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Figure 7 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 7 Hippocampus nalu in situ, juvenile, approximately 10 mm SL, Sodwana Bay, South Africa at 14 m depth (photograph Richard Smith / oceanrealmimages.com).

Figure 6 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 6 Hippocampus nalu in situ, SAMC-F041934, paratype, male, Sodwana Bay, South Africa at 14 m depth (photograph Richard Smith / oceanrealmimages.com).

Figure 5 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 5 Hippocampus nalu in situ, SAMC-F041933, holotype, female, Sodwana Bay, South Africa at 14 m depth (photograph Richard Smith / oceanrealmimages.com).

Figure 4 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 4 Computed tomography scan of Hippocampus nalu, SAMC-F041933, holotype, female, 18.9 mm SL, 2 Mile Reef, Sodwana Bay, South Africa A lateral view of head and trunk area B anterolateral view of first and second superior trunk ridge spines (STrR1-2) C close-up lateral view of second superior trunk ridge cuspidate spines (STrR2). Abbreviations: ES, double eye spines; SOC, supraoccipital; CO, coronet; SC, supracleithrum; STrR1, first superior trunk ridge spine; STrR2, second superior trunk ridge spines; STrR5, fifth superior trunk ridge spine; STrR12, twelfth superior trunk ridge spine.

Figure 1 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 1 Hippocampus nalu, preserved specimens A SAMC-F041933, holotype female, 18.9 mm SL, and B SAMC-F041934, paratype, male, 22 mm SL; South Africa: Sodwana Bay, 2 Mile Reef (photograph Australian Museum Research Institute).

Figure 2 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 2 Computed tomography scanned skeleton of Hippocampus nalu, SAMC-F041933, holotype, 18.9 mm SL, female SLA ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view.

Figure 3 from: Short G, Claassens L, Smith R, De Brauwer M, Hamilton H, Stat M, Harasti D (2020) Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys 934: 141-156. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.934.50924

Figure 3 Computed tomography scanned skeleton of Hippocampus nalu, SAMC-F041934, paratype, male, 22 mm SLA ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view.

Figures 30-38 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734

Figures 30-38 The mylencephalon and metencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (30) The cerebellum was found behind the optic tectum (Ote). (31) High magnification image of the cerebellum layers including the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). The prominent Purkinje cells (Pc) were observed. (32, 33) Structure and schematic diagram of the sagittal section that show the optic tectum (Ote) next to the medulla oblongata (Mo) of the myelencelphalon. (34) Vagal lobe (Vl) in the myelencephalon contained neuron (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (35) High magnification image showing that medulla oblongata is penetrated with the fourth ventricle (Fv). This region prominently contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (36, 37) Cross section of the spinal cord (Cd) was observed, which high magnification of the accumulated neuron (Nu) was seen. The central canal (Cc) was lined by ependymal cell (Epc). (38) The ganglion (Gg) was connected with the dorsal or posterior root of the nerve fiber (Nf) originating from the spinal cord. It contained in both neuron (Nu) and satellite cell (Sac). Scale bars: 30 = 100 µm, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38 = 20 µm, 34 = 50 µm.

Figures 21-29 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734

Figures 21-29 The diencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (21) The diencephalon was subdivided into epithalamus (Ep), thalamus (Ta) and hypothalamus (Hy). (22) The pineal gland (Pn) contained blood vessels (Bv), pinealocytes (Pc) and neuroglia (Ng). (23) Habenula ganglion (Hb) was surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (CNT). It contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (24) The Ta contained different cells including neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). Neuronal fibers (Nf) were also present. (25, 26) Several important regions of the hypothalamus including nucleus periventricularis (Np) and nucleus tuberalis lateralis (Nlt). (27) Two regions in the pituitary gland (Pg) included the neurohypophysis (Np) and the adrenohypophysis (Ap). (28–29) The succus vasculosus (Sv) was surrounded by the epithelium (Ep). Bv = blood vessel, Cc = coronet cell, Nu = neuron, Su = supporting glial cell. Scale bars: 22, 27, 28, 29 = 20 µm, 23, 24, 25, 26 = 50 µm.

Figures 12-20 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734

Figures 12-20 Schematic diagram and light micrograph of the brain of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (12, 13) Overall brain structure in the dorsal view. Histological observation of the brain in the longitudinal section identified five regions including telencephalon (Te), mesencephalon (Me), diencephalon (Di), metencephalon (Met) and myelencephalon (Mye). Mye was connected to the spinal cord. (14) Location of the olfactory bulb (Ob) in nostril. (15) High magnification image of the olfactory bulb showing the olfactory cavity (Oc) surrounding with olfactory epithelium (Oe), olfactory cavity (Oc) and ciliated sensory cells with prominent cilia (*). (16) Olfactory lobe (Ol), olfactory tract (Ot) and cerebral hemisphere (Ch). (17, 18) Cerebral hemisphere (Ch) containing neuroglia. (19) Third ventricle (Tv) was found between the optic tectum (Otc) and epithalamus (Ep). (20) Histological classification of the optic tectum including 1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae. Ng = neuroglia. Scale bars: 13 = 500 µm, 14 = 200 µm, 15, 16, 17, 19 = 50 µm, 20 = 20 µm.

Figures 39-51 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734

Figures 39-51 Light micrograph of Hippocampus barbouri brain development. (39) Packed structure of the brain at 1 DAB. (40) Cerebral hemisphere of the telencephalon at 1 DAB. (41) The cerebellum (Cb) contained the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). However, the Purkinje cells (Pc) were rarely observed in the Pl. (42) High magnification image of Pl where Pc were rarely developed. (43) The absence of the blood vessel in the saccus vasculosus. (44) Obvious development of the capillaries of the optic tectum at 6 DAB. (45) Increased neuroglia amount of the cerebral hemisphere. (46) Vascularized blood vessels in the saccus vasculosus. (47) Small blood vessels in the optic tectum. (48) Small Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. (49) Obvious development of glandular tissue (Gg) in the adrenohypophysis (Ad). (50) Optic tectum with highly developed blood vessels and the five distinct layers (1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae). (51) Cerebellum containing Pc.(MI) Molecular layer, (GI) granular layer. Scale bars: 39 = 500 µm, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 = 50 µm, 50 = 20 µm.

Figures 1-11 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734

Figures 1-11 The central nervous system (CNS) of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (1, 2) Morphology and schematic diagram of the CNS in a longitudinal view. The brain contained cerebral hemisphere (Ch), optic tectum (Otc), cerebellum (Cb), hypothalamus (Hy) and modular oblongata (Mo). The spinal cord (Sc) was also observed. (3) Morphology of the brain in lateral view. (4, 5) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain at high magnification. The olfactory lobe (Ol), Ch, Otc, Cb and Mo were observed. (6) Brain morphology in dorsal view. (7, 8) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain in dorsal view at high magnification.(9–11) Morphology and schematic diagram of longitudinal sections showing the olfactory tract (Ot), Ch, Otc, Cb, Hy and Mo. Scale bars: 1, 3, 6, 9 = 3 cm, 4, 7 = 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Hippocampus casscsio sp. nov. (SCSMBC 007414, SL 90.5 mm, male).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Hippocampus casscsio sp. nov. (SCSMBC007414, SL 90.5 mm, male).

FIGURE 42. Range map for Hippocampus zosterae. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 42. Range map for Hippocampus zosterae. See Figure 2 caption for further details.

FIGURE 40. Range map for Hippocampus whitei. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 40. Range map for Hippocampus whitei. See Figure 2 caption for further details.

FIGURE 41. Range map for Hippocampus zebra. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 41. Range map for Hippocampus zebra. See Figure 2 caption for further details.

FIGURE 36. Range map for Hippocampus spinosissimus. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 36. Range map for Hippocampus spinosissimus. See Figure 2 caption for further details.

FIGURE 37. Range map for Hippocampus subelongatus. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 37. Range map for Hippocampus subelongatus. See Figure 2 caption for further details.

FIGURE 38. Range map for Hippocampus trimaculatus. See Figure 2 in A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research

FIGURE 38. Range map for Hippocampus trimaculatus. See Figure 2 caption for further details.