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Fig. 6 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 6. Isolated tooth (Morphotype 3) from the Cretaceous Cerro de los Leones locality, Picún Leufú, Argentina. MCF-PVPH-879-2 in labial (A1, A2), lingual (A3, A4), distal (A5, A6), and mesial (A7, A8) views. The basal cross section (A9, A10) is visible due to the natural breaking of the crown.

Fig. 7 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 7. Tooth morphotype distribution in ornithocheiriform upper and lower jaw (A) with associated crown size and cross-section variation (B). Example based on Anhanguera piscator (Kellner and Tomida 2000).

Fig. 4 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 4. Isolated tooth (Morphotype 1) from the Cerro de los Leones locality, Albian, Lower Cretaceous, Picún Leufú, Argentina. MCF-PVPH-879-8 in labial (A1, A2), lingual (A3, A4), mesial (A5, A6), and distal (A7, A8) views. The basal cross section (A9, A10) is visible due to the natural breaking of the crown.

Fig. 8 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 8. Life reconstruction of the Cerro de los Leones pterosaur, displaying the morphological diversity of its dentition based on the observed distribution of the morphotypes. Illustration by Alessio Ciaffi.

Fig. 3 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 3. Isolated pterosaur teeth from the Cerro de los Leones locality, Albian, Lower Cretaceous, Picún Leufú, Argentina. Morphotype 1 (H, J, L, N), Morphotype 2 (A, C, M, P, Q, R, S), and Morphotype 3 (B, D, E, G, I, K, O, T). A. MCF-PVPH-739-2. B. MCF-PVPH-741. C. MCF-PVPH-743. D. MCFPVPH-875. E. MCF-PVPH-879-1. F. MCF-PVPH-879-2. G. MCF-PVPH-879-3. H. MCF-PVPH-879-4. I. MCF-PVPH-879-5. J. MCFPVPH-879-6. K. MCF-PVPH-879-7. L. MCF-PVPH-879-8. M. MCF-PVPH-879-9. N. MCF-PVPH-879-10. O. MCF-PVPH-879-11. P. MCFPVPH-880-1. Q. MCFPVPH-880-2. R. MCF-PVPH-880-3. S. MCF-PVPH-880-4. T. MCF-PVPH-880-5. In labial (A–G, I, K, O–Q, S, T), lingual (H, M, N, R), and mesial (J, L) views.

Fig. 2 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Cullín Grande Member (Lohan Cura Formation), Albian, Lower Cretaceous, Cerro de Los Leones, Patagonia, Argentina. Architectural element codes follow Miall 1996: CS, crevasse channel; FF, floodplain fines; LA, lateral accretion; LS, laminated sand sheets; LV, levee; SB, sandy bedforms. Modified from Martinelli et al. 2007 with silhouettes from www.phylopic.org: pterosaur (Anhanguera santanae) silhouette credit of Leon P.A.M. Claessens, Patrick M. O'Connor, David M. Unwin; sauropod (Dreadnoughtus schrani) silhouette by Scott Hartman; theropod Giganotosaurus carolinii) silhouette by Tasman Dixon; crocodile silhouette by B. Kimmel. Anhanguera santanae and Dreadnoughtus schani silhouettes license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.

Fig. 1 in Pterosaur teeth from the Southern Neuquén Basin (Patagonia, Argentina): New insights on the reconstruction of ornithocheiriform dental anatomy

Fig. 1. Geographic position of Cerro de los Leones in the Neuquén Basin. A. Map of the Neuquén Basin, showing position of the studied area (asterisk); white dashed line indicates the boundary of the Neuquén Basin; yellow line indicates the boundary between Chile and Argentina. Satellite views of the Cerro de los Leones area showing relation to Picún Leufú (B) and locations (asterisks) of provenance of vertebrate fossils (images from Google Earth).

Fig. 3. A-F, L, M in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 3. A-F, L, M, holotype left tympanic bulla of Mammalodon hakataramea, OU 22026; all views show the bulla coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and lit from upper left. A, dorsal. B, ventral. C, posterior. D, anterior. E, lateral. F, medial. G-K, holotype right tympanic bulla of Mammalodon colliveri Pritchard, NMV P199986, with views mirrored for ease of comparison with M. hakataramea; bulla is coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and mirrored views show lighting from upper right. G, dorsal. H, ventral. I, medial. J, lateral. K, posterior. L, M, enlarged views of left tympanic bulla of Mammalodon hakataramea to show anterior pedicle. L, slightly dorsomedial posterior view. M, slightly posterior dorsomedial view.

Fig. 4 in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 4. Relevant detail of phylogeny from Marx and Fordyce (2015: Fig. 2), showing relationships of Mammalodon hakataramea and other Mysticeti basal to the crown group. Pli., Pliocene; Pls., Pleistocene.

Fig. 2. A-G, I in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 2. A-G, I, holotype of Mammalodon hakataramea, OU 22026; all material coated with sublimed ammonium chloride and lit from upper left. A-E, individual isolated teeth in labial or lingual view. F, G, I, holotype skull roof of Mammalodon hakataramea. F, I, dorsal view, anterior towards the top; G, oblique dorsolateral view from the left, anterior towards the lower left. H, holotype skull of Mammalodon colliveri Pritchard, NMV P199986, dorsal view, not coated with sublimed ammonium chloride. H and I are shown at the same scale to compare the differences in size and profile between the two Mammalodon species. The two dashed lines show the position of the apex of the nuchal crest and the dorsal lip of the foramen magnum in M. colliveri; M. hakataramea is aligned with the upper line.

Fig. 1 in Mysticetes baring their teeth: a new fossil whale, Mammalodon hakataramea, from the Southwest Pacific

Fig. 1, Locality map and stratigraphy of the Sisters Creek-Homestead Creek area of Hakataramea Valley. The stratigraphic column, right, is modified from that of Tsai and Fordyce (2015) for "Haughs' Quarry", which provides the nearest detailed column to Sisters Creek. Mammalodon hakataramea came from about the horizon identified as the diffuse shellbed with Lentipecten hochstetteri and brachiopods.

Fig. 1 in What is 'Pseudo' in Pseudotribosphenic Teeth?

Fig. 1. Comparison of tribosphenic (a) and pseudo-tribosphenic (b) morphology for upper (top) and lower (bottom) molars, with basins and cusps labelled according to the nomenclature proposed here. The main upper cusps of both forms are labelled protocone, paracone and metacone, while the structures associated with the pseudotalonid basin on the lower are suffixed with 'pseudo'. (a) upper is Peramus and lower is unidentified lower from Crompton (1971), redrawn from Wang et al. (1998); (b) upper and lower are based on Pseudotribos, redrawn from Luo et al. (2007).

Figure 25. Bulungamayine molariform teeth. a, b in A revised faunal list and geological setting for Bullock Creek, a Camfieldian site from the Northern Territory of Australia

Figure 25. Bulungamayine molariform teeth. a, b, occlusal stereopair of NTMAG P8697-8, RM2/3; c, d, occlusal stereopair of NTMAG P874-1, LM3; e, f, occlusal stereopair of NTMAG P9464-190, Lm2; g, h, occlusal stereopair of NTMAG P9464-217, Rm2; i, j, occlusal stereopair of NTMAG P9272-10, Ldp3. Scale bar = 3 mm.

Figure 5. Upper cheek teeth VII–IX in A late Oligocene waipatiid dolphin (Odontoceti: Waipatiidae) from Victoria, Australia

Figure 5. Upper cheek teeth VII–IX of NMV P48861, Waipatiidae gen. et sp. indet., in labial (A, E, I), lingual (B, F, J), anterior (C, G, K), and posterior (D, H, L) views. A–D: tooth VII, left upper anterior cheek tooth. E–H: tooth VIII, right upper posterior cheek tooth. I–L: tooth IX, right upper posterior cheek tooth. See Material and Methods for abbreviations. Specimens whitened with ammonium chloride.

Figure 3. Anterior teeth I in A late Oligocene waipatiid dolphin (Odontoceti: Waipatiidae) from Victoria, Australia

Figure 3. Anterior teeth I–III of NMV P48861, Waipatiidae gen. et sp. indet. Tooth I, presumed procumbent incisor in: A, labial; B, anterior; C, posterior; and D, lingual views. Tooth II, anterior tooth in: E, posterior; F, labial; G, anterior; and H, lingual views. Tooth III, right upper anterior tooth in: I, labial; J, posterior; K, anterior; and L, lingual views. Specimens whitened with ammonium chloride.

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Fig. 1. Map showing the localities where the analyzed South Korean pterosaur fossils were discovered. A, fossil locality yielding pterosaur teeth KPE 40001 and YCS 2001 in Geometric Morphometric Approach To Establish Phylogenetic Affinities Of Enigmatic Pterosaur Specimens From The Lower Cretaceous Of South Korea

Fig. 1. Map showing the localities where the analyzed South Korean pterosaur fossils were discovered. A, fossil locality yielding pterosaur teeth KPE 40001 and YCS 2001 (with YCS 2001 as an example); B, fossil locality where the second wing phalanx SNUVP 201901 was excavated. Images of YCS 2001 and SNUVP 201901 are modified from Yun et al. (2007) and Park et al. (2020), respectively, and the pterosaur silhouette is from phylopic.org (courtesy of FunkMonk, CC BY-SA 3.0).

FIGURE 15 in Identifying tooth position of isolated teeth of sparassodonts (Mammalia: Metatheria) using geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 15. Allometric shape variation in the M1-3 of Sparassodonta as shown by the Procrustes-transformed coordinates. (A) Superimposed differences in allometric shape at the smallest (black) and largest (gray) extremes of the size range of the dataset. (B-C) Deformation grids showing differences in allometric shape variation between the sample average and (B) minimum size and (C) maximum size. Differences between loci are magnified by a factor of 2 to better illustrate patterns of variation.

FIGURE 6 in Identifying tooth position of isolated teeth of sparassodonts (Mammalia: Metatheria) using geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 6. Inter-locus variation in the M1-3 of Sparassodonta as shown by the Procrustes-transformed coordinates of the geometric morphometric analysis. (A) Superimposed differences between tooth loci in the Procrustes-transformed coordinates of the average shape of M1 (large gray circles) and M3 (small black circles). The other three images show deformation grids from the average shape of all 114 examined specimens relative to the average shape of (B) M1, (C) M2, and (D) M3. Differences between loci are magnified by a factor of 3 to better illustrate patterns of variation.

FIGURE 7 in Identifying tooth position of isolated teeth of sparassodonts (Mammalia: Metatheria) using geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 7. Plot of shape data (as regression score; see Drake and Klingenberg, 2008 for definition) versus natural log centroid size for all teeth of known locus in the trigon + talon dataset, showing the allometric signal in the data and the slight clustering of the teeth by locus. The extreme outlier in centroid size is the M3 of Proborhyaena gigantea, which is very large compared to the other teeth examined.

FIGURE 11 in Identifying tooth position of isolated teeth of sparassodonts (Mammalia: Metatheria) using geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 11. Similar to Figure 10, but with the trigon-only dataset. Plot of the first two canonical variates (CVs) of the all-taxon, trigon-only discriminant analysis with tooth locus coded by symbol and incorrectly-classified specimens uncolored. Convex hulls represent morphospace occupied by each tooth locus.