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Figure 4 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 4. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Uromastyx aegyptia, ventral view; B, U. aegyptia, transverse cutaway slice 047; C, Plica plica, sagittal cutaway slice 148; D, Morunasaurus annularis, sagittal cutaway slice 163. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 3. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Sphenodon punctatus. A, ventral view; B, transverse cutaway slice 024. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 10 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 10. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Typhlops jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 146; B, Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766), transverse cutaway slice 089; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 113; D, T. jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 186; E, Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758), transverse cutaway slice 081; F, Xenodermus javanicus, transverse cutaway slice 070. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 2. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Morunasaurus annularis, ventral view; B, M. annularis, transverse cutaway slice 151; C, Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790), ventral view; D, T. scincoides, transverse cutaway slice 150. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 9. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829), ventral view; B, H. horridum, sagittal cutaway slice 160; C, Lanthanotus borneensis, ventral view; D, L. borneensis, transverse cutaway slice 067. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 6. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), ventral view; B, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 066; C, L. viridis, sagittal cutaway slice 173; D, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 087; E, Cordylus mossambicus (Fitzsimons, 1958), transverse cutaway slice 107. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 7 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 7. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Ophisaurus apodus. A, ventral view; B, sagittal cutaway slice 161; C, transverse cutaway slice 091. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 1 in The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics

Figure 1. Simplified hypothesis of squamate relationships showing species investigated. Modified from Estes et al. (1988) with iguanian nomenclature of Frost & Etheridge (1989).

Figure 5 in The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics

Figure 5. Strict consensus of seven equally parsimonious trees that result from analysis of discrete data. Tree length = 127 steps, CI = 0.39, RI = 0.57. Node 1, Scleroglossa; node 2, Autarchoglossa; node 3, Scincomorpha; node 4, Gekkota.

Figure 3 in The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics

Figure 3. Results of sequence unit analysis with polymorphisms coded by the frequency method of Prober et al. (1990) and Wiens (1993). A, strict consensus of two equally parsimonious trees that result when Bipes biporus is included. B, single most parsimonious tree that results when B. biporus is excluded. Tree length = 2901 steps, CI = 0.40, RI = 0.51. Node 1, Gekkota; node 2, Scincidae; node 3, Xantusiidae.

Figure 2 in The potential utility of postnatal skeletal developmental patterns in squamate phylogenetics

Figure 2. Hypothetical example of disparity estimate calculation. Specimens are in columns, postnatal skeletal events are in rows. An X indicates that an event is present in a given specimen.

Fig. 7 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 7. Important anatomical elements of C. microlanius. (A) Ventral view of right vomer showing ridges with teeth, border of the vomeronasal opening, and thickened anterior lateral side with facet for maxilla. (B) Isolated basioccipital in dorsal view showing occipital recess and facets for exoccipital (of the otoccipital) and prootic; about three times as large as the basioccipital next to the sphenoid of the articulated holotype. (C) Right postorbital in anterior aspect with the probable jugal facet identified. (D and E) Ventral views of right (D) and left (E) palatines; note that choanal fossa positioned anteriorly on each bone and two rows of teeth on posterolateral regions. (F to H) Isolated left frontal NHMUK PV R37274 in (F) ventral view showing crista cranii, olfactory canal and facets for the prefrontal and the (presumed) postfrontal, (G) lateral view showing facets for the prefrontal and (presumed) postfrontal, and (H) showing sculptured surface and facets for the nasal and parietal. (I) Isolated left coronoid bone NHMUK PV R37273 in lateral aspect;facets for the dentary, prearticular, and surangular are present as well as the ventral process. (J) Medial view of the same coronoid bone with conspicuous posterior, dorsal, and anterior processes as well as large fossa for the bodenaponeurosis. (K) Right coracoid, medial view, showing coracoid foramen and possible fenestra. (L) Right radius, ulna, carpus, and metacarpus. (M) Dorsal view of isolated sacral vertebrae NHMUK PV R37275 with fused pleurapophysis, foramen sacrale, and neural spine labeled. (N) Close-up of right side of cervical vertebrae showing ribs and pectoral elements including the interclavicle, clavicle, and coracoid with coracoid foramen labeled. Scale bars, 2.0 mm. Images (A) to (E), (K), (L), and (N) are segmented images from the CT scan of the holotype. Abbreviations: As in the Supplementary Materials, p. 48.

Fig. 5 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 5. Images of the holotype of C. microlanius showing sphenoid and indicating squamate features. (A) View of holotype highlighting the sphenoid with a prominent dorsum sella (showing a deep fossa) and high crista sellaris. (B) Close-up anterior (and slightly dorsal) view of the sphenoid showing posterior opening of the abducens canal and internal opening of the carotid canal. (C to F) CT scan of sphenoid in (C) ventral, (D) right latero-ventral, (E) antero-ventral, and (F) anterior views. (G to I) CT cross sections on right of each image, with thin white line showing position on left-hand side, which is a dorsal view. (G) is about midway antero-posteriorly with the slice cutting across the lateral "wing." (H) and (I) are at the anterior of the sphenoid; (I) is the most anterior. Squamate features in (C) to (I) show position of Vidian and Abducens canal foramina. All scale bars, 2 mm [bar for (C) and (D) between images; (E) and (F) bar under (F) and bottom bar is for (G) to (I)]. Ab, abducens; Bpsr, parasphenoid rostrum; Btc, trabeculae cranii; Ds, dorsum sella; Ep, epipterygoid; Hy, hypophysial; Icf, internal carotid foramen; Se, sellaris; Vi, vidian; W, wing.

Fig. 1. C in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 1. C. microlanius (NHMUK PV R36822), anatomical details. (A) Rock slab exhibits articulated partial left side of skull and mandible in medial view next to articulat- ed anterior skeleton. (B to D) Segmented CT scan models with regions outlined in (A); (B) is obverse side to (A). (E) Close-up of the left-hand side of the skull in medial view. (F) Lateral view of CT-scanned right mandible. Arrow points to anterior in this and subsequent figures. 2nd, secondary; Ad, adductor; An, angular; Ant, anterior; At, atlas; Ax, axis; Ba, basioccipital; Bs, basipterygoid; C, crest or crista; Car, carpal; Cer, cervical; Cl, clavicle; Co, coracoid; Cor, coronoid; De, deltopectoral; Den, dentary; Do, dorsal; Ec, ectopterygoid; Ect, ectepicondyle (ectepicondylar); Ent, entepicondylar; Fo, foramen (foramina); Fos, fossa; Hu, humerus (humeral); In, intercentrum; Inc, interclavicle; Ju, jugal; L., left; Lac, lacrimal; Mt., metacarpal; Mx, maxilla (maxillary); Not, notch; Oto, otoccipital; Pa, palatine; Pm, premaxilla; Po, postorbital; Post, posterior; Pra, prearticular; Prf, prefrontal; Proc, process; Pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; R, right; Ra, radius; Rart,retroarticular; Ri, rib; Sc,scapula;Sp, septomaxilla; Sph, sphenoid; Spl,splenial; Sq, squamosal; Sup, supratemporal; Sur, surangular; Tu, tubera; Ul, ulna; V, vertebra(l); Vo, vomer.

Fig. 4 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 4. Isolated elements of C. microlanius showing squamate features. (A) Medial view of right maxilla NHMUK PV R37279 with recurved mid and posterior teeth, resorption pits, erupting teeth on many pleurodont emplacements. (B and C) Fused premaxilla NHMUK PV R37378 in postero-palatal view (B) showing incisive processes, foramina, and characteristic asymmetrical number of teeth, 4 on right premaxilla, 3 on left, and anterior view (C). (D) Right postero-lateral view of braincase NHMUK PV R37377 showing oto-occipital, ascending process of supraoccipital and laterally expanded paroccipital process. (E) Ventral CT scan view of same braincase with similar basioccipital to holotype. (F) Lower part of braincase in lateral view showing damaged exoccipital where vagus foramen should be (posterior to crista tuberalis but anterior and above hypoglossal foramen). (G) Posterior CT scan view of right side showing damaged exoccipital; lines show position of (H). (H) Close-up, in lower posterior medial view showing hypoglossal foramina on damaged exoccipital part of otoccipital. (I) CT scan of otoccipital in lateral view showing squamate features: lateral opening of recessus scala tympani (label to opening), medial opening of recessus scala tympani, crista tuberalis, crista interfenestralis, and occipital recess. All scale bars, 2 mm [bottom bar is for (I)]. Image (H) is 0.75 mm across. C, crista; Con, condyle; Er, erupting; Ex, exoccipital; Fov, fenestra ovalis; Fu, fused; Hg, hypoglossal; If, interfenestralis; Inv, incisive; Lrst, lateral opening of recessus scala tympani; Md, median; Mrst, medial opening of recessus scala tympani; Oc, occipital; Op, opening; Pacp, paroccipital process; Pras, processus ascendens; Rec, recess; Sut, suture; Tb, tuberalis; Th, tooth.

Fig. 3 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 3. Maxillae and dentaries of C. microlanius. (A to C) Left maxilla (NHMUK PV R36999), the most complete specimen in the collection: (A) in lateral view, (B) in ventral view, and (C) in medial view. (D and E) Left dentary (NHMUK PV R37001) in lateral (D) and medial (E) views; note coronoid facet formed by a sulcus on dentary in (E). (F) Scanning electron microscopy image of right maxilla fragment (NHMUK PV R37280) and (G) fragment of left dentary (NHMUK PV R37282) demonstrating active replacement in pleurodont teeth. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm for (G), 1 mm for (F), and 2 mm for all other bones; top bar is for (A) to (C); middle bar is for (D) and (E). Abbreviations as for Fig.1 and Cn,carina;Dt,g,dental gutter; Fct, facet; La, lacrimal; M, mandibular;Mec,Meckelian; Mes,mesial; N, nerve;Na,nasal;Posd,posterodorsal trending; Rid, ridge(d); Re, resorption; Scul, sculptured; Sm, small (smaller); Sy, symphysis (symphyseal).

Fig. 2 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 2. Reconstructed skull and mandible of C. microlanius, based mainly on the holotype PV R36822. Some key squamate features are labeled. Bones in light gray (nasal, parietal, and postfrontal) are unknown and speculatively reconstructed. Skull shown in lateral (A), ventral (D), and dorsal (E) views; right mandible in lateral (B), left mandible in medial (C) views. (F) Life restoration by L. Gandolfi. Estimated skull and mandible length is 14 mm for this juvenile specimen; isolated bones indicate that the skull can reach about 30 mm. Entire animal length ~ 25 cm. For more details of bones, see fig. S1. Outline drawings by S. Powell, University of Bristol.

Fig. 6 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 6. Images of the holotype of C. microlanius and isolated quadrate showing squamate features. (A) Reverse side of holotype fossil rock NHMUK PV R36822 shown in Fig.1A. (B and C) Right squamosal in (B) medial and (C) lateral view. (D) Close-up of the right lower jaw and associated bones including the right quadrate and right postorbital. (E and F) Digtally separated from matrix isolated left quadrate NHMUK PV R37604 in (E) posterior and (F) dorso-posterior views. (G and H) Scan of right lower jaw of holotype NHMUK PV R36822 in (G) dorsal and (H) ventral views. All scale bars,2 mm. Art, articular; Ceh, cephalic head; Cot, cotyle; Hd, head; Me, medial; Pg, peg; Ty, tympanic.

Fig. 9 in A Triassic crown squamate

Fig. 9. Phylogeny of Lepidosauria showing dating estimates for key clades. The tree shows all major squamate groups, constrained on a recent molecular phylogeny (34), and displays the effect of Cryptovaranoides on dating major times of divergence. PTME,Permo-Triassic mass extinction, 252 Ma; CPE,Carnian Pluvial Episode, 232 Ma; ETME, end-Triassic mass extinction, 201 Ma; KPgME, Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, 66 Ma.