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Figure 2. Majority rule consensus tree for the 16S in Genus Baseodiscus (Nemertea: Heteronemertea): Molecular identification of a new species in a phylogenetic context
Figure 2. Majority rule consensus tree for the 16S rRNA data resulting from the Bayesian analysis (model GTR+G+I), 1,000,000 generations. Numbers refer to posterior probabilities.
Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport's rule
<p>1. Elevational range size patterns reflect ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are also affected by geometric constraints. The confounding effect of these constraints led to an ongoing controversy about the elevational Rapoport's rule, which postulates a positive association between the range size and elevation, and about the plausibility of the climate variability hypotheses as its causal explanation.</p> <p>2. Here we used an advanced null modelling approach to disentangle the interacting effects of geometric constraints and species richness gradients on the elevational range size of vascular plants. We collected extensive field data on elevational distribution for 728 vascular plant species occurring in the Ladakh region, Western Himalaya. We supplied these regional data with sub-continental elevational ranges extracted from the literature. Moreover, we used in-situ measured temperatures to quantify temperature variability along an elevational gradient to test the climate variability hypothesis.</p> <p>3. Observed range size patterns were sensitive to methods used to quantify the average range size. Range truncation disproportionately affected regional ranges of low-elevation species and resulted in spurious support of elevational Rapoport's rule. However, when the confounding effects of domain boundaries and richness gradient were controlled, our null models revealed only slight deviations from the random expectations of elevational range size patterns, contrasting with the prediction of the Rapoport's rule. In line with these findings, seasonal and diurnal temperature variability did not change with elevation.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Geometric constraints combined with underlying species richness gradient create range size patterns seemingly supporting Rapoport´s elevational rule. However, null models accounting for these effects indicate that the range-size of vascular plants in the Himalayas does not increase with elevation. Given the universality of the geometric constraints and species richness gradient, our results suggest that these confounding factors must be controlled when testing Rapoport's rule. The null model approach described here provides an efficient tool to do that.</p>
Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742. in New Hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) From The Early Miocene Of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) And Grillental (Namibia)
Text-fig. 10. Phylogenetic relationships of Miocene hyaenodonts (for definitions of character states see Table 2). The data matrix was compiled in MacClade 4.05 and run in PAUP 4.0b10 (Macintosh version). We chose Cimolestes magnus CLEMENS et RUSSELL, 1965, (additional data from Lillegraven 1969), as the outgroup. The unordered and unweighted analysis produced 16 trees. a: Majority-rule consensus. b: Strict consensus. Consistency index (CI): 0.5882; Homoplasy index (HI): 0.4118; Retention index (RI): 0.7742.
Figure 24. Majority-rule consensus trees. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 24. Majority-rule consensus trees. A, Majority-rule of 16 941 trees from unordered analysis. B, Majority-rule of 208 most parsimonious trees resulting from ordering one character, shell shape. Number in plain typeface indicates percentage of most parsimonious trees which support node. Number in italics (if present) indicates bootstrap support for each node. Number in boldface (if present) indicates Bremer index for each node.
FIG. 3 in Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale
FIG. 3. — Same relationships as in Figure 2, but expressed under the form of a hierarchical inclusion of members into sets.
FIG. 2 in Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale
FIG. 2. — Diagrammatic illustration (as cladograms) of the different kinds of relationships between taxa in a given ergotaxonomy (G1 to G8 are genera; F1 to F4 are families; O1 and O2 are orders; C1 is a class) and nesonyms (N1 to N6) proposed for various protaxa composed of some of the genera G1 to G8. See text for explanation.
FIG. 1 in Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale
FIG. 1. — Diagrammatic illustration (as cladograms) of the different kinds of relationships between taxa in a given ergotaxonomy (G1 to G8 are genera; F1 to F4 are families; O1 and O2 are orders; C1 is a class) and nomina (N1 to N12) proposed for various protaxa composed of some of the genera G1 to G8. See text for explanation.
WP3 Deliverable 3.1. Literature Review - The Making and Breaking of Rules in crisis situations: The Rule of Law and Democratic Participation
<p>The Covid-19 pandemic was a stress test to democracies. To date, literature lacks a comprehensive assessment of the political legitimacy of governments’ crisis responses in the context of multi-level political decision-making systems. LEGITIMULT aims to fill this gap in literature by analyzing the relationship between multilevel governance and political legitimacy from different angles. Work package 3 focuses on the role of democratic participation and the rule of law in a politically legitimate crisis governance. This working paper aims to develop a model of a democratic crisis governance and its empirical indicators based on the example of the Covid19 crisis. Thereby, it draws on the insights from a review of the extant literature on the democratic quality of the Covid-19 crisis governance. In addition, it presents an overview of the available datasets which assess the democratic quality and political legitimacy of governments’ Covid-19 crisis responses. Finally, it formulates first ideas on case selection for more in-depth analyses. Thus, this first deliverable provides the conceptual foundations of work package 3. Based on the suggested conceptualization and indicators of a democratic crisis governance, we will map the democratic quality of the Covid-19 crisis governance in 31 countries. To study the patterns of the results of this mapping, we will select a set of countries for an in-depth analysis of the impact of multi-level governance on the political legitimacy of Covid-19 crisis governance.</p>
Data from: Exceptions to the temperature-size rule: No Lilliput effect in end-Permian ostracods (Crustacea) from Aras Valley (NW Iran)
<p>The body size of marine ectotherms is often negatively correlated with ambient water temperature, as seen in many clades during the hyperthermal crisis of the end-Permian mass extinction (c. 252 Mya). However, in the case of ostracods, size changes during ancient hyperthermal events are rarely quantified. In this study, we evaluate the body size changes of ostracods in the Aras Valley section (NW Iran) in response to the drastic warming during the end-Permian mass extinction at three taxonomic levels (class, order, species). On the assemblage level, the warming triggers a complete species turnover in the Aras Valley section, with larger, newly emerging species dominating the immediate post-extinction assemblage for a short time. Individual ostracod species and instars do not show dwarfing or a change in body size as an adaptation to the temperature stress during the end-Permian crisis. This may indicate that ostracods might be exceptions to the temperature-size rule (TSR), using an adaptation mechanism that does not involve a decrease in body size. Many recent experimental studies show that accelerated development without size changes is a common response of modern ostracods to thermal stress.</p>
Data and Code: Complementarity in Allen's and Bergmann's rules among birds
<p>This document shows the R code and analyses for the paper ‘Complementarity in Allen’s and<br> Bergmann’s rules among birds’, by Justin Baldwin, Joan Garcia Porta (shared first authorship) and<br> Carlos Botero, at Nature Communications.</p>
Female lizards (Eremias argus) reverse Bergmann's rule across altitude
<p><span>The evolution of body size within and among species is predicted to be influenced by multifarious environmental factors. However, the specific drivers of body size variation have remained difficult to understand because of the wide range of proximate factors that covary with ectotherm body sizes across populations with varying local environmental conditions. Here, </span><span>we used female </span><span><em>Eremias</em> <em>argus</em></span> <span>lizards collected from different populations across their wide range in China and </span><span>constructed linear mixed models to assess how climatic conditions and/or available resources at different altitudes shape the geographical patterns of lizard body size across </span><span>altitude. Lizard populations showed significant differences in body size across altitudes. Furthermore, w</span><span>e found that climatic and seasonal changes along the altitudinal gradient also explained variations in body size among populations. Specifically, body size decreased with colder and drier environmental conditions at high altitudes, reversing Bergmann's rule. Limited resources at high altitudes, measured by the low vegetative index, may also constrain body size.</span><span> </span><span>Therefore, our study demonstrates that </span><span>multifarious</span><span> environmental factors could strongly influence the intraspecific variation in organisms' body size.</span></p>
IUCLID for pesticides filtering rule proposal for April 2024
<p>These are the draft filtering rules for pesticides dossiers in IUCLID proposed for implementation as from April 2024. The proposal is made by EFSA with the endorsement of the IUCLID PSN sub-group. These rules are up for public consultation until 20 September and any feedback can be provided through EU Survey where more details on the proposal can also be found: <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/runner/bae82a4d-e924-67e4-59fc-b1f3bcfdedb5">https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/runner/bae82a4d-e924-67e4-59fc-b1f3bcfdedb5</a></p>
Data from: Gloger's rule or historical conjecture? Tests in mammals
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Female lizards (Eremias argus) reverse Bergmann’s rule across altitude
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Data from: Variance sum rule for entropy production
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Dietary specialization mirrors Rapoport’s rule in European geometrid moths
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Rule based and information integration category learning
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Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport’s rule
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Data to reproduce: Cultural diffusion dynamics depend on behavioral production rules
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Data from: Exceptions to the temperature-size rule: No Lilliput effect in end-Permian ostracods (Crustacea) from Aras Valley (NW Iran)
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.