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Phenotypic plasticity in desiccation physiology of closely related, range restricted and broadly distributed fruit fly species
<p>1. Variation in geographic range size among closely related species may result from differences in physiological traits, such as desiccation tolerance, that enable these species to interact with their environment or adapt to new surroundings.</p> <p>2. We tested the hypothesis that insect species with a broader geographic range have either a higher basal desiccation tolerance or mount a more plastic response than more narrowly distributed species by exposing four fruit fly species (Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis cosyra and Ceratitis podocarpi) to one of three acclimation treatments (control: standard relative humidity and temperature; desiccation: standard temperature and low humidity; and temperature: low relative humidity and high temperature) and measuring metabolic rate, activity, water loss rates and survival.</p> <p>3. The targeted physiological responses differed between species and acclimation treatments. Survival of the widely distributed C. capitata improved by up to 43% after short term exposure to high temperature and desiccation (35°C; 0% RH) treatment, while survival in the more narrowly distributed species only improved by 4-30% after a desiccation treatment (25°C; 0% RH).</p> <p>4. Less water was lost by broadly distributed C. capitata through excretion after both high temperature and desiccation treatments, but only activity and respiratory water loss were reduced after the temperature treatment, and total water loss and cuticular water loss declined after the desiccation treatment. The narrowly distributed C. rosa also lost less water through excretion after both acclimation treatments but showed reduced cuticular and respiratory water loss only after desiccation. While basal tolerance in C. cosyra was high, acclimation responses in this species and C. podocarpi were insignificant in that they did not produce a measurable survival benefit.</p> <p>5. Broadly distributed species successfully employed unique combinations of physiological strategies, with some having highly flexible responses to stressful environmental conditions, which ultimately results in beneficial acclimation to enhance survival during dry conditions. By contrast, range restricted species showed limited responses to desiccation stress. Flexible desiccation responses likely contribute to species geographic ranges in changing climate conditions.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity in desiccation physiology of closely related, range restricted and broadly distributed fruit fly species
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Fig. 5 in Endemic Families of Madagascar. XIII. New, restricted range species of Eremolaena Baill. and Schizolaena Thouars (Sarcolaenaceae)
Fig. 5. – Schizolaena parvipetala Randrian. & Hong-Wa A. Branch with flowers; B. Detail of leaf; C. Peduncle with 2 flowers subtended by undeveloped involucre. [RandriataFika 877] [Drawing: R. L. Andriamiarisoa]
Figures 34- 35 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 34- 35 Arctesthes spp., known distribution, New Zealand: South Island. 34) A.catapyrrha; 35) A.siris (black circles); A.titanica (open circle); A.avatar (stars).
Figures 26-29 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 26-29 Arctesthes spp., male abdomen and genitalia (ventral view). 26)A.titanica holotype, genital capsule; 27)A.titanica holotype, phallus; 28)A.avatar holotype, genital capsule; 29)A.avatar holotype, phallus.
Figures 30-33 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 30-33 Arctesthes spp., female genitalia (ventral view). 30)A.catapyrrha; 31)A.siris; 32)A.titanica paratype; 33)A.avatar paratype; (ds = ductus seminalis inception).
Figures 21-25 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 21-25 Arctesthes spp., male abdomen and genitalia (ventral view unless otherwise indicated). 21)A.catapyrrha, male abdomen (unrolled); 22)A.catapyrrha, genital capsule; 23)A.catapyrrha, phallus; 24)A.siris, genital capsule; 25)A.siris, phallus.
Figures 18-20 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 18-20 Arctesthes spp., live adults and larva. 18)A.catapyrrha, male; 19)A.avatar, female; 20)A.catapyrrha, larva.
Figures 1-6 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 1-6 Arctesthescatapyrrha, uppersides. 1) Male, Yaldhurst MC; 2) Male, Harris Mts OL3) Male, [locality unknown]; 4) Female, Dunstan Range CO; 5) Female, Ben Lomond OL; 6) Female, Ben Lomond OL. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figures 7-11 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 7-11 Arctesthes spp., uppersides. 7)A.siris, male, Zero Gully, Waikaia River CO; 8)A.siris, female, Rock and Pillar Range CO; 9)A.titanica, male paratype, White Burn, Von River OL; 10)A.titanica, female paratype, White Burn, Von River OL; 11)A.titanica, female, Von River north branch OL. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figures 12-17 from: Patrick BH, Patrick HJH, Hoare RJB (2019) Review of the endemic New Zealand genus Arctesthes Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), with descriptions of two new range-restricted species. Alpine Entomology 3: 121-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.3.33944
Figures 12-17 Arctesthes spp. 12)A.avatar, male paratype upperside, Denniston Plateau NN; 13)A.avatar, female upperside, Denniston Plateau NN; 14)A.catapyrrha, male underside, Yaldhurst MC; 15)A.siris, male underside, Zero Gully CO; 16)A.titanica, male paratype underside, White Burn OL; 17)A.avatar, male underside, Denniston Plateau NN. Scale bars: 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new, highly endangered and restricted-range species of Parrya sect. Pseudoclausia, comb. nov. (Brassicaceae) from Western Tian Shan, Uzbekistan
FIGURE 2. Distribution of Parrya tojibaevii and related species within the study area.
Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of the pseudoscorpion family Chernetidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Cheliferoidea): evidence for new range-restricted species in the Dinaric Karst
Figure 7. Lasiochernes jalzici sp. nov.. A, holotype male, habitus (CNHM650), dorsal. B, paratype female, habitus (CNHM778), dorsal. C, holotype male, cephalothorax, ventral. D, paratype female, cephalothorax, ventral. Scale lines = 1 mm (A, B), 0.5 mm (C, D).
Figure 3 in Integrative taxonomy of the pseudoscorpion family Chernetidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Cheliferoidea): evidence for new range-restricted species in the Dinaric Karst
Figure 3. Phylogram derived from ML analysis of concatenated dataset (47 terminals, four genes, 3996 bp) with species delineation results and spermathecae shape. Morphospecies were mapped onto the terminals of the tree along with COI GenBank accession numbers. Branch support is given as ultrafast bootstrap replicates (UFBoot)/Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP). Colour strips refer to species delimitation results (MOTUs) as indicated by ABGD, ASAP, and bPTP. Spermathecae drawings from original descriptions and redescriptions (Mahnert 1978, 2011, Harvey 1988, 1992b, 1995, 2018, Christophoryová et al. 2012, Nassirkhani et al. 2015, Nassirkhani and Shoushtari 2016, 2017, Gao et al. 2017, Nassirkhani 2018, Gao and Zhang 2020). All scale lines = 0.1 mm, except for Balgachernes spermathecae (scale line = 0.05 mm).
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