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Fig. 1 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 1. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn), a snaileater endemic to central Panama. Top: A specimen (not collected) photographed in 1974 in the Madden Forest Preserve, by Harry W. Greene. Bottom: Another specimen from Madden Forest, this one in a final stage of defense posturing (see figs. 20–21), photographed in 1966 by C.W. Myers.

Fig. 3 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 3. Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). Representative specimens in dorsal and ventral view. Left: D. v. variegata from Rancho Grande, Venezuela (FMNH 204479, 468 mm SVL). Right: D. v. trinitatis from near Asa Wright Nature Center, Trinidad (FMNH 217217, 419 mm SVL).

Fig. 13 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 13. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger) in dorsal and ventral view. Left: Specimen from Bolívar Province, Ecuador (KU 132503). Right: Specimen from Pichincha province, Ecuador (MCZ 166543).

Fig. 2 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 2. Variation in dorsal head patterns of Dipsas variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril). From top to bottom: AMNH 111075 (Bolívar, Venezuela), AMNH 137584 (Trinidad), AMNH 21275 (Guyana), AMNH 114769 (Bolívar, Venezuela). The cephalic color pattern of Dipsas variegata, which varies from indistinct to blotched, lacks the distinctive Πshaped marking that characterizes D. nicholsi and D. andiana (cf. figs. 4, 8).

Fig. 15 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 15. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). A specimen of unknown locality (AMNH 79013) with an atypical head pattern. See text.

Fig. 19 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 19. Complex defensive behavior in Sibynomorphus mikanii. Top: The head is raised and widened, and the body is inflated, especially obvious at the widened neck (which approaches the dorsoventral hood formation of some snakes). Middle: After continued provoking, the snake has deflated the body and arranged itself into a loose asymmetrical coil or ball, with its head hidden. Bottom: An alternative coil at another time, with the head almost hidden.

Fig. 20 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 20. Initial stages in the defensive coiling of Dipsas nicholsi (KU 110313). Top: Beginning formation of an anterior coil (stage 1). Bottom: Anterior coil complete, posterior coil initiated (stage 2). See text for behavioral sequence in which stage 2 above is replaced by abrupt whipping motions while retaining the forward coil. See figure 21 for stage 3, in which the snake has gathered itself into a single coil.

Fig. 16 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 16. Head widening (triangulation)—the temporary acquisition of triangular head shape by spreading the jaw articulations—a common defensive trait among the Dipsadini and some other snakes. This behavior can also be seen in figures 9 and 17–19. Top: Dipsas viguieri from lowland Madden Forest, central Panama (KU 110317). Bottom: Dipsas temporalis from cloud forest on ridge between Río Jaqué and Río Imamadó, 800– 890 m, Darién, Panama (specimen one of KU 110294–110297).

Fig. 12 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 12. Comparison of head shapes and color patterns in Dipsas andiana and Dipsas oreas at equivalent magnifications. Top: D. andiana (KU 132503, 622 mm total length). Bottom: D. oreas (KU 142803, 629 mm total length). Dipsas andiana has a stereotypical Πshaped pattern on the dorsal surface and is relatively unmarked otherwise, whereas D. oreas has irregularly and heavily pigmented dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head. Dipsas oreas also has angular canthal and supratemporal regions and a relatively longer postorbital region than does D. andiana.

Fig. 18 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 18. Defensive behavior of Sibon nebulatus from the Río, Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamado´, 50 m, Darién, Panama (KU 112474). Top: An initial stage with posteriorly widened head. Middle: Passive coil with widened head exposed. Bottom: An alternative coil with head (still widened) concealed.

Fig. 8 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 8. Dipsas andiana (Boulenger). Closeup of head of holotype. The characteristic Πshaped pattern differentiates andiana from Dipsas oreas and hints at a possible relationship with Panamanian Dipsas nicholsi.

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FFigures 21-26 in Triplocania Roesler: a new species, redescriptions, description of the female of Triplocania spinosa Mockford, and revalidation of the original combination of Belicania cervantesi (García Aldrete) (Psocodea: 'Psocoptera': Ptiloneuridae)

FFigures 21-26. Triplocania spinosa Mockford (female specimen from Veracruz, México). (21) Front view of head. (22) Forewing. (23) Hindwing. (24) Subgenital plate. (25) Ninth sternum and gonapophyses. (26) Clunium, left paraproct and epiproct. Scales in mm.

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Fig. 3 in Revalidation and redescription of three distinct species synonymized as Plagiometriona sahlbergi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

Fig. 3. Plagiometriona scenica (Boheman, 1855), lectotype, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 4 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 4. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn). Dorsal and lateral views of the head (KU 110312).

Fig. 11 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)

Fig. 11. Dipsas oreas (Cope). Two juveniles. Top: ANSP 18120, Ecuador. Bottom: FMNH 232572, Peru.

FIGURE 8 in Revalidation and resurrection of Panaspis massaiensis (Angel, 1924) and the description of a new species of Panaspis Cope (Squamata: Scincidae) from south-eastern Kenya

FIGURE 8. (A) Panaspis massaiensis comb. nov., Klein's Camp, northern Serengeti, Tanzania (PEM R16769). Photo: William R. Branch. (B) Panaspis maculicollis, Phalaborwa, South Africa. Photo: William R. Branch. (C) Panaspis megalurus, Motorogi Conservancy, Maasai Mara, Kenya (NMK-L3905). Photo: Stephen Spawls. (D) Panaspis wahlbergi, Doornkop Reserve, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (PEM R 21297). Photo: Werner Conradie.

FIGURE 4 in Revalidation and resurrection of Panaspis massaiensis (Angel, 1924) and the description of a new species of Panaspis Cope (Squamata: Scincidae) from south-eastern Kenya

FIGURE 4. Life coloration of Panaspis massaiensis comb. nov. from Chyulu Hills. (A) Dorsal view (B) Ventral view. Photos: P.K. Malonza. (C) Comparative Panaspis massaiensis comb. nov. from Mt. Kasigau -Taita Hills. Photo: David Wojnowski.

FIGURE 5 in Revalidation and resurrection of Panaspis massaiensis (Angel, 1924) and the description of a new species of Panaspis Cope (Squamata: Scincidae) from south-eastern Kenya

FIGURE 5. (A) Preserved specimen of Panaspis tsavoensis sp. nov. Holotype NMK-L3845 (B) Head dorsum (C) Head lateral (D) Head ventrum (E) Dorsum (F) Ventrum. Photos: P.K. Malonza.

FIGURE 1. A in Revalidation and resurrection of Panaspis massaiensis (Angel, 1924) and the description of a new species of Panaspis Cope (Squamata: Scincidae) from south-eastern Kenya

FIGURE 1. A map of Kenya and Tanzania showing locations where Panaspis massaiensis comb. nov. and Panaspis tsavoensis sp. nov. were collected or recorded for this study. The Red Star: Type locality of Panaspis tsavoensis sp. nov.; Red circles: Panaspis tsavoensis sp. nov.; Blue circes: Panaspis massaiensis comb. nov.

FIGURE 6 in Revalidation and resurrection of Panaspis massaiensis (Angel, 1924) and the description of a new species of Panaspis Cope (Squamata: Scincidae) from south-eastern Kenya

FIGURE 6. Life coloration of Panaspis tsavoensis sp. nov. holotype from Tsavo East National Park. (A) Dorsal view (B) Lateral view. Photos: Felista K. Kilunda. (C) Comparative individual from Matthews Range. Photo by P.K Malonza