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165 results for “specific diversity”
Data from: Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter
Host specificity has a major influence on a parasite's ability to shift between human and animal host species. Yet there is a dearth of quantitative approaches to explore variation in host specificity across biogeographical scales, particularly in response to the varying community compositions of potential hosts. We built a global dataset of intermediate host associations for nine of the world's most widespread helminth parasites (all of which infect humans). Using hierarchical models, we asked if realised parasite host specificity varied in response to regional variation in the phylogenetic and functional diversities of potential host species. Parasites were recorded in 4-10 zoogeographical regions, with some showing considerable geographical variation in observed versus expected host specificity. Parasites generally exhibited the lowest phylogenetic host specificity in regions with the greatest variation in prospective host phylogenetic diversity, namely the Neotropical, Saharo-Arabian and Australian regions. Globally, we uncovered notable variation in parasite host shifting potential. Observed host assemblages for Hydatigera taeniaeformis and Hymenolepis diminuta were less phylogenetically diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to spillover into unrelated hosts. Host assemblages for Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides lineatus and Trichinella spiralis were less functionally diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to shift across host ecological niches. By contrast, Hydatigera taeniaeformis infected a higher functional diversity of hosts than expected, indicating strong potential to shift across hosts with different ecological niches. We show that the realised phylogenetic and functional diversities of infected hosts are determined by biogeographical gradients in prospective host species pools. These findings emphasise the need to account for underlying species diversity when assessing parasite host specificity. Our framework to identify variation in realised host specificity is broadly applicable to other host-parasite systems and will provide key insights into parasite invasion potential at regional and global scales.
Data from: Cryptic diversity, high host specificity and reproductive synchronization in army ant-associated Vatesus beetles
Army ants and their arthropod symbionts represent one of the most species-rich animal associations on Earth, and constitute a fascinating example of diverse host-symbiont interaction networks. However, despite decades of research, our knowledge of army ant symbionts remains fragmentary due to taxonomic ambiguity and the inability to study army ants in the lab. Here we present an integrative approach that allows us to reliably determine species boundaries, assess biodiversity, match different developmental stages and sexes, and to study the life cycles of army ant symbionts. This approach is based on a combination of community sampling, DNA barcoding, morphology and physiology. As a test case, we applied this approach to the staphylinid beetle genus Vatesus and its different Eciton army ant host species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. DNA barcoding led to the discovery of cryptic biodiversity and, in combination with extensive community sampling, revealed strict host partitioning with no overlap in host range. Using DNA barcoding, we were also able to match the larval stages of all focal Vatesus species. In combination with studies of female reproductive physiology, this allowed us to reconstruct almost the complete life cycles of the different beetle species. We show that Vatesus beetles are highly adapted to the symbiosis with army ants, in that their reproduction and larval development are synchronized with the stereotypical reproductive and behavioral cycles of their host colonies. Our approach can now be used to study army ant-symbiont communities more broadly, and to obtain novel insights into co-evolutionary and ecological dynamics in species-rich host-symbiont systems.
Alpha-diversity, Beta-diversity and host-specificity of wood-boring longhorn beetle (Cerambycidea) in Asian tropical and subtropical forests
<p><span>A long-debated question in ecology is whether the hyper-diversity of tropical plant-feeding insects is a direct consequence of high tropical plant diversity and/or should be attributed to increases in host plant specialization. To address this debate, we used the longhorn beetle as a study system because their larval stages feed on the xylems of trees and lianas. We hypothesized that longhorn beetles show higher host-specificity in tropical forests than in other forests; alternatively, the high longhorn beetle diversity in the tropics may simply be owing to more diverse host plants. We therefore designed an investigation in tropical and subtropical forests to test these hypotheses. We adapted several analyses (i.e., non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, alpha-diversity, beta-dissimilarity indices comparisons, and variation partitioning based on redundancy analysis) to compare the species diversity of plants and longhorn beetles in different forests. Our results show that both the plant and beetle species in the tropical and subtropical areas were well-stratified (non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis). The beetle alpha-diversity in the tropical forests was significantly higher than that in the subtropical forests, but the plant alpha-diversity in the two types of forests were not significantly different. The beta-dissimilarity comparison showed that the plant species exerted a significant influence on beetle compositional assemblage in the tropical forests, but not in the subtropical forests. Finally, the variation partitioning results showed that both plant species and plant phylogenetic beta-diversity possessed significant explanatory power for beetle assemblage composition in the tropical forests, but not in the subtropical forests. We conclude that wood-boring longhorn beetles show higher host-specificity in tropical forests than in subtropical forests, and the high diversity of wood-boring longhorn beetles in tropical forests might be explained to a large extent by their more finely partitioned diet-breadth.</span></p>
FIGURE 5 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis (PCA) based on nine craniometric variables indicating scatter of individuals on PC1 and PC2 (a) and PC2 and PC3 (b) from six pre-defined taxon-groups of Ethiopian Otomys in relation to existing type specimens of fortior and degeni and new holotypes designated for new species (see Taxonomic Summary). Open squares = O. typus s.s., open triangles = O. fortior; open diamonds = O. yaldeni sp. nov. (= Sp. A); closed squares = O. helleri (= Sp. B); open circles = O. cheesmani sp. nov. (= Sp.C); closed diamonds = O. simiensis sp. nov. (= Sp. D); cross = degeni. Type specimens indicated; normal font indicates existing holotypes; bold font represents newly designated holotypes (see Taxonomic Summary).
FIGURE 16. Photographs a in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 16. Photographs a) comparing pairs of study skins from three populations in the Aberdares: O. tropicalis (from midaltitudes, two skins on left, and summit, two skins in middle) and O. orestes (two skins on right); and (b) comparing O. thomasi (left) with series of O. orestes (right). Apparent differences in size are not due to over-stuffing of specimens but more or less indicative of real size difference as can be verified from inspection of means of head and body length of relevant taxa in Table 9
FIGURE 3a. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from cyt b in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 3a. Bayesian phylogeny inferred from cyt b sequences partitioned by codon position for 34 East African specimens of O. typus s.l. and O. tropicalis s.l. in relation to representatives of seven Otomys species and Parotomys brantsii from eastern, western and southern Africa. Representatives of nine murine taxa served as outgroups (see Appendix 1). Nodal support indices for the main clades (annotated 1 to 8) and subclades (a, b, c, d and e), as well as supported deeper nodes (A, H, I, M, N, O) are given beside the phylogram in the following order: Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP)/ bootstrap support from 1000 replicates for maximum likelihood (MLbs), under an unpartitioned GTR+I+G model/ unweighted parsimony (UwPbs), six-parameter-weighted parsimony partitioned by codon positions (6PPbs)/ neighbour-joining using uncorrected p-distances (Njpbs)/ neighbour-joining using GTR+I+G-corrected distances (Njcbs). Estimated divergence dates (Myr) for the major lineages identified in the cyt b phylogeny are indicated to the left of each node. Bayesian estimation of divergence times was conducted under a relaxed clock model using BEAST v.1.4. Four well established murine fossil calibration points were specified (Pocock 1987; Rowe et al. 2008, see text).
FIGURE 9 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 9. RWA of lateral landmarks showing variation in samples from the Aberdares Range of Kenya, between O. orestes (closed squares), O. tropicalis (closed triangles) and the population from the Aberdares summit having 5 laminae in m1 (closed circles). Topotypic specimens of thomasi from Molo in the Guas Ngishu Plateau indicated by open circles; RMCA specimens R28198 and R28205 representing divergent cyt b lineages indicated. Position of type specimen indicated by "T".
FIGURE 2 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 2. Giemsa stained karyotypes of (a) Otomys helleri (= "Sp. B"; n=6), O. fortior (n=6) and O.typus s.s. (n=1) (2n=58, NFa=58), (b) Otomys yaldeni sp. nov. (= "Sp. A"; n=1; 2n=56, NFa=54), and (c) Otomys simiensis sp. nov. (= "Sp. D"; n=4; 2n=54, NFa=54).
FIGURE 4 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) of nine linear craniometric variables (a) and relative warps analysis (RWA) of dorsal landmarks (b) showing dispersion of relative age classes in one population of O. tropicalis from Tora, Burundi.
FIGURE 1 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 1. Map of east African montane and alpine zones showing distribution of type localities (large, open labeled squares) of forms previously attributed to (a) Otomys typus s. l. and (b) O. tropicalis s. l. Closed squares represent Museum cranial material examined. Circles enclosed localities assigned to OTU's for this study (in Ethiopia these represent hypothesized taxa based on cytogenetic, molecular and morphological data); numbers indicate OTU numbers in Table 1. Arrows indicate localities from which cytochrome-b sequences were available for this study. The asterisk indicates material from a specimen of uncertain identity assigned to cf. sungae.
FIGURE 3b. Maximum likelihood phylogram constructed from combined cyt b and 12S rRNA sequences for 20 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 3b. Maximum likelihood phylogram constructed from combined cyt b and 12S rRNA sequences for 20 Otomys specimens, one representative of Parotomys brantsii and four murine outgroups under the best-fit GTR+I+G model. Support indices for each node (1 – 23) are given beside the phylogram (BPP/ MLbs/ UwPbs/ 6PPbs/ NJpbs/ Njcbs). For both phylogenies (Figure 3a and 3b), the relative branch thickness indicates significant nodal support from the phylogenetic reconstruction methods employed herein (four to six methods—thick lines; two methods—intermediate lines). Dashed lines show unsupported relationships; Abbreviations and symbols: NS - BPP <0.95; "-" indicates that the node was not present in the relevant analysis, or percentage bootstrap support below 50%.
FIGURE 7 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 7. Relative warps analysis (RW) of 14 dorsal landmarks from 12 Ethiopian individuals assigned to O. typus s.s. from Simien Mts ("t"), O. helleri (= Sp. B: "b"; Dinsho and Arussi Plateau) and O. fortior ("ft*"; type specimen from Charada Forest).
FIGURE 6 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 6. Canonical variates analysis (plot of first two canonical variates) of six defined taxon-groups of Ethiopian Otomys based on nine craniometric variables. Position of individuals form "unknown" sample from Oromiya, Jimma (asterisks) predicted a posteriori. Open squares = O. typus s.s. (Mt Guna); Closed squares = O. fortior; open circles = O. helleri (= "Sp. B"); closed circles = O. yaldeni sp. nov. (= "Sp. A"); open triangles = O. cheesmani sp. nov. (= "Sp. C"); closed triangles = O. simiensis sp. nov. (= "Sp. D").
FIGURE 12 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 12. CVA (a) of linear variables showing craniometric separation between regional groups of specimens assigned to typus s.l. and phenogram (b) based on Mahalanobis distances between OTUs. Numbers represent OTU numbers in Table 2.
FIGURE 15 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 15. PCA summarizing variation in altitude and eight bioclimatic variables in localities of O. typus s.l. (48 localities). Asterisks denote type localities. Symbols of localities assigned to revised taxa given in lower case as follows: "ty" = typus s.s. (Ethiopia: Simien Mts, Mt Guna); "a" = yaldeni: Sp. A (Ethiopia: Bale Mts); "ft" = fortior (Ethiopia: Charada (type locality), Beletta and Sheka Forests); "b" = helleri: Sp B (Ethiopia: Bale Mts, Arussi Plateau); "c" = cheesmani: Sp. C (Ethiopia: Dangila – Debra Marcos); "d" = dartmouthi (Ruwenzori Range); "j" = jacksoni (Mt Elgon); "o" = orestes (Kenya: Aberdares and Mt Kenya); "th" = thomasi (Kenya: Uasin Gisho Plateau); "u" = uzungwensis (Malawi: Nyika Plateau and Tanzania: Southern Rift and Eastern Arc); "z" = zinki (Mt Kilimanjaro). Symbols of localities from Ethiopia, which could not be unambiguously assigned to revised taxa are labelled in upper case as follows: AN = Ankober; BK = Bongke; CH = Chenca; CL = Chilalo (type locality of helleri); H = Hirna; M = Malka (type locality of malkensis); JM = Oromiya, Jimma.
FIGURE 14 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 14. Relative warps analysis of lateral landmarks showing craniometric separation between regional groups of specimens from alpine habitats assigned to typus s.l. Closed squares = orestes; closed circles = Aberdare summit; closed triangles = dartmouthi, closed diamonds = typus s.1. (Ethiopia); open squares = jacksoni; open circles = thomasi; open triangles = uzungwensis; open diamonds = zinki.
FIGURE 13 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 13. Relative warps analysis of dorsal landmarks showing craniometric separation between regional groups of specimens from alpine habitats assigned to typus s.l. Closed squares = orestes; closed circles = Aberdare summit; closed triangles = dartmouthi, closed diamonds = typus s.1. (Ethiopia); open squares = jacksoni; open circles = thomasi; open triangles = uzungwensis; open diamonds = zinki.
FIGURE 17 in Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in East African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): Revision of the Otomys typus complex 3024
FIGURE 17(d–f). Photographs comparing dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skulls of holotype of O. simiensis (ZMMU 178757).
Functional traits of both specific alien species and receptive community but not community diversity determined the invasion success under biotic and abiotic conditions
<p><span>Biodiversity can provide some resistance to alien species in some cases, but not in others. The observed paradoxical results may be related to several reasons, including variations in abiotic and/or biotic conditions, alien species characteristics, and the fact that the species number cannot adequately reflect native community diversity. A comprehensive study that incorporates these elements is lacking.</span></p> <p><span>We constructed invasion systems using nine alien plant species and 12 native communities, composed of two diversity levels (three vs. six species), under different nitrogen (N) and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) </span><span>inoculation</span><span> conditions. We used this fully crossed factorial experiment, i.e. N</span><span> (low vs. high) × native community diversity (three vs. six species) × AMF (with vs. without), to systematically explore the invasion success in native communities. </span></p> <p><span>We found that the species number of </span><span>native communities</span><span> didn't affect </span><span>invasion success under any of the N or AMF conditions. The effects of N enrichment and AMF inoculation on invasion were not consistent between alien species and native communities based on their phenotypic plasticity of functional traits in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation. Specifically, the changing of invasion in response to N enrichment and AMF inoculation was associated with the plasticity of plant height and </span><span>root mass fraction</span><span> (RMF) that reflects the competitiveness for the acquisition of light and soil resources.</span></p> <p><span>Our results that species number did not capture well the resistance of the native community suggested that the </span><span>simple expression of species richness is not realistic to describe the invasion resistance of the community. Additionally, the association between functional traits of both alien species and native communities and </span><span>invasion success suggested that changes in competitive advantage and resource acquisition strategy are more important in explaining changes in invasive success in different N and AMF conditions.</span></p> <p><span>Future studies are needed to explore invasion success by systematically considering the characteristics of invasive species and the native community, and the specific abiotic and biotic conditions. Using functional traits may help advance our understanding of plant invasion in broad circumstances and shed light on a generalized framework of biological invasion.</span></p>
Data from: Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter
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