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98 results for “sex chromosome systems”
Fig. 28 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 28. Occlusal view of M1M3 in selected phyllostomids. A. Desmodus rotundus (AMNH 174303). Only M1 is present. B. Chrotopterus auritus (AMNH 267852). C. Brachyphylla cavernarum (AMNH 208181). D. Phyllonycteris poeyi (USNM 103542). E. Monophyllus redmani (AMNH 236662). F. Artibeus jamaicensis (AMNH 266331). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 33 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 33. Dorsal surface of the tongue in selected phyllostomids. Lowest inset is of a lateral circumvallate papilla. A. Phyllonycteris poeyi (AMNH 23762). B. Glossophaga soricina (AMNH 237911) Lonchophylla thomasi (AMNH 266107). Upper inset: basketlike papilla. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 1. The pace of discovery of currently recognized phyllostomid taxa described from 1750 to 1993. A. Genera. B. Species. There has been a steady decrease in the rate of description of new genera since the early 1800s, but the pace of description of new species has not declined at the same rate. We used dates of publication from Koopman (1993).
Fig. 4 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 4. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Porto Rico, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Fig. 2 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 2. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon aff. motoro sample from Porto Rico, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Fig. 1 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 1. Meiotic chromosomes of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Ilha Solteira. Spermatogonial metaphase (2n = 65 chromosomes) after Giemsa staining (a) and metaphase I, with 31 bivalents and a trivalent (arrow) (b).
Fig. 3 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 3. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon aff. motoro sample from Ilha Solteira, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Epistatic interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomes can affect the stability of sex determination systems
<p>Sex determination (SD) is an essential and ancient developmental process, but the genetic systems that regulate this process are surprisingly variable. Why SD mechanisms vary so much is a longstanding question in evolutionary biology. SD genes are generally located on sex chromosomes which also carry genes that interact epistatically with autosomes to affect fitness. How this affects the evolutionary stability of SD mechanisms is still unknown. Here, we explore how epistatic interactions between a sexually antagonistic (SA) non-SD gene, located on either an ancestral or novel sex chromosome, and an autosomal gene affect the conditions under which an evolutionary transition to a new SD system occurs. We find that when the SD gene is linked to an ancestral sex chromosomal gene which engages in epistatic interactions, epistasis enhances the stability of the sex chromosomes so that they are retained under conditions where transitions would otherwise occur. This occurs both when weaker fitness effects are associated with the ancestral sex chromosome pair or stronger fitness effects associated with a newly-evolved SD gene. However, the probability that novel SD genes spread is unaffected if they arise near genes involved in epistasis. This discrepancy occurs because on autosomes, SA allele frequencies are typically lower than on sex chromosomes. In our model, increased frequencies of these alleles contribute to a higher frequency of epistasis which may therefore more readily occur on sex chromosomes. Because sex chromosome-autosome interactions are abundant and can take several forms, they may play a large role in maintaining sex chromosomes.</p>
Epistatic interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomes can affect the stability of sex determination systems
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Supplementary material 1 from: Steinberg E, Nieves M, Mudry M (2014) Multiple sex chromosome systems in howler monkeys (Platyrrhini, Alouatta). Comparative Cytogenetics 8(1): 43-69. https://doi.org/10.3897/compcytogen.v8i1.6716
Data matrix. (doi: 10.3897/CompCytogen.v8i1.6716.app1) File format: Microsoft Word file (doc).:
Data from: The role of conflict in the formation and maintenance of variant sex chromosome systems in mammals
<p>The XX/XY sex chromosome system is deeply conserved in therian mammals, as is the role of <em>Sry</em> in testis determination, giving the impression of stasis relative to other taxa. However, the long tradition of cytogenetic studies in mammals documents sex chromosome karyotypes that break this norm in myriad ways, ranging from fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes to Y chromosome loss. Evolutionary conflict, in the form of sexual antagonism or meiotic drive, is the primary predicted driver of sex chromosome transformation and turnover. Yet conflict-based hypotheses are less considered in mammals, perhaps because of the perceived stability of the sex chromosome system. To address this gap, we catalogue and characterize all described sex chromosome variants in mammals, test for family-specific rates of accumulation, and consider the role of conflict between the sexes or within the genome in the evolution of these systems. We identify 152 species with sex chromosomes that differ from the ancestral state and find evidence for different rates of ancestral to derived transitions among families. Sex chromosome-autosome fusions account for 80% of all variants whereas documented sex chromosome fissions are limited to three species. We propose that meiotic drive and drive suppression provide viable explanations for the evolution of many of these variant systems, particularly those involving autosomal fusions. We highlight taxa particularly worthy of further study and provide experimental predictions for testing the role of conflict and its alternatives in generating observed sex chromosome diversity.</p>
Fig. 35 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 35. Closeup dorsal views of a medial circumvallate papilla in A. Noctilio leporinus (AMNH
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 3. Tree from Wenzel et al. (1966; redrawn from fig. 144) by de la Torre.
Data from: Persistence of an unusual triple sex chromosome system through allopolyploidization in African clawed frogs (<em>Xenopus</em>, subgenus <em>Silurana</em>)
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Data from: The role of conflict in the formation and maintenance of variant sex chromosome systems in mammals
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FIGURES 16–21. Endecous ubajarensis n in A new species of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from northeast Brazil with the first X X 0 chromosomal sex system in Gryllidae
FIGURES 16–21. Endecous ubajarensis n. sp. female UBA02. 16—subgenital plate; 17—supranal plate; 18—ovipositor, ventral view; 19—ovipositor, lateral view; 20—ovipositor apex, dorsal view; 21—ovipositor apex, lateral view.
FIGURES 12–15. Endecous ubajarensis n in A new species of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from northeast Brazil with the first X X 0 chromosomal sex system in Gryllidae
FIGURES 12–15. Endecous ubajarensis n. sp. phallic sclerites of the paratype UBA03. 12—dorsal view; 13—ventral view; 14—diagonal view; 15—posterior view. Conventions: Ps.Arm—pseudepiphallic arm; Ps.db—pseudepiphallic dorsal branch; Ps.vb—pseudepiphallic ventral branch; Ps.P—pseudepiphallic paramere; Ps.ib—Pseudepiphallic sclerite inner bars; Ps.mspseudepiphallic membranous shield; Ect.Arc—ectophallic arc; Ect.lb—ectophallic lateral bar; Ect.mp—ectophallic median projection; Ect.Ap—ectophallic apodeme; End.Sc.a—endophallic sclerite anterior portion; End.Sc.p—endophallic sclerite posterior portion.
FIGURES 3–11. Endecous ubajarensis n in A new species of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from northeast Brazil with the first X X 0 chromosomal sex system in Gryllidae
FIGURES 3–11. Endecous ubajarensis n. sp. holotype morphology. 3–5—habitus in lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, respectively; 6—head, frontal view; 7—supranal-plate; 8—subgenital plate; 9a, b, c—tibia III outer apical spurs; arrow, distal subapical spur; 10d, e, f, g—inner apical spurs; 11—tibia and tarsus, lateral view; arrow, distal subapical spur.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 5. Mitotic telocentric chromosomes of Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp. A, Spermatogonial metaphase 2n♂ = 22 + XY. B– C, Oogonial metaphases. B, 2n♀= 22 + XX. C. 2n♀ = 26. Scale bar, 5 µm.
FIGURE 4. Synotaxus jaraguari n in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 4. Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp. A. Male palp, ventral view. B, Ditto, retrolateral view. C, Epigynum, ventral view. D, Female internal genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AB, Anterior border of epigynum; AS, Accessory sac; MA, Median apophysis; PA, Patellar apophysis; PC, Paracymbium; PP, Patellar projection, TTA, Theridioid tegular apophysis; FD, Fertilization ducts; SP, Spermathecae. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.