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188 results for “reproductive strategies”
Data from: Maternal effects are long lasting and influence female offspring's reproductive strategy in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus multilineatus
The adaptive benefits of maternal investment into individual offspring (inherited environmental effects) will be shaped by selection on mothers as well as their offspring, often across variable environments. We examined how a mother's nutritional environment interacted with her offspring's nutritional and social environment in Xiphophorus multilineatus, a livebearing fish. Fry from mothers reared on two different nutritional diets (HQ = high quality, and LQ = low quality) were all reared on a LQ diet in addition to being split between two social treatments: exposed to a large adult male during development, and not exposed. Mothers raised on a HQ diet produce offspring that were not only initially larger (at 14 days of age), but grew faster, and were larger at sexual maturity, suggesting that the fry produced by mothers on LQ diets were at a disadvantage. Male offspring from mothers raised on both diets responded to the exposure to courter males by growing faster, however the response of their sisters varied with mother's diet; Females from HQ mothers reduced growth if exposed to a courter male, while females from LQ mothers increased growth. Therefore, we detected variation in maternal investment depending on female size and diet, and the effects of this variation on offspring were long-lasting and sex specific. Our results support the maternal stress hypothesis, with selection on mothers to reduce investment in low quality environments that was not beneficial to the offspring. In addition, the interaction we detected between the mother's nutritional environment and the female offspring's social environment suggests that female offspring adopted different reproductive strategies depending on maternal investment.
Data from: Sex ratio effects on reproductive strategies in humans
Characterizations of coy females and ardent males are rooted in models of sexual selection that are increasingly outdated. Evolutionary feedbacks can strongly influence the sex roles and subsequent patterns of sex differentiated investment in mating effort, with a key component being the adult sex ratio (ASR). Using data from eight Makushi communities of southern Guyana, characterized by varying ASRs contingent on migration, we show that even within a single ethnic group, male mating effort varies in predictable ways with the ASR. At male-biased sex ratios, men's and women's investment in mating effort are indistinguishable; only when men are in the minority are they more inclined towards short-term, low investment relationships than women. Our results support the behavioural ecological tenet that reproductive strategies are predictable and contingent on varying situational factors.
Data from: Climate-woodland effects on population genetics for two congeneric lichens with contrasting reproductive strategies
Genetic variation is expected to be influenced by the interaction between reproductive mode and dispersal traits on the one hand, and environmental and habitat setting affecting establishment success on the other. We evaluated how environmental/habitat setting affect population genetic variation (i.e. variation in genetic diversity and structure) when regulated by contrasting dispersal traits. We used fungus-specific microsatellite markers to examine genetic diversity and structure of two closely related epiphytic lichen fungi that differ in their primary reproductive mode: Nephroma laevigatum (sexually reproducing, N = 191, ten microsatellites) and N. parile (asexually, N = 182, twelve microsatellites), along a steep climatic gradient in Scotland. Despite their reproductive differences, we found a high proportion of clones in both species and a background pattern of genetic structure related to climatic gradients. We also demonstrated that woodland connectivity, rather than geographic distance, explained genetic diversity in both species. Environmental/habitat setting, modulated by the reproductive mode of the species, affects genetic diversity and structure, but the putative dissimilarity in their reproductive mode is less important than has been previously assumed. We reinforce the importance of protecting highly connected populations, positioned along a gradient capturing the segregation of gene pool differences in response to climatic variation.
Data from: Continuous inbreeding affects genetic variation, phenology and reproductive strategy in ex situ cultivated Digitalis lutea
<p>Data from several experiments studying population differences between a wild and a botanic garden population and effects of different hand-pollination treatments on various traits of the short-lived perennial plant <em>Digitalis lutea</em>. Separate spreadsheets contain data on 1) genetic variation using ISSR markers, 2) effects of pollination treatments on seed number and seed mass, 3) differences in germination, 4) various traits studied in a common garden experiment, 5) effects of population and pollination treatments on pollinator visitation.</p> <p>See publication in American Journal of Botany (2022) for details.</p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p><strong>Premise</strong>: Ex situ cultivation is important for plant conservation, but cultivation in small populations may result in genetic changes by drift, inbreeding or unconscious selection. Repeated inbreeding potentially influences not only plant fitness, but also floral traits and interactions with pollinators, which has not yet been studied in an ex situ context.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We studied the molecular genetic variation of <em>Digitalis lutea</em> L. from a botanic garden population cultivated for 30 years, a frozen seed bank conserving the original genetic structure, and two current wild populations including the source population. In a common garden we studied the effects of experimental inbreeding and between-population crosses on performance, reproductive traits and flower visitation of plants from the garden and a wild population.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Significant genetic differentiation was found between the garden population and the wild population from which the seeds had originally been gathered. After experimental selfing, inbreeding depression was only found in germination and leaf size of plants from the wild population, indicating a history of inbreeding in the smaller garden population. Moreover, garden plants flowered earlier and showed floral traits related to selfing, whereas wild plants showed traits related to attracting pollinators. Bumblebees visited more flowers of outbred than inbred plants and of wild than garden plants.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Our case study suggests that high levels of inbreeding during ex situ cultivation can influence reproductive traits and thus interactions with pollinators. Together with the effects of genetic erosion and unconscious selection this may affect the success of reintroductions into natural habitats.</p> <p> </p>
Shift in reproductive strategies in the evolutionary trajectory of a plant lineage
<p>Target loci of The Angiosperms353 gene set (AGS) assembled on Easy353 pipeline for Saxifraga section Irregulares and related taxa.</p>
FIGURES 14–18. Allogynaspis flechtmanni. 14 in Allogynaspis flechtmanni, a new genus and species of the subfamily Macrochelinae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) from southeastern Brazil, with comments on cheliceral dentition, reproductive strategies, and postepigynal platelets
FIGURES 14–18. Allogynaspis flechtmanni. 14. Adult female, ventral habitus of female (chelicerae excised); 15. Adult female, detail of dorsal shield seta S4 and integumental seta R4. 16. Protonymph, dorsal habitus; 17. Deutonymph; chelicera; 18. Protonymph, chelicerae.
FIGURES 1–5. Allogynaspis flechtmanni adult female. 1 in Allogynaspis flechtmanni, a new genus and species of the subfamily Macrochelinae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) from southeastern Brazil, with comments on cheliceral dentition, reproductive strategies, and postepigynal platelets
FIGURES 1–5. Allogynaspis flechtmanni adult female. 1. Dorsal shield, with detail of antiaxial surface of seta j3; 2. Ventral shields and associated glands and poroids; 3. Tritosternum; 4. Venter of gnathosoma; 5. Chelicera, with detail of dorsal seta.
FIGURES 6–13. Allogynaspis flechtmanni. 6. Adult female, tarsus IV in Allogynaspis flechtmanni, a new genus and species of the subfamily Macrochelinae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) from southeastern Brazil, with comments on cheliceral dentition, reproductive strategies, and postepigynal platelets
FIGURES 6–13. Allogynaspis flechtmanni. 6. Adult female, tarsus IV, ventral aspect; 7. Adult female, gnathotectum; 8. Adult female, sacculus and attached tubuli; 9. Deutonymph, sternal region; 10. Protonymph, dorsum; 11. Protonymph, gnathotectum; 12. Protonymph, venter; 13. Protonymph, detail of seta st5.
Fig. 3 in Phenotypic influences on the reproductive strategy of the facultative sexual rotifer Brachionus rubens (Monogononta)
Fig. 3 Percentage of sexual offspring as a function of their birth rank for three different treatments (food, temperature, and acclimation) and all combinations thereof. Bars in black represent significant deviations from the expected percentage of sexual offspring across a given treatment (continuous line) by falling outside the 95% confidence intervals of this value for that rank (dashed line; lower limit is zero if not visible)
Fig. 11 in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 11 Scalpellum scalpellum dwarf male with penis extended (redrawn from Krüger 1920: fig. 7); cf. longer and more complex penis of Verum brachiumcancri (Fig. 10)
Fig. 5 in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 5 Verum brachiumcancri. Female opened to show partially extended cirri and a brood of cypris larvae in lower part of mantle cavity (brood chamber). Inset Two cypris larvae extracted to show their shape and presence of compound eyes (arrows)
Fig. 6 a–d in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 6 a–d Verum brachiumcancri. Dwarf males in situ on inside of scutal plate. a Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of dwarf male position with penis extended, apical end broken off during preparation. b Light microscope (LM) view of dwarf male in receptacle. c LM view of dwarf male, with four minute shell plates, embedded deeply in receptacle. d LM view of dwarf male with dotted line indicating its position inside receptacle; only parts outlined by arrows exposed. add Adductor muscle, dwm dwarf male, pl shell plate
Fig. 4 a–d Weltnerium nymphocola. a, b in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 4 a–d Weltnerium nymphocola. a, b Dorsal and ventral views of a Boreonymphon robustum hosting three W. nymphocola (arrows) and a single Tarasovium cornutum (asterisk); specimens situated both on legs and main body of host. c Detail of a W. nymphocola in situ. d Detached adult W. nymphocola, with arrow pointing to transparent area of scutal plate, corresponding to location of male receptacle on inner wall (see text)
Fig. 1 in Reproductive strategy of two deep-sea scalpellid barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica) associated with decapods and pycnogonids and the first description of a penis in scalpellid dwarf males
Fig. 1 Verum brachiumcancri, photo and drawing of adult female, with arrow pointing to site of male receptacle (re) on inside of scutal plate (sc). ca Carina, cl carino-latus, la latus, ml median latus, pe peduncle, rl rostro-latus, ro rostrum, te tergum
Data from: Reproductive skipping as an optimal life history strategy in the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina
Intermittent breeding by which organisms skip some current reproductive opportunities in order to enhance future reproductive success is a common life history tradeoff among long-lived, iteroparous species. The southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina engages in intermediate breeding when body condition is low. While it is anticipated that this strategy may increase the lifetime reproductive output of this species, the conditions under which reproductive skipping are predicted to occur are not clear. Here I develop a dynamic state variable model based on published data that examines when southern elephant seals are predicted to optimally skip reproduction in order to maximize lifetime reproductive output as a function of current body mass, maternal age, and survivorship. I demonstrate that the optimal reproductive strategy for this species can include reproductive skipping, and that the conditions where this is optimal depend on patterns of mass-dependent adult female survival. I further show that intermittent breeding can increase lifetime reproductive output, and that the magnitude of this benefit increases with the ability of individual animals to replenish depleted body mass through foraging. Finally, I show that when the environment is variable and foraging is reduced in bad years, the benefit of adopting an optimal strategy that includes reproductive skipping increases asymptotically with the frequency of bad years. These results highlight the importance of characterizing the pattern of adult survival in this species, as well as the need to identify other factors that may influence the prevalence and benefits of reproductive skipping.
Data from: Melanin in a changing world: brown trout coloration reflects alternative reproductive strategies in variable environments
Melanins are the most widespread pigments in animals but their adaptive significance remains elusive. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific variation in melanin-based coloration reflects individual genetic-based alternative strategies to cope with environment variability, which could be crucial for their responses to climate changes. However, empirical evidence is still scarce. In this study, we tested how skin coloration in natural populations of brown trout Salmo trutta fario would reflect alternative reproductive strategies in different environments. We experimentally manipulated the flow regime (constant vs. variable) in artificial streams and compared the reproductive investment (body mass and plasma triglyceride variations), innate immunity (variations in plasma peroxidase and lysozyme activity) and reproductive success (number of mates and offspring) of differently colored brown trout over 2 reproductive seasons. Results show that darker males had a higher reproductive investment, but similar immune variations during reproduction compared to paler males. In addition, this reproductive investment was higher in variable environments. However, this did not translate into a higher reproductive success in variable environments, as darker males had a similar number of mates and offspring compared to their paler counterparts under a variable water flow. Since climate change will likely lead to an increased flow variability in the next decades, this suggests that darker brown trout could incur a higher energetic cost of reproduction and could be more impacted by climate changes than their paler counterparts. This highlights the need to take into account intraspecific variability to better forecast the response of natural populations to climate changes.
Figure 6 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 6. Shell growth of 10 neonates of Phaedusa paviei (a) and 10 hatchlings of Oospira vanbuensis (b).
Figure 5 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 5. Fecundity of pairs of Phaedusa paviei (n = 20) and Oospira vanbuensis (n = 10). Fecundities per month and per observation differ significantly between species (Mann–Whitney U-test; p <0.05).
Figure 3 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 3. Progeny retained by dissected individuals of Phaedusa paviei (a). Broods of individuals kept under humid and dry conditions (b). Figures above bars indicate sample size.
Figure 2 in The reproductive strategies of clausiliid land snails from Northern Vietnam (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)
Figure 2. Embryos removed from reproductive tract of Phaedusa paviei (a, c), neonates of P. paviei (b, d), eggs of Oospira vanbuensis laid in laboratory culture (e) and hachling of O. vanbuensis (f). Scale bar: 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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