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225 results for “seed germination”
Seed size and capitulum position drive germination and dormancy responses to projected warming for the threatened dune endemic Cirsium pitcheri (Asteraceae)
<p>Among coastal plant species at risk from rapid environmental changes is the North American Great Lakes dune endemic Cirsium pitcheri. Despite being listed as federally threatened, little is known about how C. pitcheri seed attributes influence germination and dormancy-break patterns in the context of climate change. Following a previous work where we found differences in the number and weight of C. pitcheri seeds among capitulum positions and study sites, here we examine the effects of seed attributes (capitulum position, seed weight and site of origin) on the proportion and timing of C. pitcheri seed germination under temperature treatments that simulate projected warming in the Great Lakes (20/10°C, 25/10°C and 30/10°C day/night). Our results demonstrate that C. pitcheri produces diverse cohorts of seeds with seed attributes that significantly influence the timing and probability of germination over a three-year soil seed bank. C. pitcheri seed germination proportions were highest at 20°C and decreased successively at 25°C and 30°C. Seeds from terminal capitula had higher germination proportions and took longer to germinate than those from secondary capitula. The effect of seed weight on germination probability also depended on site of origin and capitulum position, with all effects varying in size and significance over time. Our results highlight the considerable differences in germination patterns exhibited by seeds from different capitulum positions and sites of origin and provide insight into the dormancy-break patterns that C. pitcheri might experience under the predicted temperature rise in the Great Lakes region of North America.</p>
Impacts of growth form and phylogenetic relatedness on seed germination: a large-scale analysis of a subtropical regional flora
<p>Plant regeneration strategy plays a critical role in species survival and can be used as a proxy for the evolutionary response of species to climate change. However, information on the effects of key plant traits and phylogenetic relatedness on seed germination is limited at large regional scales that vary in climate. To test the hypotheses that phylogenetic niche conservatism plays a critical force in shaping seed ecophysiological traits across species, and also drives their response to climatic fluctuation, we conducted a controlled experiment on seed germination and determined the percentage and rate of germination for 249 species in subtropical China under two temperature regimes (i.e., daily 25ºC; daily alternating 25/15ºC for each 12 h). Germination was low with a skewed distribution (mean = 38.9% at 25ºC, and 43.3% at 25/15ºC). One fifth of the species had low (<10%) and slow (4–30d) germination, and only a few (8%) species had a high (>80%) and rapid (1.2–6.6d) germination. All studied plant traits (including germination responses) showed a significant phylogenetic signal, with an exception of seed germination percentage under the alternating temperature scenario. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and phylogenetic generalized estimation equations (GEEs) demonstrated that growth form and seed dispersal mode were strong drivers of germination. Our experimental study highlights that integrating plant key traits and phylogeny is critical to predicting seed germination response to future climate change.</p>
Effects of temperature on seed dormancy and germination of the coastal dune plant Viola grayi: Germination phenology and responses to winter warming
<p>PREMISE: In temperate sand dunes, rising air temperature owing to climate change could not only further elevate surface soil temperatures during summers but also drastically change the range of soil temperatures in other seasons. Winter warming may shift the timing of seed germination of dune species that require cold stratification for dormancy release.</p> <p>METHODS: We assessed the effects of temperature on dormancy and germination of <i>Viola grayi</i> seeds and evaluated whether winter warming could affect its germination phenology by conducting germination experiments and analyzing soil temperature data in cold and warm winters.</p> <p>RESULTS: <i>Viola grayi</i> seeds were dormant when dispersed in spring. One-month moist-chilling treatment (4°C) effectively released dormancy, while short, intermittent lower temperatures (alternating 20/5°C) did not. Continuous higher temperatures induced secondary dormancy in non-dormant seeds. During a cold, snowy winter, the surface soil temperatures of the sand dune remained at 0–2°C for approximately one month owing to the accumulated snow, while the period of such stable low soil temperatures was much shorter during a warm, less snowy winter, and the highest soil temperature class reached 20–25°C. These results suggest that dispersed seeds germinate in the following spring after winter chilling, but they may remain dormant after warm winters.</p> <p>CONCLUSIONS: With winter warming, prolonged seed dormancy and associated germination delay could occur in <i>V. grayi</i> seeds. Assessing the minimum requirements for dormancy release and the potential to form persistent soil seed banks is important for judging the necessity and urgency of conservation efforts for temperate dune species.</p>
Data from: Transgenerational genetic effects help explain latitudinal variation in seed mass and germination timing in Plantago lanceolata
<p>We know little about the underlying genetic control of phenotypic patterns of seed traits across large-scale geographic and environmental gradients. Such knowledge is important for understanding the evolution of populations within species and for improving species conservation. Therefore, to test for genetic variation in <em>P. lanceolata</em>, we made reciprocal crosses between northern and southern genotypes that span the species' range in Europe. Results provide evidence of transgenerational genetic effects on seed mass and germination timing. Northern mothers produced larger seeds with delayed germination, in contrast to southern mothers, which produced smaller seeds with accelerated germination. Maternal latitude affected both the seed coat, solely maternal tissue, and embryo/endosperm tissues. Thus, latitudinal variation in seed size and germination timing can be explained, in part, by the direct influence of maternal genotype, independent of zygotic genes that parents pass directly to the embryo and endosperm. Data suggest that researchers exploring the existence and evolution of large-scale geographic variation within species test for transgenerational genetic effects. Also, data suggest that transgenerational control of seed traits should be considered when developing procedures designed to facilitate species conservation and restoration.</p>
Cumulative germination of seeds ingested by black howler monkeys
<p><strong>Premise of the Study:</strong> Primates are important seed dispersers, especially for large-seeded (> 1 cm length) tropical species in continuous and fragmented rainforests.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> In three forest fragments within the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, southern Mexico, we investigated the effect of howler monkeys´ (Alouatta pigra) gut passage on the germination rate and maximum germination (%) of native large-seeded species. One group of howler monkeys, per fragment, was followed and fresh feces collected. Large seeds were removed to compare their germination success with non-ingested seeds of the same species collected underneath parent plants.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Feces contained large seeds from seven tree species and one liana species: Ampelocera hottlei, Castilla elastica, Dialium guianense, Garcinia intermedia, Pourouma bicolor, Spondias mombin, Trophis racemosa and the liana Abuta panamensis. Except for G. intermedia, ingested seeds showed significantly greater germination rates than non-ingested seeds. Non-ingested seeds of D. guianense showed negligible germination. Regarding maximum germination, ingested seeds of D. guianense, P. bicolor, S. mombin, T. racemosa and A. panamensis showed significantly greater germination percentage; while G. intermedia showed significantly lower germination percentage and no effect of seed ingestion was observed on A. hottlei and C. elastica.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In general, seed ingestion by howler monkeys confers greater germination rates than non-ingested seeds. Greater germination rates reduce predation probabilities and increases seedling establishment in forest fragments. Primate dispersal services contribute to germination heterogeneity within plant populations of old-growth forest species and to their persistence in forest fragments.</p>
Data from: Can a Commiphora seedling germinated from an ancient seed solve a Biblical mystery?
<p>A seed recovered during archaeological excavations of a cave in the Judean desert was germinated, with radiocarbon analysis indicating an age of 993 CE– 1202 calCE. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified the seedling as belonging to the angiosperm genus <em>Commiphora</em> Jacq., sister to three Southern African <em>Commiphora</em> species, but unique from all other species sampled to date. The germinated seedling was not closely related to <em>Commiphora</em> species commonly harvested for their fragrant oleoresins including <em>Commiphora gileadensis </em>(L.) C.Chr., candidate for the locally extinct "Judean Balsam" or "Balm of Gilead" of antiquity. GC-MS analysis revealed minimal fragrant compounds but abundance of those associated with multi-target bioactivity and a previously undescribed glycolipid compound series. Several hypotheses are offered to explain the origins, implications and ethnobotanical significance of this unknown <em>Commiphora </em>sp., the first discovered at an archaeological site in this region, including identification with a resin producing tree mentioned in Biblical sources and a possible agricultural relationship with the historic Judean Balsam.</p>
Fig. 5 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon
Fig. 5. Non-bees recorded on Calotropis procera flowers. a, fly. b, fruit fly. c, bug © Michelson Azo'o Ela.
Fig. 4 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon
Fig. 4. Apidae recorded on the flowers of Calotropis procera. a, Xylocopa inconstans ♂. b, Xylocopa inconstans ♀. c, Xylocopa pubescens ♀. d, Xylocopa pubescens ♂. e, Xylocopa ustulata ♀. f, Amegilla sp. © Michelson Azo'o Ela.
Fig. 6 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon
Fig. 6. Variation of flower visiting insects on Calotropis procera as a function of temperature and time intervals.
Fig. 3. Cumulative germination for Myrsine parvifolia seeds over 30 in The effect of temperature regulation on seed germination of the tropical tree Myrsine parvifolia A. DC near its southern limit
Fig. 3. Cumulative germination for Myrsine parvifolia seeds over 30 days of incubation at 20/30 ̊C (12 h:12 h) thermoperiod. Seeds were from the 2009/NC batch (non-cold storage) and were subjected to the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) or scarification of the seed testa in relation to the untreated (control) seeds (n = 4). Mean values of final germination (%) of the treatments are shown. Different lowercase letters among means show significant differences (p <0.05), according to the LSD test.
Fig. 2 in The effect of temperature regulation on seed germination of the tropical tree Myrsine parvifolia A. DC near its southern limit
Fig. 2. Total germination of Myrsine parvifolia seeds after 30 days of incubation at four constant temperatures (15 ̊C, 20 ̊C, 25 ̊C and 30 ̊C) and for one thermoperiod (20/30 ̊C, 12 h:12 h). Germination trials were repeated for seed batches collected in 2008 and 2009, which were subjected to dry cold storage (5 ̊C) before the germination test (2008/WC and 2009/WC) and immediately germinated (non-cold storage; 2009/ NC). Different lowercase letters among vertical bars for each temperature treatment show significant differences between each batch (p <0.05), according to the LSD test.
Data from: The effect of pollination mode on seed performance of Gentiana lutea: a laboratory evaluation of seed germinability
Gentiana lutea L. (yellow gentian, Gentianaceae) is a protected orophyte of central and southern Europe, mainly threatened by the uncontrolled collection of its rhizome, used in traditional medicine and for liquor production. The species is self-compatible, but outcrossing mediated by pollinators is needed to obtain a viable progeny. In this study, we considered five natural populations belonging to the four subspecies of G. lutea. We performed controlled pollinations in the field (self- versus cross-pollination) followed by seed germination tests in laboratory conditions, adding a solution of gibberellic acid, in order to evaluate the seed performance. A cumulative index of inbreeding depression was calculated considering maternal reproductive output as well as seed performance traits. Seed weight and seed germination performance was similar between seeds resulting from naturally pollinated and pollen-augmented flowers and higher compared to selfed flowers, highlighting a disadvantage of selfing and the importance of cross-pollen transfer in natural conditions. However, in the small and isolated population of G. lutea subsp. symphyandra on Mt Grande we found a general reduction in seed germination rate, likely due to increased selfing or mating among close relatives as a consequence of a severe bottleneck. We discuss our results with regards to implications for conservation practices.
Data from: Direct effects of nitrogen addition on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species
<p>Seed germination plays an important role in mediating plant species composition of grassland communities under nitrogen (N) enrichment. Shifts of plant community structure with N-enhanced deposition in terrestrial ecosystems have occurred globally. Despite numerous studies about the effects of enhanced N deposition on mature plant communities, few studies have focused on seed germination. Using a laboratory experiment, we report the effects of five N concentrations, including 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mM N (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) on seed germination of eight semi-arid grassland species. Results showed that low N concentrations (5- and 20-mM N) promoted mean final germination proportion of all eight species by 4.4% and 6.4%, but high concentrations (40 mM N) had no effect. The mean germination rate was decreased 2.1% and 5.1% by higher N concentration (20- and 40-mM N) levels, but germination start time showed the opposite trend, delayed by 0.7, 0.9, and 1.8 d for the 10, 20, and 40 Mm N treatments. Final germination proportion, mean germination rate, and germination start time were significantly different among species in response to N concentration treatments. The final germination proportion of <i>Allium tenuissimum </i>and<i> Chenopodium glaucum </i>were suppressed by increased N concentration, whereas it increased for<i> Potentilla bifurca, Plantago asiatica </i>and<i> Setaria viridis</i>. Our findings provide novel insights into N-deposition-induced species loss based on seed germination factors in semi-arid grassland communities.</p>
Data on germination of seeds obtained from Frangula alnus mother plants in a common garden that were treated with water limitation
<p>Data on germination of seeds derived from Frangula alnus mother plants in a common garden that were treated with water limitation in 2020: countings of emerged seedlings on a regular basis in the spring of 2021.</p>
Seed dormancy and germination traits of 27 species inhabiting the degraded karst mountain from central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Seed mass and moisture content correlates with germination capacity
<p>Seed dormancy and germination play an important roles in regulating germination timing and plant fitness in harsh environment, especially for fragile karst region. Broadening the knowledge regarding seed ecology of native plant species can improve local restoration management due to the increased biodiversity and success of seedling establishment, yet few studies have addressed this. We examined the dormancy types and germination responses to temperature regimes as well as light conditions of totally 27 that were dominant or common species inhabiting a degraded karst mountain from central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and assessed the relationships between seed traits and germination index using a partial least squares regression (PLSR). Approximately 48% of the investigated species exhibited physiological dormancy, 37% exhibited nondormancy, 7% exhibited morphophysiological dormancy, 4% exhibited morphological dormancy and 4% exhibited physical dormancy. Germination behaviors occurred in 16 of 27 species. The seed germination of 13 species strongly responded to seasonal temperature regimes, whereas 12 species were substantially affected by light conditions. About 94% species germinated to the maximum percent in warm temperature regimes (20/13 and 25/18 °C), while the remaining was in cool temperature regime (10/4 °C). The PLSR analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between seed mass and T50 m (time to 50% final germination), and a negative correlation between seed moisture content and percent germination, showing that small seeds, particularly those with a low moisture content, were more likely to have a greater germination capacity (including relative less germination time and higher germination percent) than large seeds in harsh karst environments. In general, these results strengthen the understanding of seed dormancy classification of dormant species and germination requirements of nondormant ones that representative of pioneer species of early stage of positive succession in seriously degraded sites and provide suggestion for species selection in local seed-based vegetation restoration.</p>
Fig. 5 in Labdane diterpenoids from the heartwood of Leucosceptrum canum that impact on root growth and seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana
Fig. 5. Biological function of leucolactones A-K (1–11) on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. (A) Seed germination rate of A. thaliana on MS-agar plates in the presence of 10, 20, 30, 40 μM compound 8. Different letters represent significant differences (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, P <0.05). (B–D) A. thaliana seedlings after 5 days on MS-agar plates containing 0.1% ethanol (B), 10 μM compound 8 (C), 20 μM compound 8 (D); (E–F) Effect of compound 8 on auxin reporter of A. thaliana DR5::GUS after 24 h incubation in solution with 0.1% ethanol (E) or 20 μM compound 8 (F). The images were representatives of at least three independent experiments with>25 seedlings examined for each experiment.
Effect of the common palm civet's gut passage on seed germination of fleshy fruits in Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Central India
<p>Frugivorous carnivores like civets consume fruits of many species and play an important role in their seed dispersal by virtue of depositing their scats farther away from the parent tree. This study was conducted to understand the role of the common palm civet in affecting the seed germination rate of three plant species (i.e., <em>Syzygium cumini, Phoenix sylvestris, and Ficus racemosa</em>) in a tropical moist deciduous forest. We collected scats of common palm civets in Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Central India, and monitored the germination rate of these species for 90 days. Further, to understand the patters of seed selection (if there are any), for seeds of a specific size, we compared the length, width, and mass of the civet-ingested seeds with those of the control seeds. We had to discard the analyses on<em> F. racemosa</em> as none of its seeds in any treatment group germinated even after 50 days. Our results show a differential impact of gut passage: civet-ingested <em>P. sylvestris</em> seeds experienced a higher germination percentage compared to the control seeds, whilst gut passage did not alter the seed germination of<em> S. cumini</em>. However, seed germination speed (proportion of seeds germinated per day) for both species, <em>P. sylvestris </em>and <em>S. cumini</em>, was faster for civet-ingested seeds compared to their respective controls. Our findings also show that civets preferred seeds that were lesser in length and width and weighed lesser in the case of <em>P. sylvestris</em>, however, no such statistically significant difference was found for seed selection in the case of <em>S. cumini</em>. Thus, our study shows that civets act as a legitimate seed disperser of plant species and exert a differential impact on altering the germination rate.</p>
Cumulative germination of seeds ingested by black howler monkeys
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Data from: Plant-soil-foliage feedbacks on seed germination and seedling growth of an invasive plant Ageratina adenophora
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Effect of the common palm civet’s gut passage on seed germination of fleshy fruits in Pachmarhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Central India
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