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156 results for “survival rate”
Drosophila carboxypeptidase D (SILVER) is a key enzyme in neuropeptide processing required to maintain locomotor activity levels and survival rate
<p>Neuropeptides are processed from larger preproproteins by a dedicated set of enzymes. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying preproprotein processing and the functional importance of processing enzymes are well‐characterised in mammals, but little studied outside this group. In contrast to mammals, Drosophila melanogaster lacks a gene for carboxypeptidase E (CPE), a key enzyme for mammalian peptide processing. By combining peptidomics and neurogenetics, we addressed the role of carboxypeptidase D (dCPD) in global neuropeptide processing and selected peptide‐regulated behaviours in Drosophila. We found that a deficiency in dCPD results in C‐terminally extended peptides across the peptidome, suggesting that dCPD took over CPE function in the fruit fly. dCPD is widely expressed throughout the nervous system, including peptidergic neurons in the mushroom body and neuroendocrine cells expressing adipokinetic hormone. Conditional hypomorphic mutation in the dCPD‐encoding gene silver in the larva causes lethality, and leads to deficits in starvation‐induced hyperactivity and appetitive gustatory preference, as well as to reduced viability and activity levels in adults. A phylogenomic analysis suggests that loss of CPE is not common to insects, but only occurred in Hymenoptera and Diptera. Our results show that dCPD is a key enzyme for neuropeptide processing and peptide‐regulated behaviour in Drosophila. dCPD thus appears as a suitable target to genetically shut down total neuropeptide production in peptidergic neurons. The persistent occurrence of CPD in insect genomes may point to important further CPD functions beyond neuropeptide processing which cannot be fulfilled by CPE.</p>
Data from: Decline in abundance and apparent survival rates of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence
Estimates of abundance and survivorship provide quantifiable measures to monitor populations and to define and understand their conservation status. This study investigated changes in abundance and survival rates of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) in the context of anthropogenic pressures and changing environmental conditions. A long-term data set, consisting of 35 years of photo-identification surveys and comprising more than 5,000 identifications of 507 individuals, formed the basis of this mark-recapture study. Based on model selection using corrected Akaike Information Criterion, the most parsimonious Cormack-Jolly-Seber model included a linear temporal trend in non-calf apparent survival rates with a sharp decline in the last five years of the study and a median survival rate of 0.946 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.910-0.967). To account for capture heterogeneity due to divergent patterns of site fidelity, agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHC) analysis was employed to categorise individuals based on their annual and survey site fidelity indices. However, the negative trend in survivorship remained and was corroborated by a significant decline in the estimated super-population size from 335 (95% CI 321-348) individuals in 2004-2010 to 291 (95% CI 270-312) individuals in 2010-2016. Concurrently, a negative trend was estimated in recruitment to the population, supported by a sharp decrease in the number of observed calves. Ship strikes and changes in prey availability are potential drivers of the observed decline in fin whale abundance. The combination of clustering methods with mark-recapture represents a flexible way to investigate the effects of site fidelity on demographic variables and is broadly applicable to other individual-based studies.
Data from: Disentangling the effects of environmental conditions on wintering and breeding grounds on age-specific survival rates in a trans-Saharan migratory raptor
Migratory species are subject to environmental variability occurring on breeding and wintering grounds. Estimating the relative contribution of environmental factors experienced sequentially during breeding and wintering, and their potential interaction, to the variation of survival is crucial to predict population viability of migratory species. Here we investigated this issue for the Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus, a trans-Saharan migrant. We analysed capture-recapture data from a 29-yr long monitoring of wing-tagged offspring and adults at two study sites in France (Rochefort-RO & Maine-et-Loire-ML). The study period covers a climatic shift occurring in the Sahel with increasing rainfall following a period of droughts (Sahel greening). We found that harriers' adult survival in RO (between 1988 and 2005) varied over time and was sensitive to the interaction between the amount of rainfall in the Sahel and the annual mean breeding success, two proxies of prey availability. The occurrence of adverse conditions on breeding and wintering grounds in the same year decreased survival from 0.70-0.77 to 0.48 ± 0.05. Juvenile survival in RO was slightly more sensitive to conditions in Europe than in the Sahel. Unexpectedly, lower survival rates were found in years with higher mean breeding success, suggesting compensatory density feedbacks may operate. By contrast, adult survival in ML, monitored between 1999 and 2017, was higher compared to RO (0.76 ± 0.03 vs. 0.66 ± 0.02), remained constant and unaffected by any proxy of prey availability. This difference seems consistent with the fact that harriers in ML experienced better and especially less variable environmental conditions during breeding and wintering seasons compared to RO. Overall, we showed that survival of a migratory bird is sensitive to the level of variability in environmental conditions and that adverse conditions on wintering grounds can amplify the negative effects of conditions during the previous breeding season on birds' survival.
Data from: Effect of haemosporidian infections on host survival and recapture rate in the blue tit
Parasites are ubiquitous in the wild and by imposing fitness costs on their hosts they constitute an important selection factor. One of the most common parasites of wild birds are Plasmodium and Haemoproteus, protozoans inhabiting the blood, which cause avian malaria and malaria-like disease, respectively. Although they are expected to cause negative effects in infected individuals, in many cases studies in natural populations failed to detect such effect. Using data from seven breeding seasons (2008 - 2014), we applied a multistate capture – mark – recapture approach to study the effect of infection with malaria and malaria-like parasites, individual age and sex on the probability of survival and recapture rate in a small passerine, the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), inhabiting the island of Gotland, Sweden. We found no effect of infection on survival prospects. However, the recapture rate of infected individuals was higher than that of uninfected ones. Thus, while our data do not support the presence of infection costs in terms of host survival, it suggests that parasites from the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus may affect some aspects of host behaviour, which translates into biased estimation of infection frequency at the population level.
Mean survival rate and their temporal environmental (process) variance for 93 species of vertebrates
<p><span>Current environmental changes may increase temporal variability of life-history traits of species, which can significantly affect their long-term population growth rate and their extinction risk. There is a need to estimate environmental variance of life-history traits (EV) and to examine whether there is a general relationship between EV and average survival rate that can be used as a guideline for analyses of population growth and extinction risk for populations where only information about mean survival is available. For this purpose we present a comprehensive compilation of 285 EV estimates from 93 species belonging to five vertebrate taxa (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) covering mean survival rates from 0.01 to 0.98. Since variances are dependent on the mean and tightly constrained for lower and upper mean survival rates, we assessed whether any observed relationship persisted after applying two types of variance stabilizing transformations: relativized EVs (observed / mathematical maximum) and logit scaled EVs. With raw EVs at the arithmetic scale, mean-variance relationships of survival rates and their EVs were hump-shaped with small EVs at low and high survival rates, and higher (and widely variable) EVs at intermediate survival rates. When mean survival rates were related to relativized EVs the hump-shaped pattern remained albeit less distinct than for raw EVs, but when transforming EVs to logit scale the pattern of the relationship between mean survival rates and their EVs largely disappeared. </span></p>
Data for: Aphids increase their rate of survival on emergent aquatic plants through niche construction
<p>Flooding or rain is a threat to many insects in nature, and herbivorous invertebrates whose hosts are emergent aquatic plants. They may thus have developed particular adaptations to enable them to withstand the flooding that is a feature of emergent plants' environment. The aphid <em>Hyalopterus</em> <em>pruni</em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) modifies the physical and chemical conditions of its habitat by periodically spreading wax around itself with its hind legs. This behaviour constitutes a form of niche construction. We hypothesized that the aphid decreases its risk of death of own or around other individuals when submerged in water by spreading wax powder secreted from its body onto the leaves of its host plant <em>Phragmites australis</em>. We compared the hydrophobicity of waxed and normal leaf surfaces. Next, we compared the survival rates of wax-powdering and non-wax-powdering aphids under submerged and rainy conditions in the laboratory and in the field. Finally, we examined whether the aphids' wax powdering behaviour increased as a result of experiencing brief submergence or rain. The surface of the waxed area was significantly more water-repellent than the surface of unwaxed leaves. The waxed areas held bubbles of air when underwater. In experiments, aphids without wax around themselves exhibited lower survival rates: 22.9% in laboratory conditions and 15.7% in field conditions after 48 hours underwater. In contrast, aphids that secreted wax had higher survival rates, with 41.5% and 38.2% under laboratory and field conditions, respectively, after the same duration. Aphids exposed to rainfall showed similar results. Moreover, aphids that had experienced rain or submersion for 24 h engaged in increased wax powdering behaviour. These results indicate that aphids reduce their risk of drowning by powdering secreted wax onto the surface of leaves around them. Our findings suggest that niche construction by herbivorous invertebrates supports their ability to utilise host plants that grow under stressful conditions, such as emergent plants that are subject to periodic inundation.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Di Lorenzo T, Di Marzio W, Piccini L, Messana G, Sáenz M, Galassi D (2018) Survival, metabolic rates and locomotory activities of a groundwater-obligate copepod species under long-term exposures to tetrachloroethylene. ARPHA Conference Abstracts 1: e29966. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.1.e29966
Survival, metabolic rates and locomotory activities of a groundwater-obligate copepod species under long-term exposures to tetrachloroethylene
Demographic rates and stature of tree species in 13 sub-tropical forests: annual growth, annual survival, annual recruitment >( 1 cm dbh), stature (max dbh)
<p>Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, i.e. the well-known fast-slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature – resulting from fast growth and high survival – and recruitment success, i.e. a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear if these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide.</p> <p>We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in twelve forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. The fast-slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.</p>
Effect of temperature on the post-diapause development rate, survival, and body mass of the solitary wasp Isodontia elegans
<p>We examined the relationship of post-diapause rearing temperature to developmental rate, survival, and adult body mass of the solitary wasp <em>Isodontia</em> <em>elegans</em> using prepupae from trap-nests. <em>Isodontia</em> <em>elegans</em> is a member of a genus often found in trap-nests in North America and Europe. Trap-nests are commonly used tools for studying cavity-nesting solitary wasps and bees. In temperate zones, progeny in nests usually overwinter as fully prepupae before pupating and emerging as adults. An important aspect of properly using trap-nests is determining temperatures that affect survival and health of developing offspring. After overwintering >600 cocoons containing prepupae after the summers of 2015 and 2016, we placed cocoons on a laboratory thermal gradient where offspring experienced one of 19 constant temperatures from 643°C; emergence of adults was monitored for 100 days. Our conservative estimate for the critical thermal minimum for development is 14°C, whereas that for the critical maximum is ~33°C. Prepupae transitioned to adults most rapidly at 29–33°C, but developmental rate was lower for some progeny exposed to temperatures ≥30°C. Offspring successfully reached the adult stage in <100 days at of temperatures of ~19–33°C. Adults from cocoons reared at lower temperatures weighed on average 6-10% more than expected based on their head widths, whereas those reared at higher temperatures weighed 4–10% less than expected. The difference may be due to greater rates of water loss and lipid metabolism during development at higher temperatures. Pre-overwintering cocoon mass was a significant predictor of relative adult body mass, indicating that adult health is partly related to their condition before overwintering. The trends we observed were similar to those for the bee <em>Megachile</em> <em>rotundata</em>, which we previously studied on the same gradient apparatus. However, data are needed on many other species of wasps and bees from a diversity of environments. </p>
Tumor Characteristics and Survival Rate of HER2-Low Breast Cancer Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05754047. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Isolation of the Operative Field Influences the Survival Rate of Composite Restorations
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03733522. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Risk Factors of Postoperative Complications and Survival Rate in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06378853. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Factors of Control Hypertension or Type 2 Diabetes on the Severity of Stroke and Survival Rates Within 1 Year in Trat
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06288269. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 11.
Survival Rate and Treatment Cost in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer: An Analysis Using NHIS Database and K-PaC Registry Focusing on Liposomal Irinotecan
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04984174. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 7.
Survival Rate of Adhesively Luted Veneers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03145597. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 43.
Survival Rates and Quality of Life According to Follow-up Period After Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer (STOFOLUP)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04740346. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Factors Affecting Success and Survival Rates in Root Canal Retreatment
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07005492. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Survival Rates and Longterm Outcomes After COVID-19
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04601090. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Survival Rate of All Ceramic Restorations Treated With Air-Water-Blasting Protocol
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03523364. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
The Survival Rate of Glass Ionomer Cement, Glass Carbomer Cement and Compomer in Occlusal and Proximal ART Restorations
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02217098. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 14.
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