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644 results for “shrubs”
Probing the mechanisms by which sub-canopy evergreen shrubs inhibit tree seedling recruitment at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1999 to 2003
Two hundred 2x2 meter plots along transects and traversing 3 understory conditions; rhododendron, kalmia, open. Light conditions will be assessed for each plot and the extreme 50% will be used for experimentation. All plots will be planted to a combination of northern red oak, chestnut oak, red maple, and pitch pine. Inoculated (with mychorrizae) and non-inoculated seedlings will be planted in the plots. Relationships between performance and mychorrizal infection will be determined.
Vegetation cover from line intercept transects in lagomorph exclosure and shrub removal plots at the Jornada Experimental Range, southern New Mexico, USA, 1938-2001
This package contains data from a study to quantify vegetation dynamics in response to lagomorph and shrub exclusion on the Jornada Experimental Range from 1938-2001. Data consist of vertical line intercept measures of the perennial grasses, suffretescents and shrubs. Sixteen plots at each of 3 sites (Gravelly Ridges, Dona Ana exclosure, and Parker Tank) were established in 1938-39. Plots were 21.3 x 21.3 m with a 7.6 m buffer zone between each. Plots were divided into east and west halves and 14 randomly located 10.65 m transects were located in each half plot. Vegetation was measured using vertical line intercepts in 1938, 1947, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1989, 1995, and 2001 for the Gravelly Ridges site, and in 1938/9, 1947, 1960, 1967, and 2001 for the Parker Tank and Dona Ana sites. The treatments include lagomorph exclusion (using wire fencing), shrub removal (hand grubbing at the ground surface), furrowing (shallow, hand raked furrows to trap surface water), and seeding (broadcast applications of seeds of native perennials). Seeding and furrowing treatments were only applied in 1939. Lagomorph exclusion has persisted since establishment, and shrub removal treatments have been reapplied immediately following all years of vegetation sampling. The dataset contains information on the site, year of data collection, plot number, line number, vegetation, and number of vegetation present on each line. This study is complete. For more information, refer to: Havstad, K.M., R.P. Gibbens, C.A. Knorr, and L.W. Murray. 1999. Long-term influences of shrub removal and lagomorph exclusion on Chihuahuan Desert vegetation dynamics. Journal of Arid Environments 42: 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0516
Perennial grass recovery following livestock overgazing and shrub removal: an experiment at the Jornada Experimental Range (Jornada Basin LTER), 1996-2016
The objective of this ongoing study is to determine the effect of cattle grazing and shrub removal on the decline and recovery of perennial grasses in a mesquite-invaded black grama grassland on sandy soils in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. The experiment was implemented as a randomized complete block with 3 levels of grazing (summer, winter, and control) and 2 levels of shrub treatment (shrub removal and control) in each of 3 replicate blocks. The 18 experimental units are 0.5 ha (70 x 70 m) exclosures constructed in a mesquite-invaded black grama grassland in the southwest portion of the Jornada Experimental Range in Dona Ana County, New Mexico, USA. Vegetation sampling was conducted with the line-point intercept method. Initial pre-treatment sampling occurred in 1996. Grazing treatments removed 65-80% of aboveground perennial grass biomass over 24-36 hour periods in each of four years from summer 1996 to winter 2000; shrub removal occurred during this time as well. No livestock grazing or shrub removal have occurred since 2000. Post-treatment sampling occurred in 2002, 2009, and 2016.
SRM01 ShRaMPs (Shrub Rainout Manipulation Plots): interactive effects of drought and fire on grass and shrub physiology and productivity at Konza Prairie
ShRaMPs (Shrub Rainout Manipulation Plots) is a drought x fire experiment aimed at understanding the interactive effects of drought and fire frequency on tallgrass prairie communities experiencing varying degrees of shrub encroachment. Passive rainout shelters were constructed over existing, mature shrub islands and co-existing herbaceous communities on neighboring 1-year and 4-year burn watersheds (K1B and K4A). Shelters were either 'control' (ambient precipitation) or 'drought' (~50% precipitation reduction). A variety of leaf-level (gas exchange, water potential, turgor loss point, leaf δ13C) and whole-plant level (herbaceous and shrub biomass, plant water uptake) variables were measured during the 2019-2022 growing seasons to determine the physiological responses of a dominant C4 grass (Andropogon gerardii; big bluestem) and an encroaching clonal shrub (Cornus drummondii; rough-leaf dogwood). Soil volumetric water content was measured on-site for the duration of the experiment.
LPT01 Leaf physiological and structural traits of encroaching shrub species at Konza Prairie
A variety of leaf-level physiological and structural traits were collected on seven species of encroaching shrubs at Konza Prairie Biological Station during the summer of 2022. Shrub species spanned an order of magnitude in abundance. These data were used to assess if the most abundant encroaching species at Konza Prairie have common growth forms and physiology or unique traits that differentiate their carbon- and water-use strategies. Measurements included A-Ci response curves, light response curves, pressure-volume curves, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf carbon and nitrogen content, leaf 13C and wood density. All measurements were collected on the same shrub individuals.
Individual and community flowering phenology, seed counts and pollinator visitation rates in shrub and open plots across Niwot Ridge, 2019 - 2021.
Climate-change induced alterations in environmental conditions in the alpine tundra has led to the expansion of woody shrubs, known as “shrubification.” Shrubification is thought to change microclimatic conditions, potentially leading to changes in plant community composition. Shrubification has been taking place at Niwot Ridge, a Long Term Ecological Research site nestled in the mountains of Colorado, for the past 40 years. Thus far, Niwot Ridge has seen some change in alpine plant communities due to shrubification, and changes in plant reproductive capacity and success could lead to future alterations of community composition. One important aspect in plant reproductive success is the timing of flowering, known as flowering phenology. Flowering phenology is controlled partially by environmental conditions, and thus is somewhat plastic for many species. In the first part of my thesis, I explore how shrubification may be causing changes in flowering phenology for 21 different plant species in the alpine tundra community at Niwot Ridge. I conducted an observational study over three years, monitoring the number of flowers present in 54 pairs of shrub-influenced and open plots, totaling 108 plots. I found that there is no difference in the flowering phenology between open and shrub-influenced plots. There is a measurable difference in the number of flowers produced between shrub and open plots, with open plots having more flowers on average, This difference is likely due to there being fewer plants in shrub-influenced plots. A second aspect explores shrub effects on the reproductive success of five different alpine species. In the field season of 2021, I took seeds from these five species from 12 pairs of shrub and open plots, totaling 24 plots. I counted and weighed the seeds to determine reproductive success; there was no difference in reproductive success between shrub and open plots.
2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Grass Recovery Study (2003-2018)
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's plan to apply a prescribed burn to a large portion of McKenzie Flats was deemed an opportunity to study the effects of fire on vegetation at the boundary between shrubland and grassland. This study actually was undertaken on an area that had prescribed fire applied to 8 of 16 (300 m x 300 m) plots 10 years before in 1993. This previous study had also examined the effects of fencing to exclude the indigenous prong-horn antelope. In the 2003 study the prescribed fire was applied to the northeastern half of the 16 plots while the southwestern plots were intentionally protected. Sampling prior to the prescribed burn included quantification of cover of grass species in quadrats within all of the 16 plots. Measurements were made using "niner" quadrat frames that are 30 cm x 30 cm frames that are divided into 9 1-decimeter squares. Counts of grass species were made just prior to the June 2003 burn. Following the prescribed burn, quadrats were remeasured in the fall of 2003 to quantify mortality of grass species. These measurements were taken through the fall of 2012 and the fall of 2018. Measurements were not taken for 2014-2017.
2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Grass Recovery Study (2003-2018)
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's plan to apply a prescribed burn to a large portion of McKenzie Flats was deemed an opportunity to study the effects of fire on the vegetation at the boundary between shrubland and grassland. This study actually was undertaken on an area that had prescribed fire applied to 8 of 16 (300 m x 300 m) plots 10 years before in 1993. This previous study had also examined the effects of fencing to exclude the indigenous prong-horn antelope. In the 2003 study the prescribed fire was applied to the northeastern half of the 16 plots while the southwestern plots were intentionally protected. Sampling prior to the prescribed burn included quantification of fuel load (ie. the standing biomass of all grasses and forbs in the area to be burned). These measurements were made using Daubenmire quadrat frames that are 5 cm x 20 cm and delineate a 0.1 square meter area. Four samples were taken adjacent to the six 3 m x 4 m quadrats in each of the eight plots that were to be burned. Quadrat frames were laid down over the vegetation and all vegetation rooted within the frame was clipped at ground level. This material was bagged, oven-dried and weighed. Following the prescribed burn, re-measurements were made every fall of from 2004 until 2012 when vegetation had reached its annual peak biomass. Data were not collected from 2014-2017, but were collected again in 2018.
2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Species Composition Study (2004-2018)
Disturbance from fire can affect the abundance and distribution of shrubs and grasses in arid ecosystems. In particular, fire may increase grass and forb production while hindering shrub encroachment. Therefore, prescribed fires are a common management tool for maintaining grassland habitats in the southwest. However, Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), a dominant species in Chihuahuan Desert grassland, is highly susceptible to fire resulting in death followed by slow recovery rates. A prescribed fire on the Sevilleta National Wildlife refuge in central New Mexico in 2003 provided the opportunity to study the effects of infrequent fires on vegetation in this region. This study was conducted along a transition zone where creosote bushes (Larrea tridentata) are encroaching on a black grama grassland. Before and after the fire, above ground plant productivity and composition were monitored from 2003 to present. Following the prescribed fire, there were fewer individual grass clumps and less above ground grass cover in burned areas compared to unburned areas. This decrease in productivity was primarily from a loss of B. eriopoda. Specifically, B. eriopoda density and cover were significantly lower following the fire with a slow recovery rate in the five years following the fire. Other grasses showed no such adverse response to burning. Data were collected from 2004-2013 and 2018. Data were not collected for 2014-2017.
Parramore Island of the Virginia Coast Reserve Permanent Plot Resurvey: Shrub notes 1996
First 3-5 year resurvey of permanent monitoring plots using essentially the same protocol as the intial survey of 1992-1993 except that: 1.) standing biomass of the herbaceous groundcover was added (including for new lower salt marsh plots) using clip plots at the subplot locations; and 2.) an estimate of landcover/habitat class aggregation was conducted surrounding each plot center out to 60m in the four cardinal directions. Extends baseline data useful for estimating landscape-scale vegetative productivity, mortality, and turnover; for establishing pre-disturbance conditions in the case of later stand- or island-wide disturbance; and for assisting in the ground-truthing of landcover and habitat classification using aerial or satellite remote-sensing imagry.
Parramore Island of the Virginia Coast Reserve Permanent Plot Resurvey: Shrub data 1996
This dataset includes both the original 1993 and the resurveyed 1996 data. It includes a number of corrections to the original data, and as such it SUPPLANTS and should be used in place of the older "VCR97012 : Shrub Data" dataset.
Fig. 4 in Description of Gaertnera luteocarpa (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), with two subspecies, a new forest shrub species from Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana
Fig. 4. Distribution map. Gaertnera luteocarpa sp. nov. subsp. luteocarpa (stars) and G. luteocarpa subsp. sinoensis subsp. nov. (dots).
Fig. 3. A. Gaertnera spicata fruits. B. Gaertnera cooperi fruits. A from Lachenaud & Walters 1163. Photo O.L.S. Lachenaud. B in Description of Gaertnera luteocarpa (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), with two subspecies, a new forest shrub species from Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana
Fig. 3. A. Gaertnera spicata fruits. B. Gaertnera cooperi fruits. A from Lachenaud & Walters 1163. Photo O.L.S. Lachenaud. B from Jongkind, de Wet & Sambolah 12104. Photo C.C.H. Jongkind.
Fig. 2 in Description of Gaertnera luteocarpa (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), with two subspecies, a new forest shrub species from Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana
Fig. 2. Gaertnera luteocarpa sp. nov. subsp. sinoensis subsp. nov. A. Fruits and leaves. B. Close up of fruits. From Jongkind, Bilivogui & Daniels 9832. Photos C.C.H. Jongkind.
Fig. 1 in Description of Gaertnera luteocarpa (Gentianales: Rubiaceae), with two subspecies, a new forest shrub species from Liberia, Ivory Coast and Ghana
Fig. 1. Gaertnera luteocarpa sp. nov. subsp. luteocarpa. A. Habit in fruit. B. Fruits. C. Stipules. D. Twig showing ridges around base of petiole. A, B & D from Hawthorne & Gyakari 205a063; C from Hawthorne & Gyakari 201a223. Photos W.D. Hawthorne.
FIGURE 5 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family
FIGURE 5. Landsat image on which is shown the village of Tses in Namibia and the three seasonal pans (coloured green) from where Tiganophyton karasense is known at present: A = Groot Pan; B = Kleinvaalgras Pan; C = Pan at Middelplaas. These pans receive their drainage from the calcrete-covered Weissrand Plateau, the extensive palely coloured area dotted with darkly coloured depressions (dayas). Linear aeolian dunes of the Kalahari (KD) are visible in the upper right-hand corner of the image and believed to have covered the now exposed Weissrand Plateau in the distant past. Image: NASA, based on a tri-decadal global Landsat 7 orthorectified ETM+ Pan-sharpened image.
FIGURE 3. Tiganophyton karasense. A in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family
FIGURE 3. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Branchlet with short and long shoots; parts of oldest stem with scars left by withered short shoots. B. Short shoot with three flowers. C. Long shoot developing from apex of a short shoot. D. Long shoot leaves; dorsal view left, ventral view right. E. Short shoot leaves; dorsal view left, ventral view right. F. Semi-stylized depiction of a flower (in reality floral parts closely packed with gynophore tightly appressed to ovary), with calyx, two front stamens and a front petal removed. Note gynophore bent in near S-shape, horizontal orientated bilobed ovary, and gynobasic style (portion of style between ovary lobes indicated with stippling; ovary lobes opaque). G. Flower (side view). H. Calyx viewed from outside. I. Calyx opened out and viewed from inside. J. Nutlet. K. Flattened remains of flower with nutlet enclosed in the persistent calyx. Scale bar = 10 mm (A), or 1 mm (B–K). A, C, J & K from Swanepoel 364 and B & C–I from Swanepoel 365. Artist: Daleen Roodt.
FIGURE 1 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family
FIGURE 1. Portion of the Brassicales phylogenetic tree based on three plastid (ndhF, matK and rbcL) and one mitochondrial (matR) markers. The core Brassicales clades comprise samples from Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Cleomaceae, Resedaceae, Gyrostemonaceae, Pentadiplandraceae, Tovariaceae, and Emblingiaceae. Numbers on nodes are bootstrap percentages from the RAxML analysis.
FIGURE 4 in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family
FIGURE 4. Topographical map showing the known distribution (black dots) of Tiganophyton karasense in southeastern Namibia. The insert shows a map of southern Africa with names of countries; the grey rectangle indicates the area depicted by the topographical map.
FIGURE 2. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Plant habit and habitat. B in From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family
FIGURE 2. Tiganophyton karasense. A. Plant habit and habitat. B. Part of an old long shoot showing short shoots with their rosettes of foliage leaves (mainly) and bracts. C. Young, actively elongating long shoots with short shoots not yet fully developed in leaf axils; arrows indicate where a long shoot emerges from the apex of a short shoot. D. Long shoot densely covered with short shoots, the latter bearing flowers. Photographs: W. Swanepoel.
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