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Figure 72 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figure 72: Phylogenies based on Stockwell (1989), Prendini (2000), and the results of our analysis for superfamily Scorpionoidea showing familes and subfamilies. Family-group names are those established in this paper and not necessarily levels used by other authors. For Prendini's (2000: Fig. 2) phylogeny, overall support data is CI/RI = 0.55/0.92, and bootstrap results are shown below the branches and are based on a single sequence of 10,000 pseudoreplicates. For the results of our analysis, all nodes are supported by all (100 %) 992 MPTs. Overall support data for our analysis: CI/RI/G-Fit = 0.6189/0.9310/-93.355; bootstrap values are indicated below the branches and represent the mean value of three 1,000 pseudoreplicate sequences.

Figures 73-74 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 73-74: Alternative topologies and support for scorpionoid families Scorpionidae and Hemiscorpiidae based on the character state assignments of a single ventromedian (VM) carina found on metasomal segments I–IV (character 95). 73. Subfamilies Urodacinae, Heteroscorpioninae, and Hemiscorpiinae are assigned different state values: Note that for majority-rule consensus of 23,990 MPTs, clades Scorpioninae + Urodacinae and Hemiscorpiinae + Hormurinae show only 59 % and 69 % support, respectively. 74. Subfamily Urodacinae is assigned a different state value than subfamilies Heteroscorpioninae and Hemiscorpiinae: Note that all clades are supported by all (100 %) 992 MPTs, both for strict and majority-rule consensus.

Figures 41-44 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 41-44: Sterna of genera Heteroscorpion and Urodacus. 41. H. goodmani, male paratype. 42. Heteroscorpion opisthacanthoides, female. 43. Urodacus yaschenkoi, female. 44. U. elongatus, male.

Figures 45-49 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 45-49: Diagrammatic pattern of denticle edge of chelal movable finger, distal aspect, showing first three denticle groups (DG). 45. Heteroscorpion goodmani. 46. Urodacus yaschenkoi. 47. Urodacus novaehollandiae. 48. Urodacus elongatus. 49. Urodacus armatus.

Figures 13-18 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 13-18: Diagrammatic trichobothrial pattern of external surface of chela for genus Urodacus showing external accessory trichobothria. 13. Urodacus manicatus. 14. U. novaehollandiae. 15. U. armatus. 16. U. elongatus. 17. U. hoplurus. 18. U. yaschenkoi. Open circles depict orthobothriotaxy, closed circles depict hypothesized external accessory trichobothria. Note, ventral accessory trichobothria located on the extreme basal aspect of the palm are not shown.

Figures 1-4 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 1-4: Diagrammatic trichobothrial pattern of external surface of patella for genus Heteroscorpion. 1. Heteroscorpion raselimananai. 2. H. goodmani. 3. H. opisthacanthoides (after Vachon, 1974, in part) 4. H. magnus (after Lourenço & Goodman, 2002, in part). Distal ventral trichobothrium number and position depicted as vxx. Open circles depict orthobothriotaxy based on Vachon (1974: Fig. 106), closed circles depict hypothesized accessory trichobothria.

Figures 50-59 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 50-59: Pedipalp patella, dorsal view, comparing the development of the internal projection of select hemiscorpiid genera with that of genus Urodacus. 50. Heteroscorpion raselimananai, female holotype. 51. Heteroscorpion goodmani, male paratype. 52. Opisthacanthus lepturus. 53. Hadogenes troglodytes. 54. Liocheles australasiae, Papua. 55. Urodacus novaehollandiae. 56. Urodacus yaschenkoi. 57. Urodacus hoplurus. 58. Urodacus manicatus. 59. Urodacus armatus. Note, only dorsal trichobothria, d1 and d2, are shown.

Figures 5-12 in The systematic position of the scorpion genera Heteroscorpion Birula, 1903 and Urodacus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionoidea)

Figures 5-12: Diagrammatic trichobothrial pattern of external surface of patella for genus Urodacus. 5. Urodacus manicatus. 6. U. mckenziei (after Volschenk et al., 2000: Fig. 11, in part). 7. U. planimanus. 8. U. novaehollandiae. 9. U. armatus. 10. U. elongatus. 11. U. hoplurus. 12. U. yaschenkoi. Distal ventral trichobothrium number and position depicted as vxx. Open circles depict orthobothriotaxy based on Vachon (1974: Fig. 107), closed circles depict hypothesized accessory trichobothria.

Fig. 8. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus

Fig. 8. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Thecal base of Fig. 6B. Scale bar 50 µm. B, C. Fractured thecal bases, and occluded autotheca (arrowed) (ZPAL G.30/17). Scale bars: B, 100 µm, C, 50 µm. D. Thecal base on main stem, with occluded autotheca (arrowed), a needle preparation from ZPAL G.30/18. Scale bar 20 µm. E. Stem, looking obliquely proximally, with two thecal bases (ZPALG.30/15). Scale bar 200 µm. F, G, H. Successively more distal cross−sections of thecal bases. Scale bars 10 µm, 50 µm, 100 µm. I. Thecal base with occluded autotheca (ZPALG.30/17). Scale bar 50 µm. J. Diaphragm of stolonal triad in thecal base, looking proximally (ZPALG.30/15). Scale bar 10 µm. K. Stolotheca looking proximally with adjacent thecal base displaying astolothecaltriad,seeH(ZPALG.30/11).Scalebar200µm. L.Crassal,fusellarandcorticaltissuesinthecalbase(ZPALG.30/17).Scalebar5µm. M."E.T. head" of thecal base, with central occluded autotheca (ZPAL G.30/4). Scale bar 50 µm.

Fig. 4. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus

Fig. 4. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Fractured wall of stolotheca. The head of a fusellus is arrowed (ZPALG.30/9). Scale bar 10 µm B, C. External ornament on stolothecae (ZPAL G.30/10). Scale bars 100 µm, 50 µm. D. Sectional view of stolonal triad on main stem, looking distally (ZPAL G.30/11). Scale bar 50 µm. E. Stolonal triad on main stem, looking proximally; diaphragm at base of occluded autotheca (arrowed) (ZPALG.30/12). Scale bar 50 µm. F. Base of diaphragm on main stem, looking distally, and showing two pores (ZPALG.30/13). Scale bar 10 µm. G. Portion of stem with monopodial branch to right. a, occluded first thecal base on branch, with short stolotheca. b, borings on main stem (ZPAL G.30/14). Scale bar 500 µm.

Fig.3. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus

Fig.3. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A.Stipewiththickcortexandfracturedthecalbase.(ZPALG.30/4).Scalebar100µm. B.Occludedthecalbaseon proximal portion of stem (ZPALG.30/3). Scale bar 10 µm. C. Proximal portion of stem, with occluded sicula and first thecal base. (ZPALG.30/2). Scale bar 200 µm. D. Portion of stem with monopodial branch (ZPALG.30/5). Scale bar 2 µm. E. Fractured stolotheca; distal to left (ZPALG.30/6). Scale bar 50 µm. F. Fractured stem with thick cortex and borings (ZPALG.30/7). Scale bar 50 µm. G. Amphorate stolothecae, and broken thecal bases (ZPALG.30/4) Scale bar 1 mm. H. Amphorate stolotheca, looking proximally. (ZPAL G.30/8). Scale bar 100 µm. I. Stereopair view of thecal base (ZPAL G.30/4). Scale bar 100 µm.

Fig. 2. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A in The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus

Fig. 2. Mastigograptus aff. tenuiramosus. A. Fusellar fabric of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bar 1 µm. B. Fusellar and cortical fabrics in the laminae of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/3). Scale bar 20 µm. C. Sheet fabric of laminae of holdfast (ZPAL G.30/1). Scale bar 1 µm. D. Laminae of holdfast. Bundled parallel cortical fibrils and sheet fabric with vesicles (ZPALG.30/1). Scale bar 1 µm. E. Two siculae on holdfast. The left hand one is occluded (ZPALG.30/1). Scale bar 100 µm. F. Occluded sicula (arrowed) (ZPAL G.30/3). Scale bar 100 µm. G, H. Broken thecal base on proximal portion of stem (ZPAL G.30/2). Scale bars: G, 50 µm; H, 100 µm.

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Fig. 2 in New systematic position of Itatingamyia Albuquerque (Diptera, Muscidae) based on molecular evidence, and description of the female of I. couriae

Fig. 2. Molecular phylogenetic hypothesis using Bayesian inference of the combined mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (AATS, CAD, and EF1-a) protein-coding genes for 68 species of Muscidae highlighting the position of Itatingamyia within the Cyrtoneurininae.Subfamily-level classification follows Haseyama et al. (2015). Numbers are Bayesian posterior probabilities values.

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Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1). in Revision Of The Cyprinids From The Early Oligocene Of The České Středohoří Mountains, And The Phylogenetic Relationships Of Protothymallus Laube, 1901 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Gobioninae)

Text-fig. 12. Cladogram showing the systematic position of Protothymallus within the Cyprinidae (for the character states see Tab. 1).

Text-fig. 10. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, NM S 4766, x 26. Lateral plates on undersurface of arm segment in Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. Short thin groove spines on ventral edge of lateral arm plates protect undersurface of vertebra and partially cover ambulacral groove. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 10. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, NM S 4766, x 26. Lateral plates on undersurface of arm segment in Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. Short thin groove spines on ventral edge of lateral arm plates protect undersurface of vertebra and partially cover ambulacral groove.

Text-fig. 11. Eospondylus cf. primigenius (STÜRTZ) "Prastav" quarry at Praha-Holyně, Třebotov Limestone, Lower Devonian, Dalejan, NM L 36905, x 65. Overlay of proximal and distal articulations. Upper photo is proximal surface with distal bird-like articulation knobs superposed in ink. Lower photo is distal surface with proximal articulation knobs superposed in ink. The architecture of articulation surfaces is both zygospondylous and auluroid. This architecture occurs also in vertebrae of Furcaster and indicates that families Eospondylidae and Furcasteridae are closely related. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 11. Eospondylus cf. primigenius (STÜRTZ) "Prastav" quarry at Praha-Holyně, Třebotov Limestone, Lower Devonian, Dalejan, NM L 36905, x 65. Overlay of proximal and distal articulations. Upper photo is proximal surface with distal bird-like articulation knobs superposed in ink. Lower photo is distal surface with proximal articulation knobs superposed in ink. The architecture of articulation surfaces is both zygospondylous and auluroid. This architecture occurs also in vertebrae of Furcaster and indicates that families Eospondylidae and Furcasteridae are closely related.

Text-fig. 7B. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, BMNH E3358, x 4. Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. Underside of arm showing two contrasting appearances of lateral arm plates in a single arm. The arm is rolled slightly. Of the left lateral arm plates the lateral surface is extensively exposed. The spine ridge faces distally (posteriorly). Of the right lateral arm plates only the ventral edge that borders the ambulacral groove is exposed. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 7B. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, BMNH E3358, x 4. Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. Underside of arm showing two contrasting appearances of lateral arm plates in a single arm. The arm is rolled slightly. Of the left lateral arm plates the lateral surface is extensively exposed. The spine ridge faces distally (posteriorly). Of the right lateral arm plates only the ventral edge that borders the ambulacral groove is exposed.

Text-fig. 8. Eospondylus cf. primigenius (STÜRTZ) "Červený lom" quarry near Praha-Klukovice, Loděnice Limestone, Lower Devonian, Pragian, NM L 36910, x 25. Left lateral plate, outer view. The surface leading to the vertical ridge flairs outward. The height profile leaves uncovered part of the side of the arm vertebra. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 8. Eospondylus cf. primigenius (STÜRTZ) "Červený lom" quarry near Praha-Klukovice, Loděnice Limestone, Lower Devonian, Pragian, NM L 36910, x 25. Left lateral plate, outer view. The surface leading to the vertical ridge flairs outward. The height profile leaves uncovered part of the side of the arm vertebra.

Text-fig. 6. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, NM S 4766, x 12.5. Undersurface of arm segments in Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. A few lateral plates are displaced and expose details of vertebrae. The canal for radial water vessel is in center of zygosphene knob and zygotreme pit, like spout and funnel. At distal outer edges of vertebrae is cupola for tube feet. There are no under arm plates. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 6. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate, NM S 4766, x 12.5. Undersurface of arm segments in Hunsrück Slate articulated specimen. A few lateral plates are displaced and expose details of vertebrae. The canal for radial water vessel is in center of zygosphene knob and zygotreme pit, like spout and funnel. At distal outer edges of vertebrae is cupola for tube feet. There are no under arm plates.

Text-fig. 2. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate,, NM S 4764, x 3. Specimen with ventral arm coiling. The specimen is on its dorsum in slate with all five rays curled ventrally inward toward mouth area on underside of disk. Barely visible are tips of two jaws; slightly exposed are proximal parts of rays in oral view extending outward from disk. The location of abrupt ventral bending of rays is indicated by emergence from slate of five rays in aboral view that point inward toward buried disk. Based on ventral bending of rays and intimate association with crinoids Eospondylus has been interpreted as stratigraphic first occurrence of Order Euryalida, which contains epizoic gorgonocephalid and euryalid basket-stars of modern oceans. This status is rejected using new evidence from isolated vertebrae. [Photo by Alexander Glass]. in Isolated Ossicles Of The Family Eospondylidae Spencer Wright, 1966, In The Lower Devonian Of Bohemia (Czech Republic) And Correction Of The Systematic Position Of Eospondylid Brittlestars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Oegophiurida)

Text-fig. 2. Eospondylus primigenius (STÜRTZ) Bundenbach, Eschenbach-Bocksberg quarry, Lower Devonian, Lower Emsian (Zlichovian), Hunsrück Slate,, NM S 4764, x 3. Specimen with ventral arm coiling. The specimen is on its dorsum in slate with all five rays curled ventrally inward toward mouth area on underside of disk. Barely visible are tips of two jaws; slightly exposed are proximal parts of rays in oral view extending outward from disk. The location of abrupt ventral bending of rays is indicated by emergence from slate of five rays in aboral view that point inward toward buried disk. Based on ventral bending of rays and intimate association with crinoids Eospondylus has been interpreted as stratigraphic first occurrence of Order Euryalida, which contains epizoic gorgonocephalid and euryalid basket-stars of modern oceans. This status is rejected using new evidence from isolated vertebrae. [Photo by Alexander Glass].