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Fig. 8 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 8. Number of Mothocya parvostis collected on each sampling date (solid line) and tidal levels (broken line) from November 15 (new moon) to December 15 (new moon).

Fig. 5 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 5. Number of cymothoid juveniles collected in each month from October 2020 to December 2021. Dot bars (red) indicate Mothocya parvostis and diagonal right pattern bars (blue) indicate Ceratothoa verrucosa. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 4. Number of cymothoid mancae collected in each month from October 2020 to December 2021. Dot bars (red) indicate Mothocya parvostis, diagonal right pattern bars (blue) indicate Ceratothoa verrucosa, diagonal left pattern bars (green) indicate Ceratothoa carinata. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 3. Dorsal views of cymothoid free-swimming stages collected by the light trap. (a) and (d): Mothocya parvostis, (b) and (e): Ceratothoa verrucosa, (c): Ceratothoa carinata. (a)–(c): mancae, (d) and (e): juveniles. Scale bars indicate (a)–(c): 1 mm, (d) and (e): 3 mm.

Fig. 2 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 2. Map showing location of the Seto Inland Sea and sampling site, where light trap sampling was performed.

Fig. 1 in Quatrefoil light traps for free-swimming stages of cymothoid parasitic isopods and seasonal variation in their species compositions in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Fig. 1. The quatrefoil light trap using in this study. (a): front view, (b): bottom view without net, (c): Light traps in use underwater. A: 15 W LED fishing light, B: Net to collect organisms in trap (0.5 mm mesh).

Figure 6 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 6. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots illustrating the distribution of (a) communities and (b) Chironomidae taxa in the larger stream Sundsá (green) and smaller stream Matará (blue). Significant associations (p <0.05) of the environmental variables to the axes are shown with arrows. Taxa acronyms are listed in Table 2.

Figure 5 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 5. Seasonal variation of the chironomid community of Sundsá. Bar labels refer to month and year. Species acronyms as in Table 2.

Figure 4 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 4. Seasonal variation of the chironomid community of Matará. Bar labels refer to month and year. Species acronyms as in Table 2.

Figure 3 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 3. Average density of chironomid larvae per sampling occasion in relation to water temperature. The larger stream Sundsá in green and the smaller stream Matará in blue dots. Standard Deviation lies between 141 and 5944 but is not shown for the sake of clarity.

Figure 2 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 2. Daily temperature changes in Sundsá and Matará over a year. Water temperature of Sundsá (in green) and Matará (in blue) follow air temperature (black).

Figure 7 in SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) COMMUNITIES OF TWO FAROESE STREAMS Abstract

Figure 7. Relative abundance of Tvetenia calvescens life stages (instars I, II, III and IV) in the smaller stream Matará (blue) and larger stream Sundsá (green). Black lines indicate emergence of adults.

Fig. 4 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Representation of the similarity patterns (Euclidean distances) in the seasonal and spatial diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at two sites on the rio das Pedras, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at two sites on the rio das Pedras, according to season. Categories: plants, invertebrates, terrestrial invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates, terrestrial vegetation, aquatic vegetation and sediments and detritus.

Fig. 6 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 6. Ordination of individuals of Astyanax aff. fasciatus of different sizes according to the higher feeding preference. (SL1:> 50 mm; SL2: 51-75 mm and SL3: <76 mm).

Fig. 2 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus at sites A (a) and B (b) on the rio das Pedras, according to the origin of the ingested items (value between parentheses corresponds to the feeding index of each category).

Fig. 5 in Spatial, seasonal and ontogenetic variation in the diet of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Ostariophysi: Characidae) in an Atlantic Forest river, Southern Brazil

Fig. 5. Diet composition of Astyanax aff. fasciatus among the three established standard length classes, and according to the plant or animal origin of the item. (SL1:> 50 mm; SL2: 51-75 mm and SL3: <76 mm; value between parentheses corresponds to the feeding index of each category).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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A field experiment reveals seasonal variation in the Daphnia gut microbiome

The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized for its impact on host fitness, but it remains poorly understood how naturally variable environments influence gut microbiome diversity and composition. We studied changes in the gut microbiome of ten genotypes of water fleas (Daphnia magna) in submerged mesocosm enclosures in a eutrophic lake over a period of 16 weeks, from early summer to autumn. The microbial diversity increased when Daphnia were reintroduced from the laboratory to the lake, and the composition of gut microbes drastically changed. Both gut microbiome diversity and composition continued to change over the 16-week period, with alpha diversity peaking in late summer. The gut microbiome community was clearly distinct from that of the surrounding water, and temporal changes in the two communities were independent of each other. There were no consistent differences in the gut microbiomes among Daphnia genotypes in the lake environment. The change in gut microbiome over the season was accompanied by a decline in reproductive output and survival. There were weak, but statistically supported, effects of microbiota composition on Daphnia fitness, but there was no evidence that natural variation in microbiome diversity or composition was associated with tolerance to the cyanotoxin microcystin. We conclude that the gut microbiome of Daphnia is highly dynamic in a natural lake environment, but that host genetic effects on microbiome diversity and composition between genotypes within a population can be vanishingly small. These results emphasize that establishing the ecological effects of gut microbiota will require largescale experiments under natural conditions.