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102 results for “soil conditioning”
Crop Diversification Effects on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate-Associated Carbon and Nitrogen in Short-Term Rainfed Olive Groves under SemiaridMediterranean Conditions
<p>Soil particle aggregation and their associated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content can<br> provide valuable diagnostic indicators of changes in soil properties in response to the implementation<br> of different agricultural management practices. In this sense, there is limited knowledge regarding the<br> impact of intercropping on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools in aggregates. This<br> study aimed to evaluate the short-term effect (4 years) of three crop diversifications in rainfed olive<br> orchards on soil aggregation, SOC and TN concentration and SOC stocks (SOC-S) under semi-arid<br> Mediterranean conditions. Olive orchards were diversified with Crocus sativus (D-S), Vicia sativa and<br> Avena sativa in rotation (D-O) and Lavandula x intermedia (D-L) and compared with monocropping<br> system (CT). Soil samples were collected at two depths (0–10 and 10–30 cm) and analysed for soil<br> aggregate mass, SOC and TN content in aggregate-size fractions obtained by the wet-sieving method.<br> Changes caused by crop diversifications on SOC-S were also determined. Overall, after 4 years,<br> a reduction in aggregation values was observed. However, D-S increased the macroaggregates<br> (>250 m) percentage, Mean Weigh Diameter values, and Geometric Mean Value in the 0–10 cm.<br> Across treatments, aggregate-associated C in 0–10 cm was higher in the D-S treatment, while in<br> the 10–30 cm soil layer, the greatest values were found in CT. Regarding the SOC-S, after 4 years,<br> significant losses were recorded under CT management in 0–10 cm (1.21 Mg ha1) and 10–30 cm<br> (0.84 Mg ha1), while D-O and D-L showed similar values to those obtained at the beginning of the<br> study. The highest increases in SOC-S were found in D-S, with an increase of 5.88% in the 0–10 cm<br> and 14.47% in the 10–30 cm. Our results showed the high potential of the diversified cropping system<br> to increase soil stability and SOC sequestration.</p>
Data and code: Unpredictable soil conditions can affect the prevalence of a microbial symbiosis
<p>Contains code and data for the publication Unpredictable soil conditions can affect the prevalence of a microbial symbiosis in PeerJ. Check the paper and README for more information.</p>
Dataset for Salinity Gradient Solar Pond under different Climatic Conditions and Soil Conditions
<p>Salinity Gradient Solar Pond as a two-dimensional model with an internal heat source. The differential equations in this model are solved using the finite difference technique in MATLAB software.</p> <p>The attached dataset includes the soil conditions, the climate of the particular site, the thickness of the solar pond layers, the depth of the water table.</p>
Datasets for "Reconstructing Global High Quality 3–day Surface Soil Moisture from ESA CCI and SMAP product from 2015 to 2021 using Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder"
<p>These are supporting datasets for the paper titled, "<strong>Reconstructing Global High Quality 3–day Surface Soil Moisture from ESA CCI and SMAP product during 2015–2021 using Conditional Variational Auto-Encoder</strong>"</p>
Data of sap flow, tree size, soil water conditions and meteorology from Finland
<h3>Overview</h3><p>This data set includes the records of stem size at breast height, sap flow, soil water conditions and meteorology of/near two Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i>) trees (named 'Pentti' and 'Sylvi') at Hyytiälä, Finland (61.8°N, 24.3°E). The data have been used in Liu <i>et al.</i> <i>Carbon source and sink limitations on boreal trees' cambial growth: implications of a coupled stomatal and growth model</i> (submitted to <i>New Phytologist</i> in October 2023). The Data Collector (Che Liu, University of Helsinki) collected the original data from SmartSMEAR (https://smear.avaa.csc.fi/) and processed to the current format and temporal resolution.</p><h3>Meanings (and units) of the columns</h3><h4>Sheet "tree_stats" </h4><ul><li>DBH, diameter at breast height (cm)</li><li>Asw, sapwood area (m^2)</li><li>H, tree height (m)</li></ul><h4>Sheets "Pentti_30min" and "Sylvi_30min"</h4><ul><li>DOY, day of the year</li><li>RBH, change of radius of breast height (mm), measured using the point dendrometer (AX-5 Solartron Metrology) and with thermal expansion corrected. The dendrometers were moved at the beginning of each year.</li><li>SFD, sap flow density at breast height (mol H2O m^{-2} sapwood s^{-1}), measured using the thermal dissipation method.</li><li>T_air, air temperature (°C)</li><li>Precip, rainfall (mm)</li><li>RH, relative humidity (%)</li><li>VPD, vapour pressure deficit (Pa)</li><li>D, VPD converted to mol H2O m^{-3} air using the ideal gas law</li><li>PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density (mol m^{-2} s^{-1}), measured using Li-Cor Li-190SZ quantum sensor over the canopy (35 m high).</li><li>T_soil, soil temperature (°C) of the B horizon (10-30 cm deep)</li><li>SWC, soil water content (m^3 m^{-3}) of the B horizon (10-30 cm deep), measured using Delta-T ML3.</li></ul>
Soil biota is decisive for overyielding in intercropping under low phosphorus conditions
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Data from: Phosphorus release from unamended and gypsum-or biochar-amended soils under simulated spring snowmelt and summer flooding conditions
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Morphological canalization, integration, and plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti: Influences of soil conditions and growth stages
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Data from: Mimicking a rainfall gradient to test the role of soil microbiota for mediating plant species responses to drier conditions
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Diversity-conditioned soil strengthens plant diversity-productivity relationship
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A facilitation between large herbivores and ants accelerates litter decomposition by modifying soil micro-environmental conditions
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Effects of soil conditioning, root and shoot litter addition interact to determine the intensity of plant-soil feedback (dataset)
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Dynamic plant-soil microbe interactions: the neglected effect of soil conditioning time
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Data from: Plant community evenness responds to spatial plant-soil feedback heterogeneity primarily through the diversity of soil conditioning
1.Plant-soil feedback (PSF) has been identified as a key driver of local plant diversity and evenness in competitive communities. However, while it has been shown that spatial PSF heterogeneity can alter plant performance and competitive interactions, there is no proof of principle that spatial PSF heterogeneity enhances community diversity. 2.Using a grassland model system we separated two aspects of spatial heterogeneity: the number of species conditioning the soil and spatial distribution of the PSFs. 3.Our data show that PSFs promoted a higher plant evenness when the soil was conditioned by multiple species (mixed-conditioned), then when the soil was conditioned by a single species (mono-conditioned). On mono-conditioned soils, heterospecifics typically outperformed the focal species. In addition, there was a trend for increasing community evenness from uniform, via fine-grained to coarse-grained mixed-conditioned soils, but this was not significant. 4.On mixed-conditioned soils, performance of all competing species was intermediate to the best and the worst mono-conditioned soils, leading to higher community evenness. 5.Our data demonstrate that PSFs play a role in promoting plant evenness. Across mono-conditioned soils, PSF led to altered competitive hierarchies. However, on soils conditioned by multiple species, competitive ability among species was more similar and this led to higher plant evenness. The spatial distribution of the heterogeneity, on the other hand, did not significantly affect plant evenness. Our data therefore show that community evenness was more strongly related to the number of plant species that conditioned the soil than the spatial distribution of the PSF heterogeneity. Future studies need to investigate the importance of PSFs in the field across plant life-stages and multiple generations.
Data from: No evidence that plant-soil feedback effects of native and invasive plant species under greenhouse conditions are reflected in the field
Plant–soil feedback (PSF) may affect above-ground higher trophic levels in glasshouse experiments, but evidence from field studies on the relevance of these multitrophic interactions for plant performance is lacking. Therefore, we examined whether PSF effects of several native and invasive plant species occur also in the field and influence plant damage by above-ground herbivores. Root zone soil from an abandoned urban field was used as inocula for the PSF experiment. First, we grew eight urban grassland plant species (five natives and three invasive species) separately in a glasshouse, with soil biota communities conditioned by the respective species itself ('home soil') or by a mixture of all other species ('foreign soil'). After 13 weeks, one cohort of the plants was placed on an urban field in Berlin to assess damage by naturally colonizing herbivores, while another cohort of the plants stayed in the glasshouse. We observed that the extent of the PSF effects differed between the field and glasshouse cohorts of plants. While we found positive PSF responses for five of the eight plant species in the glasshouse, we found no PSF effects in the field. Further, there was no trend that invasive or native species differed in the direction or extent of PSF responses. Concerning the leaf damage by herbivores of the field plants, we found no evidence that the soil history (home vs. foreign soil) affected the effects of above-ground herbivores on the plants. Synthesis. We conclude that PSF effects are more likely to be found under glasshouse conditions. In the field, PSFs seem to play a minor role for the selected urban grassland species. More generally, our study highlights the need to focus on PSFs under natural conditions and in natural communities (including higher trophic levels), which is often overlooked in PSF research.
Data from: Soil conditioning affects interactions between native and invasive exotic perennials of semi-natural grasslands
1. Semi–natural perennial grasslands are of increasing importance as components of multifunctional agroecosystems, combining biomass production with provision of other ecosystem services. Soil legacies from previous land use or exotic species can hinder their establishment, but might be overcome through a multi–stage successional strategy, whereby certain species are used to facilitate native grassland species establishment. We tested this strategy via a feedback experiment examining soil conditioning effects on interference interactions between native and exotic species. 2. Soils in a former maize–soybean production field in Minnesota, USA, were conditioned for three years with native or invasive exotic perennials or a maize–soybean crop rotation. Nitrogen (N) fertilisation was an additional treatment in field plots. In a greenhouse, native and invasive exotic perennial grassland seedlings were grown on these soils, in monoculture and in native–exotic species pairs, with and without N fertilisation. The impact of soil conditioning and field and greenhouse N fertilisation on interactions between native and exotic seedlings in mixture was determined. 3. Neighbouring plants suppressed biomass production in all native and exotic species. The maize–soybean rotation left a soil legacy that enhanced suppression of native species when grown with exotic species, while exotic species suffered no such disadvantage. 4. The strong and specific disadvantage to native species of maize–soybean soils decreased with greenhouse N fertilisation, but remained significant, while field N addition did not alter this effect. 5. Synthesis and applications. We find that the negative soil legacy of the maize–soybean rotation for native plant performance in interaction with exotics was greatly diminished in soils conditioned by native or exotic perennial species, irrespective of nitrogen addition. This highlights the potential value of perennial species in conversion from row–crop agriculture to grasslands, because all perennial species alleviated the enhanced suppression of natives observed on maize–soybean soils. We did not find strong evidence that these perennial species were capable of specifically facilitating native species over exotics, but a broader range of species should be evaluated.
Drought impacts on plant-soil carbon allocation — integrating future mean climatic conditions
<p>Raw data of all measured parameters and R code used to analyze the data</p>
Soil conditions drive belowground trait space in temperate agricultural grasslands
<p>Plant belowground organs perform essential functions, including water and nutrient uptake, anchorage, vegetative reproduction and recruitment of mutualistic soil microbiota. Recently, multivariate analyses showed that root traits of species can largely be linked to a 'conservation' and a 'collaboration' gradient. Here, we tested whether this species-level bidimensional belowground trait space also exists at the community level in grasslands. Furthermore, we tested whether the position of grassland communities in belowground trait space relates to environmental variables.</p> <p>For a total of 313 species, we collected data on eight belowground traits in greenhouse and common garden experiments and supplemented it with data on bud-bank size and specific leaf area from databases. We calculated community weighted means (CWMs) of these ten traits for 150 temperate grassland plots to investigate belowground plant-trait dimensionality and its variation along ten soil and land-use parameters.</p> <p>Using PCA, we found that about 55% of variance in CWMs was explained by two main dimensions, corresponding to a mycorrhizal 'collaboration' and a resource 'conservation' gradient. Frequently overlooked traits such as rooting depth, bud-bank size and root branching intensity were largely integrated in this trait space. The two plant-strategy gradients were partially dependent on each other, with communities that do 'outsourcing' of resource uptake to mycorrhizal fungi along the collaboration gradient also being more 'slow' along the conservation gradient. (i.e. high root tissue density and high root weight ratio). 'Outsourcing' communities were also more often deep-rooting and associated with soil parameters, such as low moisture and sand content, high topsoil pH, high C:N and low δ15N. 'Slow' communities had large bud banks and were associated with low land-use intensity, high topsoil pH, and low nitrate but high ammonium concentration in the soil. Surprisingly, we did not find an association of phosphorus availability with the mycorrhizal 'collaboration' gradient.</p> <p>In conclusion, the 'collaboration' and 'conservation' gradients previously identified among species scale up to the community level in grasslands, encompass more traits than previously described, and vary with the environment.</p>
Root morphological responses to population density vary with soil conditions and growth stages
<p>How plants cope with the increase of population density via root plasticity is not well documented. Abiotic environments and plant ontogeny may play an important role in determining plant response to density and thus contribute to understanding this issue. We aimed to investigate root plasticity in response to density under contrasting soil conditions at three stages of plant growth in an annual herbaceous species <i><span>Abutilon theophrasti</span></i>. We conducted a field experiment by subjecting plant individuals to low, medium and high densities (13.4, 36.0 and 121.0 plants m<sup><span>-2</span></sup>, respectively) under fertile and infertile soil conditions, and a series of root traits were measured at three harvests when they had grown for 30, 50 and 70 d. Results revealed the complexity of root response to density, which may increase, decrease or canalize, depending on the strength of above- and below-ground interactions, which varied with soil conditions or growth stage. The intensity of above- and/or below-ground interactions increased with decreased soil resources, but first increased then decreased with growth stage. Facilitation is more likely to occur at low to moderate below-ground interaction, when above-ground interaction is negligible, and resources are abundant and at early stage of plant growth. Plants may prefer to adjust biomass allocation to maintain total mass stable initially, before suffering decreased total mass, in response to intraspecific interactions.</p>
Interspecific trait variability and local soil conditions modulate grassland model community responses to climate
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b> </b>High elevation grasslands provide critical services in agriculture and ecosystem stabilization. However, these ecosystems face elevated risks of disturbance due to predicted soil and climate changes. We experimentally exposed model grassland communities, comprised of three species grown on either local or reference soil, to varied climatic environments along an elevational gradient in the European Alps, measuring the effects on species and community traits. Although species-specific biomass varied across soil and climate, species' proportional contributions to community-level biomass production remained consistent. Where species experienced low survivorship, species-specific biomass production was maintained through increased production of surviving individuals. Species responded directionally to climatic variation, segregating differentially by plant traits (including height, reproduction, biomass, survival, leaf dry weight, and leaf area) across all sites. Local soil variation drove stochastic trait responses across all species. This soil variability obscured climate-driven responses: we recorded no directional trait responses driven by climate. Our species-based approach contributes to our understanding of grassland community stabilization and suggests that these communities show some stability under climatic variation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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