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507 results for “symbiont”
Data from: Aphid symbionts and endogenous resistance traits mediate competition between rival parasitoids
Insects use endogenous mechanisms and infection with protective symbionts to thwart attacks from natural enemies. Defenses that target specific enemies, however, potentially mediate competition between rivals and thereby impact community composition. Following its introduction to North America to control pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the parasitoid Aphidius ervi competitively displaced other parasitoids, except for the native Praon pequodorum. The pea aphid exhibits tremendous clonal variation in resistance to A. ervi, primarily through infection with the heritable bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, although some symbiont-free aphid genotypes encode endogenous resistance. Interestingly, H. defensa strains and aphid genotypes that protect against A. ervi, provide no protection against the closely related, P. pequodorum. Given the specificity of aphid defenses, we hypothesized that aphid resistance traits may contribute to the continued persistence of P. pequodorum. We conducted multiparasitism assays to determine whether aphid resistance traits mediate internal competition between these two solitary parasitoid species, but found this was not the case; P. pequodorum was the successful internal competitor across lines varying in susceptibility to A. ervi. Next, to determine whether resistance traits influence competitive interactions resulting in the stable persistence of P. pequodorum, we established replicated cages varying in the proportion of resistant aphids and recorded successful parasitism for each wasp species over time. As expected, A. ervi outcompeted P. pequodorum in cages containing only susceptible aphids. However, P. pequodorum not only persisted, but was the superior competitor in populations containing any proportion (20–100%) of resistant aphids (20–100%). Smaller scale, better replicated competition cage studies corroborated this finding, and no-competition and behavioral assays provide insight into the processes mediating competition. Genetic variation, including that acquired via infection with protective symbionts, may provide a supply of hosts susceptible only to particular enemies, mediating competition with effects on community richness and stability.
Data from: Comparative phylogeography, genetic differentiation, and contrasting reproductive modes in three fungal symbionts of a multipartite bark beetle symbiosis
Multipartite symbioses are complex symbiotic relationships involving multiple interacting partners. These types of partnerships provide excellent opportunities in which to apply a comparative approach to identify common historical patterns of population differentiation and species-specific life history traits. Using three symbiotic blue stain fungal species (Ophiostomatacea) associated with outbreaking populations of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in western Canada, we applied phylogenetic, population genetic, and demographic approaches to clarify phylogeographic patterns among the three fungal species. Broadly, the three species showed significant population differentiation, forming northern and southern populations, despite dramatic differences in haplotype diversity. Finer scale structuring and population demographic patterns were less consistent, showing some interspecific incongruence. By contrasting these species simultaneously, we were able to identify differences in recombination rate and ecological traits that can explain the observed patterns of incongruence among the fungal species. By applying a comparative approach to partners of a multipartite symbiosis we were able to distinguish congruent population structuring and species-specific differences that help us to understand the complexity and evolution of this symbiotic system.
Data from: A heritable symbiont and host-associated factors shape fungal endophyte communities across spatial scales
1. Although microbial ecologists are intensely interested in the processes governing microbial community assembly, progress has been limited by a lack of studies that span multiple geographical scales and levels of biological organization. 2. We used high throughput sequencing to characterize foliar fungal endophyte communities and host plant genetic structure both within, and among, 24 populations of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) across the Great Basin Desert. 3. Across the Great Basin, both within, and among populations of the host plant, fungal endophyte richness was predicted by plant size and variation in the seed-borne, heritable fungus, Alternaria fulva, which produces the bioactive alkaloid swainsonine. 4. The degree of between-plant turnover in the endophyte community was inversely related to host plant inbreeding and average plant size, and positively related to the relative abundance of A. fulva. Plant size was inversely related to endophyte community richness, both among, and within populations. The genetic and physical distance between host populations was not predictive of differences in fungal community structure. 5. Synthesis: Through pairing intensive local- and regional sampling, we uncovered a primacy of deterministic forces imposed by a heritable symbiont on the community structure of locoweed endophytes.
Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests
There is increasing demand for sustainable pest management to reduce harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. For pest aphids, biological control with parasitoid wasps provides a welcome alternative, particularly in greenhouses. However, aphids are frequently infected with the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which increases resistance to parasitoids and thereby hampers biological control. Using the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and its main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum, we tested whether prior adaptation of parasitoids can improve the control of symbiont-protected pests. We had parasitoid lines adapted to two different strains of H. defensa by experimental evolution, as well as parasitoids evolved on H. defensa-free aphids. We compared their ability to control caged aphid populations comprising 60% unprotected and 40% H. defensa-protected aphids, with both H. defensa strains present in the populations. Parasitoids that were not adapted to H. defensa had virtually no effect on aphid population dynamics compared to parasitoid-free controls, but one of the adapted lines and a mixture of both adapted lines controlled aphids successfully, strongly benefitting plant growth. Selection by parasitoids altered aphid population composition in a very specific manner. Aphid populations became dominated by H. defensa-protected aphids in the presence of parasitoids, and each adapted parasitoid line selected for the H. defensa strain it was not adapted to. This study shows, for the first time, that prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests, but the high specificity of parasitoid counter-resistance may represent a challenge for its implementation.
Data from: Parasitoids as drivers of symbiont diversity in an insect host
<p>Immune systems have repeatedly diversified in response to parasite diversity. Many animals have outsourced part of their immune defence to defensive symbionts, which should be affected by similar evolutionary pressures as the host's own immune system. Protective symbionts provide efficient and specific protection and respond to changing selection pressure by parasites. Here, we use the aphid Aphis fabae, its protective symbiont Hamiltonella defensa and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to test whether parasite diversity can maintain diversity in protective symbionts. We exposed aphid populations with the same initial symbiont composition to parasitoid populations that differed in their diversity. As expected, single parasitoid genotypes mostly favoured a single symbiont that was most protective against that particular parasitoid, while multiple symbionts persisted in aphids exposed to more diverse parasitoid populations, which in turn affected aphid population density and rates of parasitism. Parasite diversity may be crucial to maintaining symbiont diversity in nature.</p>
Conceptual model of uptake of inorganic carbon by the sulfur-oxidizing γ1-symbionts and transfer to their host, the gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis
<p>Conceptual model of uptake of inorganic carbon by the sulfur-oxidizing γ1-symbionts and transfer to their host, the gutless marine worm <em>Olavius algarvensis.</em></p>
Mass spectrometry imaging of metabolites in symbiont containing tissues of Bathymodiolus sp. mussels from a hydrothermal vent
<p>Molecules in <em>Bathymodiolus </em>sp. tissue. Distribution of five lipid metabolites in symbiont containing gill tissues was visualized using MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (red: high amounts, blue: low amounts of lipids).</p>
Imaging of metabolites in symbiont containing tissues of Bathymodiolus sp. mussels from a hydrothermal vent
<p>MALDI-MS laser spot size directly influences the resolution of ion-maps generated by MALDI-MS imaging. Here we show from top to bottom different ion maps from <em>Bathymodiolus sp</em>. tissue acquired with decreasing spot sizes (laser spot diameter indicated in each image). Details relevant to the scale of the bacterial symbionts become visible by using laser settings under 10 µm spot size.</p>
High specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance in an aphid-parasitoid field community
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Host-parasite coevolution is mediated by genetic interactions between the antagonists and may lead to reciprocal adaptation. In the black bean aphid, <em>Aphis fabae fabae</em>, resistance to parasitoids can be conferred by the heritable bacterial endosymbiont <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em>. <em>H. defensa</em> has been shown to be variably protective against different parasitoid species, and different genotypes of the black bean aphid's main parasitoid <em>Lysiphlebus fabarum</em>.<em> </em>However, these results were obtained using haphazard combinations of laboratory-reared insect lines with different origins, making it unclear how representative they are of natural, locally (co)adapted communities. We therefore comprehensively sampled the parasitoids of a natural <em>A. f. fabae</em> population and measured the ability of the five most abundant species to parasitize aphids carrying the locally prevalent <em>H. defensa</em> haplotypes. <em>H. defensa</em> provided resistance only against the dominant parasitoid <em>L. fabarum</em> (70% of all parasitoids), but not against less abundant parasitoids, and resistance to <em>L. fabarum</em> acted in a genotype-specific manner (G × G interactions between <em>H. defensa</em> and <em>L. fabarum</em>). These results confirm that strong species- and genotype-specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance is indeed a hallmark of wild <em>A. f. fabae</em> populations, and they are consistent with symbiont-mediated local adaptation of aphids to parasitoids.</span></p>
Fungal symbiont diversity drives growth of Holcus lanatus depending on soil nutrient availability
<ol> <li>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi frequently colonise plant roots and can affect plant morphology and physiology through their contribution to plant nutrition. However, the functional role of AM fungi in the presence of other microbial symbionts, including widespread Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) fungi, remains largely unknown.</li> <li>While both AM fungi and MFRE transfer nutrients, including nitrogen, from inorganic and organic sources to host plants, their combined effects on co-colonised plants have only been investigated in liverworts. Here, we compare the morphology and physiology of the grass <em>Holcus lanatus</em> grown with an AM fungal community versus a more diverse symbiotic fungal community containing both AM fungi and MFRE. </li> <li> <em>Holcus lanatus</em> plants were grown in the presence of either a diverse MFRE+AM fungi soil inoculum or a multi-species AM fungal inoculum. Plant traits associated with growth were quantified, along with fungal transfer of <sup>15</sup>N tracer to plants from a variety of sources (ammonium chloride, alanine, glycine, algal necromass). </li> <li> <em>Holcus lanatus</em> grown with the AM fungal community had greater root and shoot growth during early development and prior to the addition of <sup>15</sup>N-labelled sources, compared to plants grown with the more diverse symbiotic fungal community. When nitrogen sources were made available to the fungal symbionts in the pot microcosms, plants growing with the MFRE+AM fungi soil inoculum had a faster growth rate than plants growing with the AM fungal community. At harvest, <em>H. lanatus</em> grown with the AM fungal community had a larger biomass and there were no differences in <sup>15</sup>N tracer assimilation in plants across the two fungal community treatments.</li> <li>Our results demonstrate that the diversity of fungal inocula in conjunction with soil nutrient availability determines the benefits derived by plants from diverse fungal symbionts. Our research contributes to understanding host plant outcomes in diverse multi-symbiont scenarios.</li> </ol>
Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host specificity in Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebas
<p>In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with symbionts. Specific host and symbiont pairings may be the result of host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects pertaining to which potential symbiont became associated with a host first. Distinguishing between these possibilities is important for understanding the evolutionary forces that affect facultative symbioses. We used the social amoeba <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em> and its symbiont <em>Paraburkholderia bonniea </em>to determine whether ongoing coevolution affects which host-symbiont strain pairs naturally co-occur within a facultative symbiosis. Relative to other <em>Paraburkholderia</em>,<em> </em>including another symbiont of <em>D. discoideum</em>, <em>P. bonniea</em> features a reduced genome size that indicates a significant history of coevolution with its host. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont pairings compared to novel pairings. We show for the first time that <em>P. bonniea</em> symbionts can horizontally transmit to new amoeba hosts when hosts aggregate together during the social stage of their life cycle. Here we find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host specificity. Although symbiont strains were significantly variable in virulence and horizontal transmission rate, hosts and symbionts responded similarly to associations in native and novel pairings. We go on to identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of <em>P. bonniea </em>strains that may contribute to variation in virulence. We conclude that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for <em>D. discoideum </em>and <em>P. bonniea. </em>The system instead appears to represent a stable facultative symbiosis in which naturally co-occurring <em>P. bonniea </em>host and symbiont pairings are the result of priority effects.</p>
Data for: Does parasitoid species diversity promote protective symbiont diversity?
<p>How does diversity in nature come about? One factor contributing to this diversity are species interactions; diversity on one trophic level can shape diversity on lower or higher trophic levels. For example, parasite diversity enhances host immune diversity. Protective symbionts mediate host resistance and are therefore also engaged in reciprocal selection with their host's parasites. Here, we applied experimental evolution in a well-known symbiont-aphid-parasitoid system to study whether parasitoid diversity contributes to maintaining symbiont diversity. We used caged populations of black bean aphids (<em>Aphis fabae</em>), containing uninfected individuals and individuals infected with different strains of the bacterial endosymbiont <em>Hamiltonella defensa, </em>which protects aphids against parasitoids. Over multiple generations, these populations were exposed to three different species of parasitoid wasps (<em>Aphidius colemani</em>, <em>Binodoxys acalephae</em>, or <em>Lysiphlebus fabarum</em>), simultaneous or sequential mixtures of these species, or no wasps. Surprisingly, we observed little selection for <em>H. defensa</em> in most treatments, even when it clearly provided protection against a fatal parasitoid infection. This seemed to be caused by high induced costs of resistance: aphids surviving parasitoid attacks suffered an extreme reduction in fitness. In marked contrast to previous studies looking at the effect of different genotypes of a single parasitoid species, we found little evidence for a diversifying effect of multiple parasitoid species on symbiont diversity in hosts.</p>
Supplementary files and data Files for "Discordance between mitochondrial, nuclear, and symbiont genomes in aphid phylogenetics: who is telling the truth?" Zoological journal of the Linnean society, 2024, vol 1, issue 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae098
<p>This repository comprises</p> <ul> <li>a file with all supplementary Tables (<strong>Supplementary_Tables</strong>). Table S1: Collection details and voucher ID for aphid samples from the CBGP-Inrae collection, data origin is given for other specimens. Table S2: Amplification success of long range DNA fragments from mitochondrial genomes . Table S3: Primers used for fluidigm aplification of nuclear genes and sequencing success. Table S4. Genomic features of newly sequenced Buchnera aphidicola with aphid taxonomic affiliation. Table S5: Summary of models used for each ML analysis and corresponding log-likelihood score of the best tree.Table S6: Output of RERConverge analyses.</li> <li>two Supplementary figures: Figure S1: Workflow of phylogenetic analyses as implemented on each dataset. Figure S2: Plot depicting the genome-wide pattern of molecular evolution (dN/dS) between disymbiotic (n = 15) and monosymbiotic aphid (n = 45) branches across the ML phylogeny (horizontal bars indicate 95% CI of the means). <em>P</em> value was calculated by using Wilcoxon Rank test.</li> <li>a word file (Text S1) with : Details of protocol for obtaining mitochondrial genomes through long-range DNA amplifications and Illumina sequencing, and two-step PCR protocole.</li> <li>an archive (archive1) with the mitochondrial AA and DNA matrices and alternative phylogenetic trees under ML and Bayesian analyses ; </li> </ul> <ul> <li>an archive (archive2) with the nuclear AA and DNA matrices and alternative phylogenetic trees under ML and Bayesian analyses</li> <li>an archive (archive 3) with the twelve new <em>Buchnera</em> genome drafts.</li> <li> an archive (archive4) with the <em>Buchnera</em> AA matrices and alternative topologies </li> </ul> <p> </p>
Preferential allocation of benefits and resource competition among recipients allows coexistence of symbionts within hosts
<p>Functionally variable symbionts commonly co-occur including within the roots of individual plants, in spite of arguments from simple models of the stability of mutualism that predict competitive exclusion among symbionts. We explore this paradox by evaluating the dynamics generated by symbiont competition for plant resources, and the plant's preferential allocation to the most beneficial symbiont, using a system of differential equations representing the densities of mutualistic and non-mutualistic symbionts and the level of preferentially allocated and non-preferentially allocated resources for which the symbionts compete. We find that host preferential allocation and costs of mutualism generate resource specialization that makes the coexistence of beneficial and non-beneficial symbionts possible. Furthermore, coexistence becomes likely due to negative physiological feedbacks in host preferential allocation. We find that biologically realistic models of plant physiology and symbiont competition predict that the coexistence of beneficial and non-beneficial symbionts should be common in root symbioses, and that the density and relative abundance of mutualists should increase in proportion to the needs of the host.</p>
Host diversity outperforms climate as a global driver of symbiont diversity in the bird-feather mite system
<p><b>Aim: </b>The simultaneous influence of abiotic and biotic factors as main drivers of global species distributions remains poorly understood, especially in host-dependent groups. In this study, we diverge from traditional macroecological approaches by considering both biotic (avian species diversity) and abiotic (climatic) factors in determining the global distribution pattern of feather mite species richness, one of the most abundant and diverse bird ectosymbionts.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Global.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We used a global dataset of feather mite-bird interactions published in 2016, complemented with an up-to-date literature survey. We created statistical models designed to explain the effect of abiotic (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and energy-related variables) and biotic factors (bird species richness) on the species richness of feather mites. We used these models to predict global distribution patterns of mites and estimate each explanatory variable's relative importance in temperate and tropical regions.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>According to our models, bird species richness accounts for ~63% of the global distribution pattern of mites, which is ten times more relevant than climatic variables. Among abiotic drivers, precipitation intensity and seasonality were the most important variables, accounting for 10% of mite species richness. This figure is lower in tropical regions, where biotic factors are seven times more important than in temperate regions.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions: </b>We demonstrate that global mite diversity was primarily determined by biotic and, to a lesser extent, abiotic factors. The relative importance of the predictive variables, however, varied between tropical and temperate regions. The strong association between bird species richness and feather mite species diversity at a global scale raises concerns about the potential for future co-extinctions.</p>
Context dependent host-symbiont interactions: shifts along the parasitism-mutualism continuum
<p>Symbiotic interactions can shift along a mutualism to parasitism continuum. While there are many studies examining dynamics typically considered to be mutualistic that sometimes shift towards parasitism, little is known about conditions underlying shifts from parasitism towards mutualism. In lake populations, we observed that infection by a microsporidian gut symbiont sometimes conferred a reproductive advantage and other times a disadvantage to its <i>Daphnia </i>host. We hypothesized that the microsporidian might benefit its host by reducing infection by more virulent parasites, which attack via the gut. In a lab study using field-collected animals, we found that spores of a virulent fungal parasite were much less capable of penetrating the guts of <i>Daphnia </i>harboring the microsporidian gut symbiont. We predicted that this altered gut penetrability could cause differential impacts on host fitness depending on ecological context. Using data from field surveys, we found that microsporidian-infected <i>Daphnia </i>hosts experienced a reproductive advantage when virulent parasites were common and a reproductive disadvantage when resources were scarce and virulent parasites were rare. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiparasite community context and resource availability in host-parasite studies and open the door for future research into conditions driving shifts along parasitism to mutualism gradients.</p>
Bottom-up effect of host protective symbionts on parasitoid diversity: Limited evidence from two field experiments
<p>1. Protective symbionts can provide effective and specific protection to their hosts. This protection can differ between different symbiont strains with each strain providing protection against certain components of the parasite and pathogen community their host faces. Protective symbionts are especially well known from aphids where, among other functions, they provide protection against different parasitoid wasps. However, most of the evidence for this protection comes from laboratory experiments.</p> <p>2. Our aim was to understand how consistent protection is across different symbiont strains under natural field conditions and whether symbiont diversity enhanced the species diversity of colonizing parasitoids, as could be expected from the specificity of their protection.</p> <p>3. We used experimental colonies of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, to investigate symbiont conferred protection under natural field conditions over two seasons. Colonies differed only in their symbiont composition, carrying either no symbionts, a single strain of the protective symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, or a mixture of three H. defensa strains. These aphid colonies were exposed to natural parasitoid communities in the field. Subsequently, we determined the parasitoids hatched from each aphid colony.</p> <p>4. The evidence for a protective effect of H. defensa was limited and inconsistent between years, and aphid colonies harboring multiple symbiont strains did not support a more diverse parasitoid community. Instead, parasitoid diversity tended to be highest in the absence of H. defensa.</p> <p>5. Symbiont conferred protection, although a strong and repeatable effect under laboratory conditions, may not always cause the predicted bottom-up effects under natural conditions in the field.</p>
How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism
<p>These are the two datasets for the article "<strong>How efficient is symbiont-mediated protection to heat under daily fluctuating thermal environments? A study on an aphid-bacterium mutualism</strong>".</p> <p>We examined the effects of four thermal regimes defined by their combination of mean temperature (18 or 25°C) and diurnal thermal range (day-night fluctuations: 5 or 10°C) on the interaction between the aphid <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>, its obligate symbiont <em>Buchnera aphidicola </em>and the facultative heat-protective symbiont <em>Serratia symbiotica</em>. We used two clonal lines of <em>A. pisum </em>uninfected (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR). Thermal treatments were applied form aphid birth to death. We recorded both aphid traits (immature survival rate, longevity, immature development time, total fecundity, body size) and symbiont titres at the onset of reproduction (for both <em>B. aphidicola </em>and <em>S. symbiotica</em>), expressed relatively to aphid gene copy number through quantitative PCRs (qPCRs).</p> <p><strong>Aphid traits</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (5A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(5AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. surv.adult = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual survived until reaching reproduction (immature survival rate)</p> <p>. adulthood = time elapsed between birth and first reproduction (in days)</p> <p>. lifespan = time elapsed between birth and death (in days)</p> <p>. offspring = total number of larvae produced by each aphid throughout lifetime</p> <p>. tibia = hind tibia length as a proxy of body size (in mm)</p> <p>. wing = whether (Y) or not (N) the individual developed wings following imaginal moult</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Symbiont titres</strong></p> <p>. Individual = identification of the individual</p> <p>. Line = aphid clonal line, either deprived of (A) or infected with <em>S. symbiotica </em>(AR)</p> <p>. MT = Mean Temperature, either 18°C or 25°C</p> <p>. DTR = Diurnal Temperature Range (day-night fluctuations), either 5°C or 10°C</p> <p>. QPCR = identification of the microplate used during qPCR analyses (to handle pseudoreplication)</p> <p>. EfAlph = number of copies of aphid housekeeping gene elongation factor 1-alpha (<em>EF1-α</em>)</p> <p>. SdEfAlph = standard deviation of the aphid gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnaKBa = number of copies of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKBa = standard deviation of <em>B. aphidicola </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. DnakSs = number of copies of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene <em>dnaK</em></p> <p>. SdDnaKSs = standard deviation of <em>S. symbiotica </em>gene copy number, calculated over three technical replicates</p> <p>. RappBa = ratio between DnaKBa and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>B. aphidicola</em></p> <p>. RappSs = ratio between DnaKSs and EfAlph to calculate relative titre of <em>S. symbiotica</em></p>
Fig. 1 in Symbiont Fauna Of Freshwater Zooplankton In Several Water Bodies Of The Dnipro River Basin
Fig. 1. Symbionts of fresh-water zooplankton: A — abdomen with zoo-
Supplementary tables for Honey Bee symbiont buffers larvae against nutritional stress and supplements lysine
<p>Honey bees have suffered dramatic losses in recent years, largely due to multiple stressors underpinned by poor nutrition. Nutritional stress especially harms larvae, who mature into workers unable to meet the needs of their colony. In this study, we characterize the metabolic capabilities of a honey bee larvae-associated bacterium, <em>Bombella apis</em> (formerly <em>Parasaccharibacter apium</em>), and its effects on the nutritional resilience of larvae. We found that <em>B. apis</em> is the only bacterium associated with larvae that can withstand the antimicrobial larval diet. Further, we found that <em>B. apis</em> can synthesize all essential amino acids and significantly alters the amino acid content of synthetic larval diet, largely by supplying the essential amino acid lysine. Analyses of gene gain/loss across the phylogeny suggest that four amino acid transporters were gained in recent <em>B. apis</em> ancestors. In addition, the transporter LysE is conserved across all sequenced strains of <em>B. apis</em>. Finally, we tested the impact of <em>B. apis</em> on developing honey bee larvae subjected to nutritional stress and found that larvae supplemented with <em>B. apis</em> are bolstered against mass reduction despite limited nutrition. Together, these data suggest a novel role of <em>B. apis</em> as a nutritional mutualist of honey bee larvae.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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