; (K) radius; (L) left femur; (M) left tibia. B, C, E, F, G, I, J, K, M recovered from Dendrocincla fuliginosa, A, D, H, L recovered from Dendrocincla merula. Scale bar 10 mm.
Figure 1 in Six species of Amazonian Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae) preying upon lizards and frogs
Figure 1. Sampling localities along the margin of the rivers Tapajós and Teles Pires. See Table 2 for complete information.
Data for: Global change risks a threatened species due to alteration of predator-prey dynamics
<p>Datasets generated and analyzed within the study area located in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada. To identify species-specific movement rules that were implemented in the IBM, we used empirical data collected for caribou, moose, and wolves over the study area.</p> <p>"DataFinal_SSF_Species_season.csv" (6 files) were used to develop Step Selection Functions for caribou, moose, and wolves to assess habitat selection. <span>SSFs</span><span> were estimated from data for the real animals and provide the relative probability of selection among a set of options based on the comparison of observed and random steps (i.e., the linear segment between successive locations at 8-h interval) using conditional</span><span> logistic regression </span><span>(Fortin et al. 2005). Details on GPS data and SSF models can be found in the article in Appendix S1: Section S2. </span></p> <p>SSFs compare resource characteristics of observed (scored 1) and random (scored 0) locations presented in column case. Habitat characteristics (columns conif_dense, conif_open, mixed, open, other, fire010, fire1020, fire20, cut010, cut1020, cut20) was extracted from the Canadian National Forest Inventory (NFI) forest cover maps. Land cover maps were updated every year by adding roads, recent (<5 years), regenerating (6–20 years) and old (21–50 years) cutblocks/fires based on information provided annually by local forestry companies and from the Canadian National Fire Database (CNFDB). Columns dist0_0.25, dist0.25_0.50, dist0.5_1.00, dist1.00_1.5, and dist1.5 are a set of 5 dichotomous covariables representing the classes of distance to the nearest road (i.e., 1) ≤250 m, 2) 251–500 m, 3) 501–1000 m, 4) 1001–1500 m and 5) >1500 m as the reference category).</p> <p>"DataFinal_IBM_Caribou_Season.csv" (2 files) corresponded to the IBM outputs with the proportion of caribou agent killed (Prop.Caribou_killed, number of caribou killed/total number of caribou), in function of the different scenarios (CC,LUC,Year,Season,Scenario) and the response (Behavioral-Numerical responses or Behavioral response). The columns Prop.CutsRoads, Prop.Fire, Prop.Broadleaf, Homogenization, Isolation correspond to the different variable we tested to predict the cumulative impact of anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. To explore how changes in forest structure and composition impacted the proportion of caribou killed, we used the proportion of areas disturbed by cuts and roads (Prop.CutsRoads), burned areas (Prop.Fire), and landscape characteristics, such as the proportion of deciduous vegetation (Prop.Broadleaf), landscape homogenization (Homogenization) and isolation (Isolation) of mature conifer stands.</p>
Data for the article: Trophic niche partitioning between two prey and their incidental predators revealed various threats for an endangered species
<p><span>Documenting trophic niche partitioning and resource use within a community is critical to evaluate underlying mechanisms of coexistence, competition or predation. Detailed knowledge about foraging is essential as it may influence the vital rates, which, in turn, can affect trophic relationships between species and population dynamics. The aims of this study were to evaluate resource and trophic niche partitioning in summer/autumn between the endangered Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou (<em>Rangifer tarandus caribou</em>) population, moose (<em>Alces americanus</em>) and their incidental predators, the black bear (<em>Ursus americanus</em>) and coyote (<em>Canis latrans</em>), and to quantify the extent to which these predators consumed caribou. Bayesian isotopic analysis showed a small overlap in trophic niche for the two sympatric ungulates suggesting a low potential for resource competition. Our result also revealed that caribou occupied a larger isotopic niche area than moose, suggesting a greater diversity of resources used by caribou. Not surprisingly, coyote consumed mainly deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em>), moose, snowshoe hare (<em>Lepus americanus</em>), and occasionally caribou, while bears consumed mainly vegetation and, to a lesser extent, moose and caribou. As coyotes and bears also feed on plant species, we documented trophic niche overlap between caribou and their predators, as searching for similar resources can force them to use the same habitats and thus increase the encounter rate and, ultimately, mortality risk for caribou. Although the decline of the Gaspésie caribou population is mostly driven by habitat-mediated predation, we found evidence that the low level of resource competition with moose added to the shared resources with incidental predators, mainly bears, may contribute to jeopardize the recovery of this endangered caribou population. Highlighting the trophic interaction between species is needed to establish efficient conservation and management strategies to insure the persistence of endangered populations. The comparison of trophic niches of species sharing the same habitat or resources is fundamental to evaluate the mechanisms of coexistence or competition and eventually predict the consequences of ecosystem changes in the community.</span></p>
Fig. 6 in Prey-associated genetic differentiation in two species of silver fly (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Leucotaraxis argenticollis and L. piniperda
Fig. 6. Haplotype network of Leucotaraxis piniperda DNA barcode sequences.The area of each pie chart is proportional to the number of samples sharing that haplotype. Small black dots represent unsampled haplotypes. Pie charts indicate the proportions of flies sampled from different host plant genera of adelgid prey.
Fig. 3. STRUCTURE plot for Leucotaraxis argenticollis genotyped with 15 in Prey-associated genetic differentiation in two species of silver fly (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Leucotaraxis argenticollis and L. piniperda
Fig. 3. STRUCTURE plot for Leucotaraxis argenticollis genotyped with 15 microsatellite loci.The height of each bar represents the proportion of an individual′s genotype assigned to each of K = 4 clusters.The names of the clusters correspond to those in Fig. 1C. Vertical black lines separate groups of individuals collected in different states or provinces and on different adelgid host plant genera.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.