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Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER – High-resolution Spatial Data for Whole Lake Experiments 2018 - 2019
Spatial measurements of water quality from Peter and Paul lakes in 2018 and 2019. In 2019, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter Lake daily to cause an algal bloom while Paul Lake was an unmanipulated reference lake. In 2018, both lakes were sampled 1 time per week, while in 2019 lakes were sampled three times per week. Measurements were taken using the FLAMe sampling platform (Crawford et al. 2015, Environmental Science and Technology 49:442-450), which was driven in a grid pattern and recorded GPS coordinates and water measurements at 1Hz to create high resolution spatial maps.
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Aquatic heatwave effects on chlorophyll 2008-2019
Temperature and chlorophyll data were collated from multiple datasets to identify the effects of aquatic heatwaves on phytoplankton in three north temperate lakes, Peter Lake, Paul Lake, and Tuesday Lake between 2008 and 2019. Heatwaves were identified using a water temperature model constructed from temperature data from Sparkling Lake and Woodruff Airport between 1989 and 2022. Heatwave characteristics, water color, nutrients, grazing, and lake stability data are included to relate chlorophyll response to heatwaves to other conditions associated with a set of whole-lake experiments. The food web of Peter Lake was manipulated with largemouth bass additions between 2008 and 2011. Nutrient additions were made to Peter Lake and Tuesday Lake between 2013 and 2015, and again in Peter Lake in 2019. Paul Lake was always maintained as an unmanipulated reference lake. Full descriptions of the experiments can be found in Szydlowski et al., "Aquatic heatwaves increase surface chlorophyll concentrations in experimental and reference lakes."
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Physical and Chemical Limnology 1984 - 2007
Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1995 chemistry data obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Methods for 1984-1990 were described by Carpenter and Kitchell (1993) and methods for 1991-1997 were described by Carpenter et al. (2001). Carpenter, S.R. and J.F. Kitchell (eds.). 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Carpenter, S.R., J.J. Cole, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, M.L. Pace,D. Bade, K.L. Cottingham, T.E. Essington, J.N. Houser and D.E. Schindler. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients and lake productivity: whole-lake experiments. Ecological Monographs 71: 163-186. Number of sites: 8
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Process Data 1984 - 2007
Data on chlorophyll, primary productivity, and alkaline phosphatase activity from 1984-95. Samples were collected with a Van Dorn bottle at 6 depths determined from the percent of surface irradiance (100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 1%) and in the hypolimnion (12 m in Peter, East Long, West Long, and Tuesday lakes; 9 m in Paul Lake; and 4.5 m in Central Long Lake). Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 8
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Nutrients 1991 - 2007
Physical and chemical variables are measured at one central station near the deepest point of each lake. In most cases these measurements are made in the morning (0800 to 0900). Vertical profiles are taken at varied depth intervals. Chemical measurements are sometimes made in a pooled mixed layer sample (PML); sometimes in the epilimnion, metalimnion, and hypolimnion; and sometimes in vertical profiles. In the latter case, depths for sampling usually correspond to the surface plus depths of 50percent, 25percent, 10percent, 5percent and 1percent of surface irradiance. The 1991-1999 chemistry data obtained from the Lachat auto-analyzer. Like the process data, there are up to seven samples per sampling date due to Van Dorn collections across a depth interval according to percent irradiance. Voichick and LeBouton (1994) describe the autoanalyzer procedures in detail. Nutrient samples were sent to the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies for analysis beginning in 2000. The Kjeldahl method for measuring nitrogen is not used at IES, and so measurements reported from 2000 onwards are Total Nitrogen.
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Zooplankton 1984 - 2007
Zooplankton data from 1984-1995. Sampled approximately weekly with two net hauls through the water column (30 cm diameter net, 80 um mesh). There have been 5 zooplankton counters during this period, so species-level identifications (TAX, below) are not as consistent as those for some of the other datasets. To standardize across counters, I have assigned higher-level taxonomic categories for a few "confusing" taxa; these identifications can be found in the column LLTAX, below. Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 5
Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER: Phytoplankton 1984 - 1995
Data on epilimnetic phytoplankton from 1984-95, determined by light microscopy from pooled Van Dorn samples at 100percent, 50percent, and 25percent of surface irradiance. There have been 4 counters during this period, with the same counter from 1991-95. Standardization among counters is difficult, so I recommend sticking to the 1991-95 data if possible. Cottingham (1996) describes the counting protocols in detail. Sampling Frequency: varies Number of sites: 5
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Northwest Europe NEMO-ERSEM ocean model hindcast and climate projection under RCP8.5
<p>Dataset of model hindcast and climate projection data from a NEMO-ERSEM simulation of the 7km-resolution Atlantic Margin Model (AMM7). Model description and data are presented in </p> <p>Wakelin, S. L., Y. Artioli, J. T. Holt, M. Butenschön, and J. Blackford (2020), Controls on near-bed oxygen concentration on the Northwest European Continental Shelf under a potential future climate scenario, Progress in Oceanography, 102400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102400.</p> <p>Coupled NEMO-ERSEM model simulations are used to study temperature, salinity and near-bed oxygen concentrations on the northwest European Continental Shelf (NWES). Data are from a hindcast (1980 to 2007) and a climate projection (1980 to 2099) under the RCP8.5 climate emissions scenario.</p> <p>The climate projection (1980 to 2099) under the RCP8.5 climate emissions scenario is described as experiment E1 in</p> <p>Holt, J., J. Polton, J. Huthnance, S. Wakelin, E. O'Dea, J. Harle, A. Yool, Y. Artioli, J. Blackford, J. Siddorn, and M. Inall (2018), Climate-Driven Change in the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Can Greatly Reduce the Circulation of the North Sea, Geophysical Research Letters, 45(21), 11,827-811,836. doi: 10.1029/2018gl078878.</p> <p>The dataset consists of </p> <ul> <li>Hindcast simulation data</li> </ul> <ol> <li>AMM7_hindcast_3D_S_1980_2007.nc - monthly mean salinity fields.</li> <li>AMM7_hindcast_3D_T_1980_2007.nc - monthly mean temperature fields.</li> <li>AMM7_hindcast_near_bed_O2o_1980_2007.nc - near-bed oxygen concentrations on the NWES.</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Climate projection data</li> </ul> <ol> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_S_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean salinity fields.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_T_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean temperature fields.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_U_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean eastwards currents.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_3D_V_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean northwards currents.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_near_bed_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean near-bed oxygen concentrations and near-bed bacterial respiration on the NWES.</li> <li>AMM7_RCP8_5_netPP_1980_2099.nc - monthly mean depth integrated net primary production.</li> </ol>
Monthly aerosol emissions and GHG concentration projections from 2020-2025: modified SSP2-4.5 to account for COVID-19 impacts on sector activity
<p>This repository holds the netcdf files for emissions and concentrations projected by the scenario SSP2-4.5, from the Scenario4MIPs database (<a href="https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/input4mips/">https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/input4mips/</a>), modified by the country and sector activity levels associated with lockdown, projected out for 5 years after 2020. The details of these activity estimates are available from <a href="https://github.com/Priestley-Centre/COVID19_emissions">https://github.com/Priestley-Centre/COVID19_emissions</a>.</p> <p>The methodology behind these calculations is based on <a href="https://github.com/Rlamboll/modify_COVID19_netCDF_Emissions/">https://github.com/Rlamboll/modify_COVID19_netCDF_Emissions/tree/endof2020</a>, a slight modification of the approach used in <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3947917#.XxR_qyhKhPZ">https://zenodo.org/record/3947917#.XxR_qyhKhPZ</a> to have a different timeframe. </p> <p>Funding was provided by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement nos. 820829 (CONSTRAIN) <a href="http://constrain-eu.org/">http://constrain-eu.org/</a> </p>
HiLSS Project
<p><em>This repository is periodically updated</em>.</p> <p><a href="https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/890561"><strong>Historic Landscape and Soil Sustainability (MSCA-IF-2019 - Individual Fellowships)</strong></a></p> <p>The HiLSS Project aims to investigate the relationships between sustainability and landscape heritage with particular reference to soil loss and degradation over the long term. The project will take a multidisciplinary approach that combines archaeology, Historical Landscape Characterisation (HLC), geosciences, and computer-based geospatial analysis (GIS - Geographical Information Systems) and modelling (RUSLE - Revisited Universal Soil Loss Equation). The research objectives of the HiLSS project are to quantify the impact of human activities during the Late Holocene in order to create spatial models which can inform the development of sustainable conservation strategies for rural landscape heritage.<br>This project will focus on two mountainous regions that present historical and cultural similarities but located in different climatic zones of Europe (1- Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Italy; 2- Northern-mid Galicia, Spain). In previous HLC studies, land-use has been evaluated from the perspective of cultural heritage, whereas RUSLE have used it as a proxy for the land-cover of an area and its effect on soil erosion. The HiLSS project will propose an innovative methodology that combines both the historic/cultural values and the environmental values of land-use to inform development of a model for the sustainable conservation. By considering the different agricultural land-use HLC types in GIS-RUSLE modelling, it will be possible to quantify the effect on soil loss for each HLC type and consequently to devise more environmentally sustainable management for each type.<br>Environmental sustainability and historic landscape conservation are typically treated as two separate fields, but the HiLSS project will develop a transformative model for interdisciplinary research, proposing a new way to embrace both cultural and natural values as components of the same landscape management plans.</p> <blockquote> <p><strong>HLC_RUSLE.zip</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>The R script code was developed by dr. F. Brandolini (Newcastle University, UK) to accompany the paper: "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31334-z"><em>Brandolini, F., Kinnaird, T.C., Srivastava, A., Turner S. - Modelling the impact of historic landscape change on soil erosion and degradation. Sci Rep 13, 4949 (2023)</em></a>".</p> <p>List of files included in <em>HLC_RUSLE.zip</em>:</p> <ul> <li><em>R_script_code named "HLC_RUSLE" in .rmd format</em></li> <li><em>Output folder: </em> <ul> <li><em>Figures folder: .png products of the R script code</em></li> <li><em>Rasters folder: .png products of the R script code</em></li> <li><em>Tables folder: .pdf products of the R script code</em></li> </ul> </li> <li><em>GeoTiff folder (.TIFF file format): Regional RUSLE Data</em></li> <li><em>GPKG:</em> <em>HLC </em>dataset and <em>Region Of Interest file in .gpkg format</em></li> </ul> <blockquote> <p><strong>Spatial statistics to reveal patterns and connections in the historic landscape</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>The R script code was developed by dr. F. Brandolini (Newcastle University, UK) to accompany the paper: " <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305"><em>F. Brandolini & S. Turner (2022) Revealing patterns and connections in the historic landscape of the northern Apennines (Vetto, Italy), Journal of Maps, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305.</em></a> ".</p> <p>It is available at:<a href="http:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5907229"> </a><a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5907229">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5907229</a></p> <blockquote> <p><strong>Supplementary material_Land _SI_Historic Landscape Evolution.zip</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>Supplementary Materials to accompaing the paper: <em>The evolution of historic agroforestry landscape in the Northern Apennines (Italy) and its consequences for slope geomorphic processes</em>, submitted to <em>Land, </em>Special Issue <em>Historic Landscape Transformation.</em></p> <blockquote> <p><strong>Project_Publications.zip</strong></p> </blockquote> <p>List of .pdf file included in the folder: </p> <p>1) Brandolini F, Domingo-Ribas G, Zerboni A and Turner S. A Google Earth Engine-enabled Python approach for the identification of anthropogenic palaeo-landscape features [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. Open Res Europe 2021, <strong>1</strong>:22 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13135.2">https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13135.2</a>)</p> <p>2) Brandolini F., Turner S. 2022 - Revealing patterns and connections in the historic landscape of the northern Apennines (Vetto, Italy), Journal of Maps, (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305">https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2088305</a>)</p> <p>3) Brandolini, F., Kinnaird, T.C., Srivastava, A., Turner S. 2023 - Modelling the impact of historic landscape change on soil erosion and degradation. Sci Rep 13, 4949 (2023), (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31334-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31334-z</a>)</p> <p>4) Brandolini, F., Compostella, C., Pelfini, M., and Turner, S. 2023 - "The Evolution of Historic Agroforestry Landscape in the Northern Apennines (Italy) and Its Consequences for Slope Geomorphic Processes" Land 12, no. 5: 1054. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051054">https://doi.org/10.3390/land12051054</a>)</p> <p>5) Sánchez-Pardo, José Carlos, et al. "Dating and Characterising the Transformation of a Monastic Landscape: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Agrarian Spaces of Samos Abbey (NW Spain)." Environmental Archaeology, published online March 11, 2024. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2024.2319954">https://doi.org/10.1080/14614103.2024.2319954</a>)</p> <p>6) Kinnaird, Tim C., et al. - "Unearthing the Histories of Agrarian Landscapes: A Research Framework for Terraces as Sustainable Environments." Geoarchaeology 40, no. 2 (2025): e70004. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.70004">https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.70004</a>)</p> <p>7) Brandolini, F. et al. - "Geoarchaeology reveals development of terrace farming in the Northern Apennines during the Medieval Climate Anomaly". Sci Rep 15, 24989 (2025). (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08396-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08396-2)</a></p> <p> </p>
The DataCons Project: An Open-Access Archive of Late Roman Consular Dates
<p>The DataCons Project offers an open-access dataset of late Roman consular dating formulae from CE 284 to 541. Aimed at aggregating consular materials discovered globally, presently it contains over 4,800 documents penned in three distinct scripts, originating from ten regions of the late Roman world and categorised by material type and textual content.</p><p>With its roots in prominent scholarly references, every entry undergoes rigorous verification, including palaeographical assessments and exact transcription of dating formulae. Distinct columns highlight potential dating, the author's selected date, and further specificity, ensuring the dataset's precision. Its evolution promises broader temporal coverage, and its structure facilitates ease of use and extensive potential for interdisciplinary research.</p><p>The current version of the dataset (2.0.0) presents the Latin and Greek documentation dated CE 476 to 526, exclusively comprising papyri and inscriptions. It is anticipated that there will be periodic updates and an upcoming release of an online database titled <i>DataCons: The Digital Database of Late Roman Consular Dates</i>. This will enhance and support research utilising the DataCons dataset.</p>
Research in Svalbard international projects edgelist
<p>This dataset lists all the country to country ties derived from the <a href="https://www.researchinsvalbard.no/">Research in Svalbard</a> (RIS) database using the country of origin of the organisations with joint research projects in Svalbard and the projects year. This edgelist is broken down into two time periods: 1972-2004 ; 2005-2022. Per each pair of countries, it gives the number of joint research projects registered in the RIS database per period of time. It can be used for network analysis purposes. It has been created and analysed using a core-periphery approach within the publication: Strouk, M. & Maisonobe, M. (2024). "Field science and scientific collaboration in the Svalbard Archipelago: beyond science diplomacy<em>". Science and Public Policy.</em> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae012">https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scae012/</a></p>
Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP) Dataset
<p>The data and audio included here were collected for the Soundscape Attributes Translation Project (SATP). First introduced in Aletta et. al. (<a href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8695720/file/8695735.pdf">2020</a>), the SATP is an attempt to provide validated translations of soundscape attributes in languages other than English. The recordings were used for headphones - based listening experiments.</p> <p>The data are provided to accompany publications resulting from this project and to provide a unique dataset of 1000s of perceptual responses to a standardised set of urban soundscape recordings. This dataset is the result of efforts from hundreds of researchers, students, assistants, PIs, and participants from institutions around the world. We have made an attempt to list every contributor to this Zenodo repo; if you feel you should be included, please get in touch.</p> <p><strong>Citation</strong>: If you use the SATP dataset or part of it, please cite our paper describing the data collection and this dataset itself.</p> <p><strong>Overview</strong>: The SATP dataset consists of 27 30-sec binaural audio recordings made in urban public spaces in London and one 60 sec stereo calibration signal.</p> <p>The recordings were made at locations as reported in Table 1 of the README.md (<strong>Recording locations</strong>), at various times of day by an operator wearing a binaural kit consisting of BHS II microphones and a SQobold (HEAD acoustics) device. Recordings were then exported to WAV via the ArtemiS SUITE software, using the original dynamic range from HDF. The listening experiment and the calibration procedure were intended for a headphone playback system (Sennheiser HD650 or similar open-back headphones recommended). </p> <p>The recordings were selected from an initial set of 80 recordings through a pilot study to ensure the test set had an even coverage of the soundscape circumplex space. These recordings were sent to the partner institutions (see Table 2 of the README.md) and assessed by approximately 30 participants in the institution's target language. The questionnaire used in each assessment is a translation of Method A Questionnaire, ISO 12913-2:2018. Each institution carried out their own lab experiment to collect data, then submitted their data to the team at UCL to compile into a single dataset. Some institutions included additional questions or translation options; the combined dataset (`SATP Dataset v1.x.xlsx`) includes only the base set of questions, the extended set of questions from each institution is included in the `Institution Datasets` folder.</p> <p>In all, SATP Dataset v1.4 contains 19,089 samples, including 707 participants, for 27 recordings, in 18 languages with contributions from 29 institutions.</p> <p><strong>Descriptions of the recordings, including GPS coordinates and sound sources, can be found in the README.md file.</strong></p> <p><strong>Format</strong>: The audio recordings are provided as 24 bit, 48 kHz, stereo WAV files. The combined dataset and Institutional datasets are provided as long tidy data tables in .xlsx files.</p> <p><strong>Calibration: </strong>The recommended calibration approach was based on the open-circuit voltage (OCV) procedure which was considered most accessible but other calibration procedures are also possible (Lam et. al. (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.12899">2022</a>)). The provided calibration file is a computer generated sine wave at 1kHz, matching a sine wave recorded using the exact same setup at SPL of 94 dB. In case of the calibration signal playback level set to match SPL of 94 dB at the eardrum, all the 27 samples should be reproduced at realistic loudness. More details on OCV calibration procedure and other options you can find in Lam et. al. (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.12899">2022</a>) and the attached documentation. PLEASE DO NOT EXPOSE YOURSELF NOR THE PARTICIPANTS TO THE CALIBRATION SIGNAL SET AT THE REALISTIC LEVEL AS IT CAN CAUSE HARM.</p> <p><strong>License and reuse</strong>: All SATP recordings are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License and are free to use. We encourage other researchers to replicate the SATP protocol and contribute new languages to the dataset. We also encourage the use of these recordings and the perceptual data for further soundscape research purposes. Please provide the proper attribution and get in touch with the authors if you would like to contribute a new translation or for any other collaborations.</p>
ICARIA: climate projections from statistical downscaling outputs
<p><strong>ICARIA </strong>project had as one of its main purposes to develop coherent, reliable and usable downscaled climate projections from the last CMIP6 in order to construct the basis for efficient support to climate adaptation and decision-making of the related stakeholders, supporting the adaptation of critical assets within the project. These projections were obtained with also the purpose to be freely available for further use in subsequent studies and, hence, foster adaptation to climate change in more areas. Therefore, ICARIA’s climate information is already based on CMIP6 models and incorporating in its workflow the current SSPs. The presented high-resolution future climate projections display a unique dataset. These models will provide the scenarios to be considered within the Risk Assessment and the design and development of all adaptation measures coming as ICARIA outcomes.</p> <p>For further details, find here a brief of the <strong>methodology </strong>followed:<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>----- </strong></p> <p><em>The statistical downscaling methodology applied in ICARIA by FIC, named FICLIMA (Ribalaygua et al. 2013), consists of a two-step analogue/regression statistical method which has been used in national and international projects with good verification results (i.e.: Monjo et al. 2016). The first step is common for all simulated climate variables and it is based on an analogue stratification (Zorita et al. 1993). An analogue method was applied based on the hypothesis that ‘analogue’ atmospheric patterns (predictors) should cause analogue local effects (predictands), which means that the number of days that were most similar to the day to be downscaled was selected. The similarity between any two days was measured according to three nested synoptic windows (with different weights) and four large-scale fields using a pseudo-Euclidean distance between the large-scale fields used as predictors. For each predictor, the weighted Euclidean distance was calculated and standardised by substituting it with the closest percentile of a reference population of weighted Euclidean distances for that predictor. This method is a good method for reproducing nonlinear relationships between predictors and the predictands, but it could not be used to simulate values outside of the range of observed values. In order to overcome this problem and obtain a better simulation, a second step was required.</em></p> <p><em>For this second step, the procedures applied depend on the variable of interest. To determine the temperature, multiple linear regression analysis for the selected number of most analogous days was performed for each station and for each problem day. From a group of potential predictors, the linear regression selected those with the highest correlation, using a forward and backward stepwise approach.</em></p> <p><em>For precipitation, a group of m problem days (we use the whole days of a month) is downscaled. For each problem day we obtain a “preliminary precipitation amount” averaging the rain amount of its n most analogous days, so we can sort the m problem days from the highest to the lowest “preliminary precipitation amount”. For assigning the final precipitation amount, all amounts of the m×n analogous days are sorted and clustered in m groups. Every quantity is finally assigned, orderly, to the m days previously sorted by the “preliminary precipitation amount”.</em></p> <p><em>For wind or relative humidity, the second step is a transfer function between the observed probability distribution and the simulated one using the averaged values from the n = 30 analogous days. Particularly, a parametric bias correction was performed to the time series obtained from the analogue stratification (first step). In order to estimate the improvement of this procedure, the bias correction was also applied to the direct model outputs.</em></p> <p><em>This second step done at a daily scale with an inner thorough verification procedure is essential and the main differentiating process of FICLIMA method. It extends beyond mean values to include extremes and covers all time scales, including daily intervals. With the verification it can be proven If the method correctly simulates changes from one day to the next, indicating an effective capture of the underlying physical connections between predictors and predictands. These physical links remain relatively consistent, even in the face of climate change (as opposed to purely empirical relationships that might shift). In essence, this approach theoretically addresses the primary challenge in statistical downscaling known as the non-stationarity problem. This problem questions the stability of predictor/predictand relationships established in the past, probing whether these relationships will persist in the future.</em></p> <p>-----</p> <p>The dataset shared here includes information for the three case studies tackled in ICARIA: <strong>Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB), Salzburg Region (SLZ), and South Aegean Region (SAR)</strong>. The information provided covers data and outcomes by 10 models belonging to CMIP6. Each model has a historical archive, from 01/01/1950 to 31/12/2014 and 4 future scenarios (ssp126, ssp245, ssp370 and ssp585) ranging from 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2100. The relation of the selected models is detailed in the next Table:</p> <p><strong>Table 1</strong>.<em> Information about the 10 climate models belonging to the 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) corresponding to the IPCC AR6. Models were retrieved from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) portal in support of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI).</em></p> <div> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>CMIP6 MODELS</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Resolution</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Responsible Centre</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>References</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>ACCESS-CM2</p> </td> <td> <p>1,875º x 1,250º</p> </td> <td> <p>Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), Australia</p> </td> <td> <p>Bi, D. et al (2020)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>BCC-CSM2-MR</p> </td> <td> <p>1,125º x 1,121º</p> </td> <td> <p>Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China Meteorological Administration, China.</p> </td> <td> <p>Wu T. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CanESM5</p> </td> <td> <p>2,812º x 2,790º</p> </td> <td> <p>Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CC-CMA), Canadá.</p> </td> <td> <p>Swart, N.C. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CMCC-ESM2</p> </td> <td> <p>1,000º x 1,000º</p> </td> <td> <p>Centro Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC).</p> </td> <td> <p>Cherchi et al, 2018</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CNRM-ESM2-1</p> </td> <td> <p>1,406º x 1,401º</p> </td> <td> <p>CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques), Meteo-France, Francia.</p> </td> <td> <p>Seferian, R. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EC-EARTH3</p> </td> <td> <p>0,703º x 0,702º</p> </td> <td> <p>EC-EARTH Consortium</p> </td> <td> <p>EC-Earth Consortium. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>MPI-ESM1-2-HR</p> </td> <td> <p>0,938º x 0,935º</p> </td> <td> <p>Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Germany.</p> </td> <td> <p>Müller et al., (2018)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>MRI-ESM2-0</p> </td> <td> <p>1,125º x 1,121º</p> </td> <td> <p>Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan.</p> </td> <td> <p>Yukimoto, S. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>NorESM2-MM</p> </td> <td> <p>1,250º x 0,942º</p> </td> <td> <p>Norwegian Climate Centre (NCC), Norway.</p> </td> <td> <p>Bentsen, M. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UKESM1-0-LL</p> </td> <td> <p>1,875º x 1,250º</p> </td> <td> <p>UK Met Office, Hadley Centre, United Kingdom</p> </td> <td> <p>Good, P. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>The results shared here are developed over each of the observational locations that were retrieved to run the statistical downscaling. Both the observational datasets and the future climate change projections can be found here in a TXT format for each of the locations where they were developed. Observations include the main variables retrieved after a quality and homogeneity control, and climate projections together with extreme indicators include each of the 10 models, the 4 Tier 1 SSPs and data until the year 2100. The variables treated belong to the main climate variables and their related extreme indicators as they were defined during the ICARIA project. You can find here a summary table of all the variables and indicators that were used to develop the projections.</p> <strong>Table 2.</strong> <em>Summary of selected thermal and precipitation indicators, grouped aligned with the main hazards they feed. “nd” = number of days; “ne” = number of events.</em> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Index/name</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Short description</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Variable</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Units</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Threshold</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Thermal indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TX90 / TX10</p> </td> <td> <p>Warm/cold days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>90 / 10%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HD</p> </td> <td> <p>Heat day</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 30 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EHD</p> </td> <td> <p>Extreme heat day</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 35 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TR</p> </td> <td> <p>Tropical nights</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 20 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EQ</p> </td> <td> <p>Equatorial nights</p> </td> <td> <p>AEMet 2020, ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 25 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>IN</p> </td> <td> <p>Infernal nights</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 30 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>FD</p> </td> <td> <p>Frost days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 0 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Max consec</p> </td> <td> <p>Max spell length for above thermal indicators</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Nº events</p> </td> <td> <p>Number of above thermal indicators events</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>ne</p> </td> <td> <p>> 3 days</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TXm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean maximum temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TNm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean minimum temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TM</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TA</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWle</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave length</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWim/HWix</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean and maximum heatwave intensity</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWf</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave frequency</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>ne</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWd</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave days</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HI - P90</p> </td> <td> <p>Heat Index (percentile 90)</p> </td> <td> <p>NWS (1994)</p> </td> <td> <p>TX, RH</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>TX>27 °C, HR> 40%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UTCI</p> </td> <td> <p>Universal Thermal Climate Index</p> </td> <td> <p>Bröde et al. (2012)</p> </td> <td> <p>TA<br>RH, W</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UHI</p> </td> <td> <p>Isla de calor (BCN) anual y estacional</p> </td> <td> <p>AMB, Metrobs 2015</p> </td> <td> <p>T</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>TM1-TM2 > 0 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Precipitation indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>R20</p> </td> <td> <p>Number of heavy precipitation days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>>20 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>R50, R100</p> </td> <td> <p>Days with extreme heavy rain</p> </td> <td> <p>AMB et al. (2017)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>>50mm</p> <p>>100mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Ra</p> </td> <td> <p>Yearly and seasonal rainfall relative change</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>IDF - CCF</p> </td> <td> <p>IDF Curves - Climate Change Factor</p> </td> <td> <p>Arnbjerg-Nielsen (2012)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Forest fire indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Mean FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean Canadian FWI in fire season</p> </td> <td> <p>Stock, B.J. et al. (1989)</p> </td> <td> <p>RHn, TX, P, W</p> </td> <td> <p>.</p> </td> <td> <p>June-<br>September</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Very High FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Very High Canadian FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Stock, B.J. et al. (1989)</p> </td> <td> <p>RHn, TX, P, W</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>FWI > 38</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 3</strong>. <em>Summary of selected drought, oceanic and wind indicators, grouped aligned with the main hazards they feed. “nd” = number of days; “ne” = number of events.</em></p> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Index/name</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Short description</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Variable</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Units</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Threshold</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Drought indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CDDx</p> </td> <td> <p>Maximum dry spell duration</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 1 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CDDm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean dry spell duration</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 1 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SPI</p> </td> <td> <p>SPI </p> <p>of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 & 36 months</p> </td> <td> <p>McKee et al. (1993) </p> </td> <td> <p>P, TA</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SPEI</p> </td> <td> <p>SPEI </p> <p>of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 & 36 months</p> </td> <td> <p>Vicente-Serrano et al. (2010)</p> </td> <td> <p>P, TA</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Oceanic indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SS</p> </td> <td> <p>Storm surge</p> </td> <td> <p>Bryant et al. (2016)</p> </td> <td> <p>MT</p> </td> <td> <p>cm</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>OW</p> </td> <td> <p>Significant/maximum wave height</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>WH</p> </td> <td> <p>m</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Wind indicators</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EWG</p> </td> <td> <p>Extreme wind gusts</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>W</p> </td> <td> <p>km/h</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div>
Classification of web-based Digital Humanities projects leveraging information visualisation techniques
<h2>Description</h2> <p>This dataset contains a list of 186 Digital Humanities projects leveraging information visualisation methods. Each project has been classified according to visualisation and interaction techniques, narrativity and narrative solutions, domain, methods for the representation of uncertainty and interpretation, and the employment of critical and custom approaches to visually represent humanities data.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Classification schema: categories and columns</h2> <p>The <code>project_id</code> column contains unique internal identifiers assigned to each project. Meanwhile, the <code>last_access</code> column records the most recent date (in DD/MM/YYYY format) on which each project was reviewed based on the web address specified in the <code>url</code> column.<br>The remaining columns can be grouped into descriptive categories aimed at characterising projects according to different aspects:</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Narrativity.</strong> It reports the presence of information visualisation techniques employed within narrative structures. Here, the term narrative encompasses both author-driven linear data stories and more user-directed experiences where the narrative sequence is determined by user exploration [1]. We define 2 columns to identify projects using visualisation techniques in narrative, or non-narrative sections. Both conditions can be true for projects employing visualisations in both contexts. Columns:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>non_narrative</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>narrative</code> (boolean)</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Domain.</strong> The humanities domain to which the project is related. We rely on [2] and the chapters of the first part of [3] to abstract a set of general domains. Column:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>domain</code> (categorical):</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>History and archaeology</p> </li> <li> <p>Art and art history</p> </li> <li> <p>Language and literature</p> </li> <li> <p>Music and musicology</p> </li> <li> <p>Multimedia and performing arts</p> </li> <li> <p>Philosophy and religion</p> </li> <li> <p>Other: both extra-list domains and cases of collections without a unique or specific thematic focus.</p> </li> </ul> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Visualisation of uncertainty and interpretation.</strong> Buiding upon the frameworks proposed by [4] and [5], a set of categories was identified, highlighting a distinction between precise and impressional communication of uncertainty. Precise methods explicitly represent quantifiable uncertainty such as missing, unknown, or uncertain data, precisely locating and categorising it using visual variables and positioning. Two sub-categories are interactive distinction, when uncertain data is not visually distinguishable from the rest of the data but can be dynamically isolated or included/excluded categorically through interaction techniques (usually filters); and visual distinction, when uncertainty visually “emerges” from the representation by means of dedicated glyphs and spatial or visual cues and variables. On the other hand, impressional methods communicate the constructed and situated nature of data [6], exposing the interpretative layer of the visualisation and indicating more abstract and unquantifiable uncertainty using graphical aids or interpretative metrics. Two sub-categories are: ambiguation, when the use of graphical expedients—like permeable glyph boundaries or broken lines—visually convey the ambiguity of a phenomenon; and interpretative metrics, when expressive, non-scientific, or non-punctual metrics are used to build a visualisation. Column:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>uncertainty_interpretation</code> (categorical):</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>Interactive distinction</p> </li> <li> <p>Visual distinction</p> </li> <li> <p>Ambiguation</p> </li> <li> <p>Interpretative metrics</p> </li> </ul> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Critical adaptation.</strong> We identify projects in which, with regards to at least a visualisation, the following criteria are fulfilled: 1) avoid repurposing of prepackaged, generic-use, or ready-made solutions; 2) being tailored and unique to reflect the peculiarities of the phenomena at hand; 3) avoid simplifications to embrace and depict complexity, promoting time-consuming visualisation-based inquiry. Column:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>critical_adaptation</code> (boolean)</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Non-temporal visualisation techniques.</strong> We adopt and partially adapt the terminology and definitions from [7]. A column is defined for each type of visualisation and accounts for its presence within a project, also including stacked layouts and more complex variations. Columns and inclusion criteria:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>plot</code> (boolean): visual representations that map data points onto a two-dimensional coordinate system.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>cluster_or_set</code> (boolean): sets or cluster-based visualisations used to unveil possible inter-object similarities.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>map</code> (boolean): geographical maps used to show spatial insights. While we do not specify the variants of maps (e.g., pin maps, dot density maps, flow maps, etc.), we make an exception for maps where each data point is represented by another visualisation (e.g., a map where each data point is a pie chart) by accounting for the presence of both in their respective columns.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>network</code> (boolean): visual representations highlighting relational aspects through nodes connected by links or edges.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>hierarchical_diagram</code> (boolean): tree-like structures such as tree diagrams, radial trees, but also dendrograms. They differ from networks for their strictly hierarchical structure and absence of closed connection loops.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>treemap</code> (boolean): still hierarchical, but highlighting quantities expressed by means of area size. It also includes circle packing variants.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>word_cloud</code> (boolean): clouds of words, where each instance’s size is proportional to its frequency in a related context</p> </li> <li> <p><code>bars</code> (boolean): includes bar charts, histograms, and variants. It coincides with “bar charts” in [7] but with a more generic term to refer to all bar-based visualisations.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>line_chart</code> (boolean): the display of information as sequential data points connected by straight-line segments.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>area_chart</code> (boolean): similar to a line chart but with a filled area below the segments. It also includes density plots.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>pie_chart</code> (boolean): circular graphs divided into slices which can also use multi-level solutions.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>plot_3d</code> (boolean): plots that use a third dimension to encode an additional variable.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>proportional_area</code> (boolean): representations used to compare values through area size. Typically, using circle- or square-like shapes.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>other</code> (boolean): it includes all other types of non-temporal visualisations that do not fall into the aforementioned categories.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Temporal visualisations and encodings.</strong> In addition to non-temporal visualisations, a group of techniques to encode temporality is considered in order to enable comparisons with [7]. Columns:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>timeline</code> (boolean): the display of a list of data points or spans in chronological order. They include timelines working either with a scale or simply displaying events in sequence. As in [7], we also include structured solutions resembling Gantt chart layouts.</p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p><code>temporal_dimension</code> (boolean): to report when time is mapped to any dimension of a visualisation, with the exclusion of timelines. We use the term “dimension” and not “axis” as in [7] as more appropriate for radial layouts or more complex representational choices.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>animation</code> (boolean): temporality is perceived through an animation changing the visualisation according to time flow.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>visual_variable</code> (boolean): another visual encoding strategy is used to represent any temporality-related variable (e.g., colour).</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Interaction techniques.</strong> A set of categories to assess affordable interaction techniques based on the concept of user intent [8] and user-allowed data actions [9]. The following categories roughly match the “processing”, “mapping”, and “presentation” actions from [9] and the manipulative subset of methods of the “how” an interaction is performed in the conception of [10]. Only interactions that affect the visual representation or the aspect of data points, symbols, and glyphs are taken into consideration. Columns:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>basic_selection</code> (boolean): the demarcation of an element either for the duration of the interaction or more permanently until the occurrence of another selection.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>advanced_selection</code> (boolean): the demarcation involves both the selected element and connected elements within the visualisation or leads to brush and link effects across views. Basic selection is tacitly implied.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>navigation</code> (boolean): interactions that allow moving, zooming, panning, rotating, and scrolling the view but only when applied to the visualisation and not to the web page. It also includes “drill” interactions (to navigate through different levels or portions of data detail, often generating a new view that replaces or accompanies the original) and “expand” interactions generating new perspectives on data by expanding and collapsing nodes.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>arrangement</code> (boolean): methods to organise visualisation elements (symbols, glyphs, etc.) or multi-visualisation layouts spatially through drag and drop or according to a criterion via more automatic triggers.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>change</code> (boolean): visual encoding alterations involving different aspects of visualisation as a whole: the same content is presented with another visualisation technique; the change involves symbols or glyphs aspect (colour, size, shape, etc.); the visualisation type is unaltered, but the layout variant changes (e.g., to stacked layouts); or other changes like axes inversion and scale modifications. The presence of all the visualisation techniques involved in a change is reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>visualisation_filter</code> (boolean): filters to exclude or include visualisation elements with respect to defined criteria, without reloading or generating a new visualisation. Unlike options triggering the fetch of new data to alter the visualisation content, filters seamlessly operate on existing visual elements.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>collection_filter</code> (boolean): the interaction with visualised elements acts as a filter for a related collection or list of items (e.g., clicking a region on a map filters a list of items according to spatial metadata).</p> </li> <li> <p><code>aggregation</code> (boolean): changes to the granularity of visual elements according to a variable. It produces either visual data summarisations or segregations.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>btfw_interaction</code> (boolean): to identify the use of “breaking the fourth wall interactions” as defined [11]. It applies only to narratives.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Narrative flow factors.</strong> Other categories aim to identify patterns in the design of narrative solutions. It is worth noticing that a project with multiple and diverse narratives can potentially report multiple design choices for the same column. Part of the factors and definitions from [12] are here re-used and adapted.</p> <p><em>Story layout </em>columns define the layout, or genre, of the narrative format:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>document_layout</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>slideshow_layout</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>hybrid_layout</code> (boolean): mixing document and slideshow layouts.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>other_layout</code> (boolean): more complex solutions.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Role of visualisation</em> columns describe the role visualisations detain with respect to the entire story, in particular, with reference to the textual part of the narratives:</p> <ul> <li><code>equal_role</code> (boolean): visualisations and text play an equal role in the narrative.</li> <li><code>figure_role</code> (boolean): visualisations are supporting elements compared to the role of text.</li> <li><code>annotated_role</code> (boolean): visualisations are the drivers of the narrative.</li> </ul> <p><em>Story progression</em> columns categorise the shape of possible story paths:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>linear_progression</code> (categorical): strongly author-driven or user-directed narrative. Possible values specify the potential to skip certain parts while not having a fully explorative experience:</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>Skip</p> </li> <li> <p>No-skip</p> </li> </ul> <li> <p><code>user_directed</code> (bool): users can select a path among multiple alternatives and compose narrative pieces, providing a broder degree of interaction and exploration possibilities [1]. If a linear path can be suggested, here it remains merely one option among many others. Differently from a linear-skip approach, it has a low level of guidance oriented towards linear navigation.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Navigation input </em>columns define the ways users can move through the narrative:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>button_input</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>scroll_input</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>slider_input</code> (boolean)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Navigation progress </em>columns describe methods through which the reader perceives its placement within the narrative:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>text_progression</code> (boolean): text or numbers act as signifiers for user position.</p> </li> <li> <p><code>dots_progression</code> (boolean)</p> </li> <li> <p><code>visualisation_progression</code> (boolean): the visualisation used in the narrative, or a visualised progress widget acts as a signifier for user position.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Level of control </em>columns describe how much control a reader has over the text, visualisations, and animated transitions. Control could be discrete (D) when it triggers the motion, continuous (C) when it can act throughout all the keyframes, or hybrid (H) if it supports aspects of both. When animation is absent, control can be not available (NA). In particular, while visualisation control is related to the visualisation as a whole (e.g., the entire scatter plot moving up or down the page), the animated transition is related to more specific, data-relevant motion.<br>Columns:</p> <ul> <li> <p><code>text_control</code> (categorical):</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>D</p> </li> <li> <p>C</p> </li> <li> <p>H</p> </li> </ul> <li> <p><code>visualisation_control</code> (categorical):</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>D</p> </li> <li> <p>C</p> </li> <li> <p>H</p> </li> </ul> <li> <p><code>animation_control</code> (categorical):</p> </li> <ul> <li> <p>D</p> </li> <li> <p>C</p> </li> <li> <p>H</p> </li> <li> <p>NA</p> </li> </ul> </ul> <p> </p> <h2>References</h2> <p>[1] E. Segel and J. Heer, “Narrative Visualization: Telling Stories with Data,” IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 1139–1148, 2010, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2010.179.</p> <p>[2] M. Terras, J. Nyhan, and E. Vanhoutte, Defining Digital Humanities: A Reader. Routledge, 2016.</p> <p>[3] S. Schreibman, R. G. Siemens, and J. Unsworth, Eds., A companion to digital humanities. in Blackwell companions to literature and culture, no. 26. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 2004.</p> <p>[4] C. Kinkeldey, A. M. MacEachren, and J. Schiewe, “How to Assess Visual Communication of Uncertainty? A Systematic Review of Geospatial Uncertainty Visualisation User Studies,” The Cartographic Journal, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 372–386, 2014, doi: 10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000099.</p> <p>[5] G. Panagiotidou, H. Lamqaddam, J. Poblome, K. Brosens, K. Verbert, and A. Vande Moere, “Communicating Uncertainty in Digital Humanities Visualization Research,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 635–645, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2022.3209436.</p> <p>[6] J. Drucker, “Humanities Approaches to Graphical Display,” Digital Humanities Quarterly, vol. 5, no. 1, 2011, Accessed: Sep. 17, 2024. [Online]. Available: <a href="https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html">https://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/1/000091/000091.html</a></p> <p>[7] F. Windhager et al., “Visualization of Cultural Heritage Collection Data: State of the Art and Future Challenges,” IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 2311–2330, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2018.2830759.</p> <p>[8] J. S. Yi, Y. A. Kang, J. Stasko, and J. A. Jacko, “Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Role of Interaction in Information Visualization,” IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1224–1231, 2007, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2007.70515.</p> <p>[9] E. Dimara and C. Perin, “What is Interaction for Data Visualization?,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 119–129, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2019.2934283.</p> <p>[10] M. Brehmer and T. Munzner, “A Multi-Level Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks,” IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2376–2385, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.124.</p> <p>[11] Y. Shi, T. Gao, X. Jiao, and N. Cao, “Breaking the Fourth Wall of Data Stories Through Interaction,” IEEE Trans. Visual. Comput. Graphics, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2022.3209409.</p> <p>[12] S. McKenna, N. Henry Riche, B. Lee, J. Boy, and M. Meyer, “Visual Narrative Flow: Exploring Factors Shaping Data Visualization Story Reading Experiences,” Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 377–387, 2017, doi: 10.1111/cgf.13195.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Fundings</h2> <p>Project funded by the European Union – NextGenerationEU under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Investment I.4.1 - Borse PNRR Patrimonio Culturale.</p>
CoMobility project data: Warsaw road traffic, road traffic emissions, and air concentrations for greater Warsaw area
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Data here are for the Greater Warsaw area, Poland originating in the CoMobility project. It contains data relevant to traffic activity, emissions, air quality and related health studies in the area. Files contain road properties along with traffic volume and rushhour delays as well as emissions of NOx, NO2 and PM from road traffic on individual road segment level. Also 500m gridded surface air concentrations are included for PM2.5 and PM10, and for NOx, NO2.</p> <p><strong>Data production</strong></p> <p>Roads are from the macroscopic traffic model MTAW (Warsaw Municipality, 2016) (<em>Model Transportowy Aglomeracji Warszawskiej </em>in Polish). It was developed based on the 2015 comprehensive travel survey in Warsaw and it is the main strategic transport model for the Greater Warsaw area, revised most recently in 2019. </p> <p>The NERVE model (Grythe et al, 2022), developed by NILU, provides detailed estimates of greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions specifically from road traffic. Using a bottom-up approach, it combines data from regional traffic model (RTM), vehicle fleet composition, and emission factors from the Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA). NERVE can be set up to calculate emissions at various levels, including road link, municipality, or national levels. It is a tool researchers and policymakers use this model for environmental assessments, policy decisions, and constructing different emission scenarios. Its high level of detail makes it valuable not only for practical emissions estimation but also as a research tool. Emissions for other sources came from the Central Emission Database by the Environmental Protection - National Research Institute (IEP-NRI) in Poland (Gawuc et al., 2021). The background concentrations were taken from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services (CAMS) ensemble forecast for 2019 (Marécal et al., 2015)</p> <p>The EPISODE model (Hamer et al. 2020), developed by NILU, is an Eulerian urban dispersion model designed to address the need for an accurate urban air quality model in support of policy, planning, and air quality management. EPISODE operates as a 3D grid model coupled with numerical weather prediction (NWP) data. It simulates dispersion from point and line sources to receptor points, with a focus on the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas. The model’s CityChem extension enhances its capabilities for complex pollution sources, incorporating numerical chemistry solvers, sub-grid photochemistry, and a simplified street canyon model. EPISODE serves as a valuable tool for understanding and managing air quality in urban environments.</p> <p><strong>Data files</strong></p> <p>The data on road traffic contains 60 084 road links that cover the Greater Warsaw area. The file input is a traffic file from the MTAW model and is processed and formatted with NREVE. The format is an ESRI shapefile with the following road parameters:</p> <p>“<em>DISTANCE</em>” -length of road segment in kilometers.</p> <p>“<em>CAPACITY</em>” -Hourly capacity of the road.</p> <p>“<em>SLOPE</em>” -Vertical gradientor slope of the road (in %)</p> <p>“<em>SPEEDLIM</em>” -Signed speed on the road (kilometers per hour)</p> <p>In addition there are traffic volume parameters;</p> <p>“<em>ADT_LIGHT</em>” – Annual Daily Traffic, light vehicles (personal cars + light duty vans) average derived from morning and evening peak hours 2019.</p> <p>“<em>ADT_HEAVY</em>” – Annual Daily Traffic, heavy duty vehicles average derived from morning and evening peak hours 2019.</p> <p>“<em>ADT_BUSES</em>” – Annual Daily Traffic, public transport buses average 2019.</p> <p>“<em>MRN_delay</em>” – delay during morning rush hour peak (%)</p> <p>“<em>EVE_delay</em>” – delay during evening rush hour peak (%)</p> <p>The files also contain the annual emissions:</p> <p>“<em>EM_NOx</em>” – 2019 annual emissions of NOx (gram).</p> <p>“<em>EM_ NO2</em>” – 2019 annual emissions of NOx (gram).</p> <p>“<em>EM_PM</em>” – 2019 annual emissions of NOx (gram).</p> <p>EPISODE output files for atmospheric concentration files are given on NetCDF file format. Concentrations are given as annual average grid concentration for each of the components. In addition, 42 000 spatially spread out receptor points gives the 2 meter concentrations to allow for surface air concentration levels at individual point locations. Furthermore, these allows for downgridding concentrations to higher resolution.</p> <p>The source contribution files are from EPISODE and gives atmospheric concentration fields for NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 from individual sources. The individual sources are</p> <p><em>“RDU” </em>-Road dust (PM only)</p> <p><em>“EXT”</em> – Exhaust (PM only)</p> <p><em>“TRA”</em> - Exhaust (NOx only)</p> <p><em>“IND” </em>– Industry</p> <p><em>“RES”</em> – Residential</p> <p><em>“OTH”</em> – Other (all other sources within the domain combined )</p> <p><em>“BGC”</em> – Background (all sources outside the domain combined )</p> <p> </p>
Survey data on climate policy in three countries (Peru, Ghana, Philippines) within the project "Sustainable Middle Classes in Middle Income Countries: Transforming Carbon Consumption Patterns (SMMICC)"
<p>The unprecedented growth of the new middle classes in middle income developing countries implies a strong growth in both consumption and carbon emissions. The research project Sustainable Middle Classes in Middle Income Countries (SMMICC) investigates the drivers of carbon consumption choices of the new middle classes and policy options to decrease their carbon footprints, including the implementation of carbon taxes</p> <p>The research of the authors generated quantitative data on the acceptability of carbon taxes in three countries (Peru, Ghana, Philippines).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>The data is provided in the following formats:</strong></p> <p>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_ghana.csv<br>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_peru.csv<br>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_philippines.csv</p> <p>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_ghana.dta<br>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_peru.dta<br>- 2024-07-26_malerba_10.5281/zenodo.12662722_philippines.dta</p> <p>Additionally, the codebooks on variables of questionnaire and political parties in each country are attached in a csv format.</p>
ICARIA: spatially distributed climate projections from statistical downscaling
<p><strong>ICARIA </strong>project had as one of its main purposes to develop coherent, reliable and usable downscaled climate projections from the last CMIP6 in order to construct the basis for efficient support to climate adaptation and decision-making of the related stakeholders, supporting the adaptation of critical assets within the project. These projections were obtained with also the purpose of being freely available for further use in subsequent studies and, hence, foster adaptation to climate change in more areas. Therefore, ICARIA’s climate information is already based on CMIP6 models and incorporating in its workflow the current SSPs. The presented high-resolution future climate projections display a unique dataset, being obtained from a high-quality and high-density set of weather observations that are then interpolated to the case studies of interest in a <strong>100x100m resolution grid, </strong>which is the main outcome offered in this publication. These models will provide the scenarios to be considered within the Risk Assessment and the design and development of all adaptation measures coming as ICARIA outcomes.</p> <p>For further details, find here a brief of the <strong>methodology </strong>followed:<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>----- </strong></p> <p><em>The statistical downscaling methodology applied in ICARIA by FIC, named FICLIMA (Ribalaygua et al. 2013), consists of a two-step analogue/regression statistical method which has been used in national and international projects with good verification results (i.e.: Monjo et al. 2016). The first step is common for all simulated climate variables and it is based on an analogue stratification (Zorita et al. 1993). An analogue method was applied based on the hypothesis that ‘analogue’ atmospheric patterns (predictors) should cause analogue local effects (predictands), which means that the number of days that were most similar to the day to be downscaled was selected. The similarity between any two days was measured according to three nested synoptic windows (with different weights) and four large-scale fields using a pseudo-Euclidean distance between the large-scale fields used as predictors. For each predictor, the weighted Euclidean distance was calculated and standardised by substituting it with the closest percentile of a reference population of weighted Euclidean distances for that predictor. This method is a good method for reproducing nonlinear relationships between predictors and the predictands, but it could not be used to simulate values outside of the range of observed values. In order to overcome this problem and obtain a better simulation, a second step was required.</em></p> <p><em>For this second step, the procedures applied depend on the variable of interest. To determine the temperature, multiple linear regression analysis for the selected number of most analogous days was performed for each station and for each problem day. From a group of potential predictors, the linear regression selected those with the highest correlation, using a forward and backward stepwise approach.</em></p> <p><em>For precipitation, a group of m problem days (we use the whole days of a month) is downscaled. For each problem day we obtain a “preliminary precipitation amount” averaging the rain amount of its n most analogous days, so we can sort the m problem days from the highest to the lowest “preliminary precipitation amount”. For assigning the final precipitation amount, all amounts of the m×n analogous days are sorted and clustered in m groups. Every quantity is finally assigned, orderly, to the m days previously sorted by the “preliminary precipitation amount”.</em></p> <p><em>For wind or relative humidity, the second step is a transfer function between the observed probability distribution and the simulated one using the averaged values from the n = 30 analogous days. Particularly, a parametric bias correction was performed to the time series obtained from the analogue stratification (first step). In order to estimate the improvement of this procedure, the bias correction was also applied to the direct model outputs.</em></p> <p><em>This second step done at a daily scale with an inner thorough verification procedure is essential and the main differentiating process of FICLIMA method. It extends beyond mean values to include extremes and covers all time scales, including daily intervals. With the verification it can be proven If the method correctly simulates changes from one day to the next, indicating an effective capture of the underlying physical connections between predictors and predictands. These physical links remain relatively consistent, even in the face of climate change (as opposed to purely empirical relationships that might shift). In essence, this approach theoretically addresses the primary challenge in statistical downscaling known as the non-stationarity problem. This problem questions the stability of predictor/predictand relationships established in the past, probing whether these relationships will persist in the future.</em></p> <p>-----</p> <p>The dataset shared here includes information for the three case studies tackled in ICARIA: <strong>Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB), Salzburg Region (SLZ), and South Aegean Region (SAR)</strong>. The information provided covers data and outcomes by 10 models belonging to CMIP6. Each model has a historical archive, from 01/01/1950 to 31/12/2014 and 4 future scenarios (ssp126, ssp245, ssp370 and ssp585) ranging from 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2100. The relation of the selected models is detailed in the next Table:</p> <p><strong>Table 1</strong>.<em> Information about the 10 climate models belonging to the 6 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) corresponding to the IPCC AR6. Models were retrieved from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) portal in support of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI).</em></p> <div> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>CMIP6 MODELS</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Resolution</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Responsible Centre</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>References</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>ACCESS-CM2</p> </td> <td> <p>1,875º x 1,250º</p> </td> <td> <p>Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), Australia</p> </td> <td> <p>Bi, D. et al (2020)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>BCC-CSM2-MR</p> </td> <td> <p>1,125º x 1,121º</p> </td> <td> <p>Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China Meteorological Administration, China.</p> </td> <td> <p>Wu T. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CanESM5</p> </td> <td> <p>2,812º x 2,790º</p> </td> <td> <p>Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CC-CMA), Canadá.</p> </td> <td> <p>Swart, N.C. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CMCC-ESM2</p> </td> <td> <p>1,000º x 1,000º</p> </td> <td> <p>Centro Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC).</p> </td> <td> <p>Cherchi et al, 2018</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CNRM-ESM2-1</p> </td> <td> <p>1,406º x 1,401º</p> </td> <td> <p>CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques), Meteo-France, Francia.</p> </td> <td> <p>Seferian, R. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EC-EARTH3</p> </td> <td> <p>0,703º x 0,702º</p> </td> <td> <p>EC-EARTH Consortium</p> </td> <td> <p>EC-Earth Consortium. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>MPI-ESM1-2-HR</p> </td> <td> <p>0,938º x 0,935º</p> </td> <td> <p>Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Germany.</p> </td> <td> <p>Müller et al., (2018)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>MRI-ESM2-0</p> </td> <td> <p>1,125º x 1,121º</p> </td> <td> <p>Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan.</p> </td> <td> <p>Yukimoto, S. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>NorESM2-MM</p> </td> <td> <p>1,250º x 0,942º</p> </td> <td> <p>Norwegian Climate Centre (NCC), Norway.</p> </td> <td> <p>Bentsen, M. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UKESM1-0-LL</p> </td> <td> <p>1,875º x 1,250º</p> </td> <td> <p>UK Met Office, Hadley Centre, United Kingdom</p> </td> <td> <p>Good, P. et al. (2019)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>The climate projections have been developed over each of the observational locations that were retrieved to run the statistical downscaling. The results from these projections have been <strong>spatially interpolated into a 100x100m grid with a Multi-lineal Regression Model</strong> considering diverse adjustments and topographic corrections. The results presented here are the<strong> median of the 10 models used, obtained for each of the 4 SSP</strong>s and each of the time periods considered in ICARIA until the year 2100. The variables treated belong to the main climate variables and their related extreme indicators as they were defined during the ICARIA project. You can find here a summary table of all the variables and indicators that were used to develop the projections.</p> <strong>Table 2.</strong> <em>Summary of selected thermal and precipitation indicators, grouped aligned with the main hazards they feed. “nd” = number of days; “ne” = number of events.</em> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Index/name</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Short description</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Variable</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Units</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Threshold</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Thermal indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TX90 / TX10</p> </td> <td> <p>Warm/cold days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>90 / 10%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HD</p> </td> <td> <p>Heat day</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 30 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EHD</p> </td> <td> <p>Extreme heat day</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 35 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TR</p> </td> <td> <p>Tropical nights</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 20 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EQ</p> </td> <td> <p>Equatorial nights</p> </td> <td> <p>AEMet 2020, ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 25 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>IN</p> </td> <td> <p>Infernal nights</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>> 30 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>FD</p> </td> <td> <p>Frost days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 0 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Max consec</p> </td> <td> <p>Max spell length for above thermal indicators</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Nº events</p> </td> <td> <p>Number of above thermal indicators events</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>ne</p> </td> <td> <p>> 3 days</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TXm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean maximum temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TNm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean minimum temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TN</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>TM</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean temperatures</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TA</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWle</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave length</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWim/HWix</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean and maximum heatwave intensity</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWf</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave frequency</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>ne</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HWd</p> </td> <td> <p>Heatwave days</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>TX</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>3d > 95% TX</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>HI - P90</p> </td> <td> <p>Heat Index (percentile 90)</p> </td> <td> <p>NWS (1994)</p> </td> <td> <p>TX, RH</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>TX>27 °C, HR> 40%</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UTCI</p> </td> <td> <p>Universal Thermal Climate Index</p> </td> <td> <p>Bröde et al. (2012)</p> </td> <td> <p>TA<br>RH, W</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>UHI</p> </td> <td> <p>Isla de calor (BCN) anual y estacional</p> </td> <td> <p>AMB, Metrobs 2015</p> </td> <td> <p>T</p> </td> <td> <p>°C</p> </td> <td> <p>TM1-TM2 > 0 °C</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Precipitation indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>R20</p> </td> <td> <p>Number of heavy precipitation days</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>>20 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>R50, R100</p> </td> <td> <p>Days with extreme heavy rain</p> </td> <td> <p>AMB et al. (2017)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>>50mm</p> <p>>100mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Ra</p> </td> <td> <p>Yearly and seasonal rainfall relative change</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>IDF - CCF</p> </td> <td> <p>IDF Curves - Climate Change Factor</p> </td> <td> <p>Arnbjerg-Nielsen (2012)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Forest fire indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Mean FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean Canadian FWI in fire season</p> </td> <td> <p>Stock, B.J. et al. (1989)</p> </td> <td> <p>RHn, TX, P, W</p> </td> <td> <p>.</p> </td> <td> <p>June-<br>September</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Very High FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Very High Canadian FWI</p> </td> <td> <p>Stock, B.J. et al. (1989)</p> </td> <td> <p>RHn, TX, P, W</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>FWI > 38</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 3</strong>. <em>Summary of selected drought, oceanic and wind indicators, grouped aligned with the main hazards they feed. “nd” = number of days; “ne” = number of events.</em></p> <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Index/name</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Short description</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Source</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Variable</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Units</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Threshold</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Drought indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CDDx</p> </td> <td> <p>Maximum dry spell duration</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 1 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>CDDm</p> </td> <td> <p>Mean dry spell duration</p> </td> <td> <p>Zhang et al. (2011)</p> </td> <td> <p>P</p> </td> <td> <p>nd</p> </td> <td> <p>< 1 mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SPI</p> </td> <td> <p>SPI </p> <p>of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 & 36 months</p> </td> <td> <p>McKee et al. (1993) </p> </td> <td> <p>P, TA</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SPEI</p> </td> <td> <p>SPEI </p> <p>of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 & 36 months</p> </td> <td> <p>Vicente-Serrano et al. (2010)</p> </td> <td> <p>P, TA</p> </td> <td> <p>mm</p> </td> <td> <p>≥ 0.1mm</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Oceanic indicators</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>SS</p> </td> <td> <p>Storm surge</p> </td> <td> <p>Bryant et al. (2016)</p> </td> <td> <p>MT</p> </td> <td> <p>cm</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>OW</p> </td> <td> <p>Significant/maximum wave height</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>WH</p> </td> <td> <p>m</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Wind indicators</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>EWG</p> </td> <td> <p>Extreme wind gusts</p> </td> <td> <p>ICARIA</p> </td> <td> <p>W</p> </td> <td> <p>km/h</p> </td> <td> <p>-</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> </div> </div>
EU MarcoPolo project | SO2 emission inventory over China
<p>The aposteriori SO<sub>2</sub> emissions for year 2014, in the domain from 102°E to 132°E and from 15°N to 55°N, in a 0.25°x0.25° spatial resolution and monthly temporal resolution, have been provided to the MarcoPolo project and can be found at <a href="http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/SO2_EmissionInventory/">http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/SO2_EmissionInventory/</a>. For details on the creation of the inventory refer to <a href="http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D3.4_SO2_emission_estimates.pdf">http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D3.4_SO2_emission_estimates.pdf</a> and for the inclusion of the SO2 emission inventory to the MarcoPolo Emission Database refer to: <a href="http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D4.2_DescriptionMarcoPoloInventory.pdf">http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D4.2_DescriptionMarcoPoloInventory.pdf</a> as well as <a href="http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D4.3_assessment_impact_updated_emission_inventories_v2.0.pdf">http://users.auth.gr/mariliza/MarcoPolo/D4.3_assessment_impact_updated_emission_inventories_v2.0.pdf</a> .</p> <p>The main reference to this dataset is found here:</p> <p>Koukouli, M. E., Theys, N., Ding, J., Zyrichidou, I., Mijling, B., Balis, D., and van der A, R. J.: Updated SO<sub>2</sub> emission estimates over China using OMI/Aura observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 1817–1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1817-2018, 2018.</p> <p>The netcdf data files contain the following structure:</p> <ul> <li>Dimensions <ul> <li>lat = 129</li> <li>lon = 121</li> </ul> </li> <li>Attributes <ul> <li>author = "MariLiza Koukouli"</li> <li>contact information = "mariliza@auth.gr"</li> <li>institution = "Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"</li> <li>time frame = "2014"</li> <li>sector classification = "total emissions"</li> <li>emis_cat_name = "sulphur dioxide emissions"</li> <li>source_type_name = "sulphur dioxide emissions"</li> <li>pollutant_description = "updated sulphur dioxide emissions based on the CHIMERE model running the MEIC emissions and the OMI/Aura observations"</li> <li>unit_emissions = "Mg/month"</li> <li>nodata_value = "-9999.0"</li> </ul> </li> <li>Variables <ul> <li>float emissions(lon, lat)</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
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