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Fig. 6. Head, dorsal view. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 6. Head, dorsal view. A. Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. candezei (Harold, 1869). C. S. genieri sp. nov. D. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. E. S. seag sp. nov. F. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. G. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920).

Fig. 4 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 4. The three scarab beetle specialists responsible for the intense period of taxonomic activity that 'Canthon sensu lato' passed through during the 1940s–1970s. Throughout that period and through tens of papers, the former concept of the genus Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817 was divided into several genera and subgenera, including Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977, published in the last work of that series. A. The Brazilian cleric, Padre Francisco Silvério Pereira, CMF (1913–1991) (image courtesy of Everardo Grossi and Brett Ratcliffe). B. The Argentinian entomologist Antonio Martínez (1922– 1993) (modified from Fritz 1994). C. The Mexican entomologist Gonzalo Halffter (b. 1932) (modified from Morrone 2015a).

Fig. 7. Pterothorax, ventrolateral views. A in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 7. Pterothorax, ventrolateral views. A. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. Canthon xanthopus Blanchard, 1846. Abbreviations: MsC = mesocoxa; MMsC = external margin of mesocoxa; CMtE = centre of metaventrite; LMtE = lateral region of metaventrite; MtC = metacoxa.

Fig. 3 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 3. The two great revisers of Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817 in the first half of the 20th century. A. The German coleopterist Adolf Schmidt (1856–1923). After the publication of his two works on Scarabaeinae (Schmidt 1920, 1922), Canthon was composed of 143 valid species. Schmidt was the first author to recognize a group of species that, more than 50 years later, would constitute the core of the genus Sylvicanthon as proposed by Halffter & Martínez (1977). B. The Czech coleopterist Vladimír Balthasar (1897–1978), one of the first authors to recognize explicitly the great heterogeneity and artificiality of Canthon and to propose its division into several genera and subgenera. (Both images courtesy of Editha Schubert, from the archives of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.)

Fig. 2 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 2. The German coleopterist Edgar von Harold (1830–1886), one of the first specialists in scarab beetles and author of the only 19th century revision of Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817, in which 97 species were recognized as valid, 46 as new. Harold described two species today positioned in Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977: S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. and S. candezei (Harold, 1869) (portrait courtesy of Editha Schubert, from the archives of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut; title page of Harold's revision of Canthon scanned from an original copy housed at the first author's personal library).

Fig. 1 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 1. Authors who initiated the studies on 'Canthon sensu lato' in the first half of the 19th century. A. The German naturalist Johann Centurius Graf von Hoffmannsegg (1766–1849), author of the genus Canthon (image courtesy of Editha Schubert, from the archives of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut). B. The French entomologist Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833), author of Ateuchus septemmaculatus Latreille, 1807, species treated in detail by Hoffmannsegg (1817) in his description of Canthon. Latreille was also the author of Coprobius, name considered valid for decades before being synonymized with Canthon by Harold (1868a) (image courtesy of the United States National Library of Medicine).

Fig. 5 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 5. Subdentate tarsal claws in different groups of dung beetles. The presence of this form of tarsal claw was seen as evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between several groups of Scarabaeinae distributed over the continents of former Gondwana. A. Protarsal claws of Sylvicanthon proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. Red arrow indicates the basal agularity of the claw. B. Pseudocanthon vitraci (Fleutiaux & Sallé, 1889) (modified from Matthews 1966). C. Canthonella parva (Chapin, 1930) (modified from Halffter & Martínez 1967). D. Lepanus penelopae Matthews & Weir, 2002 (left) and L. loftyensis Matthews & Weir, 2002 (right) (modified from Matthews & Weir 2002). E. Oficanthon mirabilis Paulian, 1985 (modified from Paulian 1985).

Fig. 26 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 26. Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) type material. A. a. Lectotype. b. Labels of lectotype. c. Labels of paralectotype 3. B. The four localities where S. candezei type series may have been collected by Bates in the lower Tapajós region in 1852 (see discussion in the text). C. The English naturalist Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892), the collector of the S. candezei type series (modified from Bidau 2014).

Fig. 19 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 19. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. monnei sp. nov. E. S. mayri sp. nov.

Fig. 22 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 22. Distribution of Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. Note that the species occupies transition zones between the Amazonia, Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes, regions much dryer and more open than the humid forests occupied by the species of the candezei group.

Fig. 17 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 17. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. candezei (Harold, 1869) (arrows points to the ventral notch). D. S. genieri sp. nov. (idem). E. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868). F. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov.

Fig. 37 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 37. Sylvicanthon seag sp. nov. A. Dorsal view of a bicolour specimen (present only on the banks of the Amazon River and in the Brazilian state of Maranhão). B. Dorsal view of a bluish specimen. C. Dorsal view of a greenish specimen. D. Ventral view of a greenish specimen.

Fig. 31 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'

Fig. 31. Metafemora of the two species of the aequinoctialis subgroup. A. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. B. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. Arrow indicates the basal end of the posterior margin of the ventral face of metafemora (note that it is longer in S. aequinoctialis comb. nov. than in S. proseni stat. et comb. nov. and may exceed the trochanter in the first species).

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 6. Holotype of Ophiocoma (Breviturma subgen. nov.) krohi sp. nov. (MNHN-IE-4300). A. Dorsal disc. B. Dorsal arm. C. Ventral arm, note the pattern on the arm spines. D. Ventral disc. E. Jaws.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 3. Ophiocoma (Breviturma subgen. nov.) doederleini de Loriol, 1899 (UF5318). SEM images. A. Dorsal disc. B. Dorsal arm. C. Dorsal disc granules. D. Jaws. E. Ventral arm. F. Radial shield, internal aspect, distal edge downwards. G. Oral plates (half-jaws), abradial aspect left, adradial right, proximal edge left. H. Dental plates, external aspect on left, internal on right (lower septum broken), dorsal upwards. I. Genital plates abradial left, adradial right, distal upwards. J. Arm vertebrae, proximal aspect left, distal right, dorsal upwards. K. Lateral arm plates, external aspect left, internal right, distal to the right. UF, Florida Museum of Natural History.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ophiocoma (Breviturma) subgen. nov. (two species of the scolopendrina group as outgroup), estimated by maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining analysis of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and rDNA 16S (in total 1125 bp). Values at branches indicate bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (above branches) and neighbour-joining (below branches). Specimen codes are resolved in the Supplementary file.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 2. Colour variations in species of Ophiocoma (Breviturma) subgen. nov. A-C. Ophiocoma doederleini Rowe & Pawson, 1977. A. Reticulated specimen (UF5318). B. Close-up of annulated arm spines. C. Densely reticulated specimen (UF6518). D. Ophiocoma brevipes Peters, 1851 (SMNH- 133230). E-F. Ophiocoma dentata Müller & Troschel, 1842. E. Variegated specimen (SMNH-133232). F. Uniformly reddish brown specimen (URUN2009-11047). G-L. Ophiocoma krohi sp. nov. paratypes. G. With large patches (SMNH-Type-8533). H. Small irregular spots (MNHN-IE-4302). I. Star-shaped radiating pattern (SMNH-Type-8531). J. Densely mottled (MNHN-IE-4301). K. Uniformly dark brown (SMNH-Type-8536). L. Light brown, sparsely mottled (UF13938). For institution codes see main text.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 5. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophiocoma (Breviturma subgen. nov.) brevipes Peters, 1851 (SMNH-133230), O. (B.) dentata Müller & Troschel, 1842 (SMNH-133232) and O. krohi sp. nov. paratype (SMNH-Type-8535). A-C. Oral plates, abradial aspect at left, orientated with dorsal side up. A. O. brevipes. B. O. dentata. C. O. krohi sp. nov. D-F. Dental plates, external aspect left, internal aspect right, dorsal edge upwards. D. O. brevipes. E. O. dentata. F. O. krohi sp. nov. G-I. Radial shields, internal aspect, proximal edge upwards. G. O. brevipes. H. O. dentata. I. O. krohi sp. nov. J-L.Vertebrae from proximal part of arm, proximal aspect left, dorsal upwards. J. O. brevipes. K. O. dentata. L. O. krohi sp. nov. M-O. Genital plates, abradial plate left, adradial plate right, distal ends up (towards radial shields). M. O. brevipes. N. O. dentata. O. O. krohi sp. nov. P-R. Lateral arm plates from proximal arm, external aspect left, internal aspect right, distal end right. P. O. brevipes. Q. O. dentata. R. O. krohi sp. nov. For institution codes see main text.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 7. Granule densities in relation to disc diameter of the examined nominal species of Ophiocoma, from Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of the Ophiocoma brevipes group (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), with description of a new subgenus (Breviturma) and a new species

Fig. 4. SEM images of three species of Ophiocoma (Breviturma) subgen. nov. A-E. Ophiocoma brevipes Peters, 1851 (SMNH-133230). A. Dorsal disc. B. Dorsal arms. C. Dorsal disc granules. D. Jaws. E. Ventral arm. F-I. Ophiocoma dentata Müller & Troschel, 1842 (SMNH-133232). F. Dorsal disc. G. Dorsal arm. H. Dorsal disc granules. I. Jaws. J. Ventral arm. K-N. Ophiocoma krohi sp. nov. paratype (SMNH-Type-8534). K. Dorsal disc. L. Dorsal arms. M. Dorsal disc granules. N. Jaws. O. Ventral arm. For institution codes see main text.