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91 results for “soil chemistry”
Data from Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta-analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties
<p>Recent studies have shown that invasive earthworms can dramatically reduce native biodiversity, both above and below the ground. <a name="_Hlk9515878">However, we still lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these changes, such as whether earthworm effects on soil chemical properties drive such relationships</a>. Here, we investigated the effects of invasive earthworms on soil chemical properties (pH, water content, and the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) by conducting a meta-analysis. Invasive earthworms generally increased soil pH, indicating that the removal of organic layers and the upward transport of more base-rich mineral soil caused a shift in soil pH. Moreover, earthworms significantly decreased soil water content, suggesting that the burrowing activities of earthworms may have increased water infiltration of and/or increased evapo-transpiration from soil. Notably, invasive earthworms had opposing effects on organic and mineral soil for carbon and nitrogen stocks, with decreases in organic, and increases in mineral soil. Nitrogen fluxes were higher in mineral soil, whereas fluxes in organic soil were not significantly affected by the presence of invasive earthworms, indicating that earthworms mobilize and redistribute nutrients among soil layers and increase overall nitrogen loss from the soil. Invasive earthworm effects on element stocks increased with ecological group richness only in organic soil. Earthworms further decreased ammonium stocks with negligible effects on nitrate stocks in organic soil, whereas they increased nitrate stocks but not ammonium stocks in mineral soil. Notably, all of these results were consistent across forest and grassland ecosystems underlining the generality of our findings. However, we found some significant differences between studies that were conducted in the field (observational and experimental settings) and in the lab, such as that the effects on soil pH decreased from field to lab settings, calling for a careful interpretation of lab findings. Our meta-analysis provides strong empirical evidence that earthworm invasion may lead to substantial changes in soil chemical properties and element cycling in soil. Furthermore, our results can help explain the dramatic effects of invasive earthworms on native biodiversity, e.g., shifts towards the dominance of grass species over herbaceous ones, as shown by recent meta-analyses.</p>
Data from: Soil microbial communities alter leaf chemistry and influence allelopathic potential among coexisting plant species
While both plant–soil feedbacks and allelochemical interactions are key drivers of plant community dynamics, the potential for these two drivers to interact with each other remains largely unexplored. If soil microbes influence allelochemical production, this would represent a novel dimension of heterogeneity in plant–soil feedbacks. To explore the linkage between soil microbial communities and plant chemistry, we experimentally generated soil microbial communities and evaluated their impact on leaf chemical composition and allelopathic potential. Four native perennial old-field species (two each of Aster and Solidago) were grown in pairwise combination with each species' soil microbial community as well as a sterilized inoculum. We demonstrated unequivocally that variation in soil microbial communities altered leaf chemical fingerprints for all focal plant species and also changed their allelopathic potential. Soil microbes reduced allelopathic potential in bioassays by increasing germination 25–54% relative to sterile control soils in all four species. Plants grown with their own microbial communities had the lowest allelopathic potential, suggesting that allelochemical production may be lessened when growing with microbes from conspecifics. The allelopathic potential of plants grown in congener and confamilial soils was indistinguishable from each other, indicating an equivalent response to all non-conspecific microbial communities within these closely related genera. Our results clearly demonstrated that soil microbial communities cause changes in leaf tissue chemistry that altered their allelopathic properties. These findings represent a new mechanism of plant–soil feedbacks that may structure perennial plant communities over very small spatial scales that must be explored in much more detail.
Watershed and fire severity are stronger determinants of soil chemistry and microbiomes than within-watershed woody encroachment in a tallgrass prairie system
<p>Fire can impact terrestrial ecosystems by changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Short fire intervals maintain grasslands and communities adapted to frequent, low-severity fires. Shrub encroachment that follows longer fire intervals accumulates fuel and can increase fire severity. This patchily distributed biomass creates mosaics of burn severities in the landscape—pyrodiversity. Afforded by a scheduled burn of a watershed protected from fires for 27 years, we investigated effects of woody encroachment and burn severity on soil chemistry and soil-inhabiting bacteria and fungi. We compared soils before and after fire within the fire-protected, shrub-encroached watershed and soils in an adjacent, annually burned and non-encroached watershed. Organic matter and nutrients accumulated in the fire-protected watershed but responded less to woody encroachment within the encroached watershed. Bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus and fungal and bacterial communities responded to high-severity burn regardless of encroachment. Low-severity fire effects on soil nutrients differed, increased bacterial but decreased fungal diversity and effects of woody encroachment within the encroached watershed were minimal. High-severity burns in the fire-protected watershed led to a novel soil system state distinct from non-encroached and encroached soil systems. We conclude that severe fires may open grassland restoration opportunities to manipulate soil chemistry and microbial communities in shrub-encroached habitats.</p>
Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers alter the soil chemistry, production and quality of tea. A meta-analysis
<p>This file is supplementary material for the literature which was titled with "Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers alter the soil chemistry, production and quality of tea. A meta-analysis". The details including: Table S1 Database structure: numbers of publication and observation of each variable; Table S2 Detail information of the database for this meta-analysis; Table S3 Between-group heterogeneity (<em>Q</em><sub>b</sub>) and probability (<em>P</em> value) of soil and tea variables with different experimental factors; Figure S1 Dependences of soil pH responses to soil initial pH (a) and N fertilizer addition levels (b); and Figure S2 Dependences of responses of free amino acids (a) and PP: AA ratio (b) to synthetic N addition levels. </p>
Data from: Biochar from "Kon Tiki" flame curtain and other kilns: effects of nutrient enrichment and kiln type on crop yield and soil chemistry
Biochar application to soils has been investigated as a means of improving soil fertility and mitigating climate change through soil carbon sequestration. In the present work, the invasive shrub "Eupatorium adenophorum" was utilized as a sustainable feedstock for making biochar under different pyrolysis conditions in Nepal. Biochar was produced using several different types of kilns; four sub types of flame curtain kilns (deep-cone metal kiln, steel shielded soil pit, conical soil pit and steel small cone), brick-made traditional kiln, traditional earth-mound kiln and top lift up draft (TLUD). The resultant biochars showed consistent pH (9.1 ± 0.3), cation exchange capacities (133 ± 37 cmolc kg-1), organic carbon contents (73.9 ± 6.4 %) and surface areas (35 to 215 m2/g) for all kiln types. A pot trial with maize was carried out to investigate the effect on maize biomass production of the biochars made with various kilns, applied at 1% and 4% dosages. Biochars were either pretreated with hot or cold mineral nutrient enrichment (mixing with a nutrient solution before or after cooling down, respectively), or added separately from the same nutrient dosages to the soil. Significantly higher CEC (P< 0.05), lower Al/Ca ratios (P< 0.05), and high OC% (P<0.001) were observed for both dosages of biochar as compared to non-amended control soils. Importantly, the study showed that biochar made by flame curtain kilns resulted in the same agronomic effect as biochar made by the other kilns (P > 0.05). At a dosage of 1% biochar, the hot nutrient-enriched biochar led to significant increases of 153% in above ground biomass production compared to cold nutrient-enriched biochar and 209% compared to biochar added separately from the nutrients. Liquid nutrient enhancement of biochar thus improved fertilizer effectiveness compared to separate application of biochar and fertilizer.
Data from: Synergistic effects of canopy chemistry and autogenic soil biota on a global invader
<p><span>Soil biota have strong effects on plants, but we have a poor understanding of how plant chemistry might modify these effects. We examined the effect of soil biota associated with an exotic invasive tree, <em>Prosopis juliflora</em>, vs. that associated with native species, from seven sites across India on conspecifics and two other plant species. We then measured changes in species-specific soil biota effects (identified as plant-soil feedbacks, PSFs) when leaf leachate from <em>P. juliflora</em> or from native plant species was added to soil containing respective </span><span>live and sterile soil inoculum.</span></p> <p><span>We quantified the amino acid L-tryptophan from leaf leachate of <em>P. juliflora</em>, <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> (another invader), and two native species. We also tested effects of <em>P. juliflora</em> or native species soil inoculum amendment of tryptophan on <em>P. juliflora</em>, <em>P. cineraria,</em> and <em>L. leucocephala </em>across seven sites. We then quantified the microbially metabolized derivatives of tryptophan, phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and intermediates after adding tryptophan into <em>P. juliflora</em> and native soils.</span></p> <p><span>Soil biota associated with <em>P. juliflora</em> generated positive effects on conspecifics and <em>L. leucocephala</em>, but negative effects on the native congener <em>P. cineraria</em>. When <em>P. juliflora</em> leaf leachate was added to soil with live <em>P. juliflora</em> inoculum, PSFs became more positive for <em>P. juliflora </em>and other species, compared to leaf leachate-amended with sterile soil inoculum. </span><span>Native leaf leachate interacted weakly with soil biota to impact biomass of conspecifics and heterospecifics. </span></p> <p><span>There was roughly 10x more tryptophan in the </span><span>leaf leachate of <em>P. juliflora </em>than in the leaf leachate of other species. Tryptophan generally increased positive PSFs associated with <em>P. juliflora </em>relative to soil biota associated with other plant species. When tryptophan was added to live <em>P. juliflora</em> soil, IAA and its intermediates were produced at five of seven sites, and at four of these sites soil biota from <em>P. juliflora</em> had positive PSFs. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Synthesis</strong>. These results provide the first experimental evidence that a chemical leached from the leaves of an invader regulates PSFs. Our results indicate that canopy effects and PSFs, which are usually studied independently, can interact in ways that strongly affect conspecifics and neighbouring species.</span></p>
Plant litter chemistry drives long-lasting changes in the catabolic capacities of soil microbial communities
<p><span>Although </span><span>microbial communities play an important role in explaining plant litter decomposition rates, whether and how litter chemistry may alter catabolic capacities of soil microbial communities remains poorly studied.</span></p> <p><span>During a one-year litter decomposition experiment of twelve herbaceous species with contrasting litter chemistry, we examined the effect of plant litter type (roots vs leaves) and litter chemical traits on the resulting capacity of soil microbial communities to degrade a wide range of carbon substrates of variable complexity (MicroRespTM method).</span></p> <p><span>Litter chemistry impacted both the total catabolic activity as well as specific catabolic capacities of microbial communities. In early stages of litter decomposition total catabolic activity was mainly influenced by the amount of C and N in litter leachates, and litter N, P and Mg, then, later, by lignin concentrations. Some specific catabolic capacities could also be related to litter initial chemistry. Overall, litter trait effects on soil microbial communities decreased over time and the relative importance of traits shifted during the decomposition process.</span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight that litter chemistry is a strong driver of catabolic capacities of microbial decomposers and, whilst its effect fades with time, it remains substantial throughout the litter decomposition process. These long-lasting effects of litter chemistry suggest a persistent control on microbial catabolic capacities in ecosystems with recurrent litter production. Soil microbial catabolic activities were driven by broadly the same chemical traits across leaf and root litters. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis.</span><span> Such long-lasting effects of litter chemistry on catabolic capacities of microbial communities may represent a substantial indirect driver of the decomposition process. Disentangling the relative importance of this overlooked effect of litter chemistry on decomposition represents the next challenge. We argue that such research line should open ground-breaking perspectives for reconsidering our current understanding of the mechanistic links between litter traits and decomposition rate. </span></p>
Plant litter chemistry drives long-lasting changes in the catabolic capacities of soil microbial communities
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Data from: Plant-soil feedbacks from 30-year family-specific soil cultures: phylogeny, soil chemistry and plant life stage
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Data from: Soil microbial communities alter leaf chemistry and influence allelopathic potential among coexisting plant species
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Data from Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta-analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties
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Watershed and fire severity are stronger determinants of soil chemistry and microbiomes than within-watershed woody encroachment in a tallgrass prairie system
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Data from: Biochar from "Kon Tiki" flame curtain and other kilns: effects of nutrient enrichment and kiln type on crop yield and soil chemistry
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Data from: Soil microbial community variation correlates most strongly with plant species identity, followed by soil chemistry, spatial location and plant genus
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Data from: Soil chemistry, and not short-term (1-2 year) deer exclusion, explains understory plant occupancy in forests affected by acid deposition
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Data from: Differential effects of soil chemistry on the foliar resorption of nitrogen and phosphorus across altitudinal gradients
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Data from: The role of soil chemistry and plant neighbourhoods in structuring fungal communities in three Panamanian rainforests
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Data from: Synergistic effects of canopy chemistry and autogenic soil biota on a global invader
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Soil chemistry and dry season intensity, Panama Canal Area
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Macrosystems Soil Chemistry and Moisture Measurements at HFR, HJA, LUQ, NWT, CWT, and BCI
Patterns of biodiversity, such as the increase toward the tropics and the peaked curve during ecological succession, are fundamental phenomena for ecology. Such patterns have multiple, interacting causes, but temperature emerges as a dominant factor across organisms from microbes to trees and mammals, and across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. However, there is little consensus on the underlying mechanisms, even as global temperatures increase and the need to predict their effects becomes more pressing. The purpose of this project is to generate and test theory for how temperature impacts biodiversity through its effect on biochemical processes and metabolic rate. A combination of standardized surveys in the field and controlled experiments in the field and laboratory measure diversity of three taxa -- trees, invertebrates, and microbes -- and key biogeochemical processes of decomposition in seven forests distributed along a geographic gradient of increasing temperature from cold temperate to warm tropical. Soil chemistry (TN, TC, NH4-N, NO3-N, and pH) and moisture measurements were taken from soil cores from an array of 21 1m2 subplots at NWT, HJA, HFR, CWT, LUQ and BCI experimental sites and processed by the University of Oklahoma Institute for Environmental Genomics as part of a macrosystems biodiversity and latitude project supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement DEB#1065836.
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