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392 results for “trade-offs”
Allometric relationships and trade-offs in eleven common Mediterranean-climate grasses
<p>Release for EA final submission</p>
Life history correlations and trade-offs resulting from selection for dispersal in Tribolium castaneum
<p>Dispersal is an important facet of the life history of many organisms and is therefore subject to selective pressure, but does not evolve in isolation. Across nature, there are examples of dispersal syndromes, life history strategies in which suites of traits coevolve, and covary with dispersal in combinations that serve to maximise fitness in a given ecological context. The red rust flour beetle, <em>Tribolium castaneum</em>, is a model organism and globally significant post-harvest pest that relies on dispersal to reach new patches of ephemeral habitat. Dispersal behaviour in <em>Tribolium</em> has a strong genetic basis. However, a robust understanding of the relationship between dispersal and other life-history components, which could elucidate evolutionary processes and allow pest managers to control their spread and reduce the impact of infestation, is currently lacking. Here we use highly replicated lines of <em>T. castaneum </em>previously artificially selected for divergent small-scale dispersal propensity, to robustly test several important life history components: reproductive strategy, development time, and longevity. As predicted, we find that a suite of important changes as a result of our selection on dispersal; high dispersal propensity is associated with a lower number of longer mating attempts by males, lower investment in early-life reproduction by females, slower development of later-laid offspring and longer female lifespan. These findings indicate that correlated intraspecific variation in dispersal and related traits may represent alternative life history strategies in <em>T. castaneum</em>. We therefore suggest that pest management efforts to mitigate the species' agro-economic impact should consider the eco-evolutionary dynamics within multiple life histories. The benefits of doing so could be felt both through improved targeting of efforts to reduce spread, and also in forecasting how the selection pressures applied through pest management are likely to affect pest evolution.</p>
Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons
<p>Urbanization, occurring across a gradient from low- to high-density development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization, particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat species would increase use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the summer season, where food and water resources were assumed to be greater compared to wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions, bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization. Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their response to urbanization across seasons. Differences in the response of bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g., wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral strategies that influence a species' susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas. Consistent with predications, plant productivity and water were important for some species in the summer season. Ultimately, to promote the management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are sensitive to urbanization.</p>
Data and Software for "Probabilistic Trade-offs Analysis for Sustainable and Equitable Management of Climate-Induced Water Risks"
<p><span>Research data supporting the study "Probabilistic trade-offs analysis for sustainable and equitable management of climate-induced water risks"</span></p> <p><span>This repository provides data of the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) model, and the output results of the simulations of the various policies and climate scenarios considered in this study, as well as the code used for postprocessing and visualizing the results.</span></p> <p><strong><span>Contents</span></strong></p> <ol> <li><strong><span>Data: Model Inputs</span></strong><span><br>This folder contains the physical river network, reservoir and water demand, and economic data derived from the observed database.<br>The key files are:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>Input_HydrologicalData</span></li> <li><span>Input_SystemData</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Results: Model Output Analysis</span></strong><span><br>This folder includes outputs from the Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP) model under various policies and climate scenarios. The results showcase optimized sectoral water use, including irrigated areas, hydropower generation, and allocations for agriculture, energy, and urban demands across spatial locations (upstream and downstream).<br>Key files include:</span></li> <ul> <li><strong><span>SDDP Model Outputs</span></strong><span> (MATLAB format): </span></li> <ul> <li><span>EnergyPriority_Baseline.mat</span></li> <li><span>EnergyPriority_2070.mat</span></li> <li><span>EnergyPriority_2100.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_Baseline.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_2070.mat</span></li> <li><span>AgriculturePriority_2100.mat</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Extracted Model Results</span></strong><span> (Excel format): </span></li> <ul> <li><span>Organized for each policy and climate scenario to facilitate analysis.</span></li> </ul> </ul> <li><strong><span>Software: Data Analysis and Visualization</span></strong><span><br>Python scripts designed for outputs data analysis and visualization are included to reproduce the primary figures from the study.<br>Scripts provided:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>CDF_outflow.py</span><span>: Analyzes cumulative distribution functions for river discharge.</span></li> <li><span>CDF_sectors.py</span><span>: Examines sectoral water use distributions.</span></li> <li><span>PCP_SI.py</span><span>: Generates Parallel Coordinate Plots for trade-offs analysis.</span></li> </ul> <li><strong><span>Instructions: README File</span></strong><span><br>A comprehensive README file explains:</span></li> <ul> <li><span>Details of model input data.</span></li> <li><span>Instructions to interpret the SDDP model outputs.</span></li> </ul> </ol> <p><strong><span>Instructions:</span></strong><span><br></span><span>The Python scripts process Excel files from the model output results folder to generate and visualize the figures for the paper. Each step is clearly documented within the scripts.</span></p>
Phenotype and QTL mapping data from: Genetic trade-offs underlie divergent life history strategies for local adaptation in white clover
<p>Local adaptation is common in plants, yet characterization of its underlying genetic basis is rare in herbaceous perennials. Moreover, while many plant species exhibit intraspecific chemical defense polymorphisms, their importance for local adaptation remains poorly understood. We examined the genetic architecture of local adaptation in a perennial, obligately-outcrossing herbaceous legume, white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>). This widespread species displays a well-studied chemical defense polymorphism for cyanogenesis (HCN release following tissue damage) and has evolved climate-associated cyanogenesis clines throughout its range. Two biparental F<sub>2</sub> mapping populations, derived from three parents collected in environments spanning the U.S. latitudinal species range (Duluth, MN, St. Louis, MO and Gainesville, FL), were grown in triplicate for two years in reciprocal common garden experiments in the parental environments (6,012 total plants). Vegetative growth and reproductive fitness traits displayed trade-offs across reciprocal environments, indicating local adaptation. Genetic mapping of fitness traits revealed a genetic architecture characterized by allelic trade-offs between environments, with 100% and 80% of fitness QTL in the two mapping populations showing significant QTL X E interactions, consistent with antagonistic pleiotropy. Across the genome there were three hotspots of QTL co-localization. Unexpectedly, we found little evidence that the cyanogenesis polymorphism contributes to local adaptation. Instead, divergent life history strategies in reciprocal environments were major fitness determinants: selection favored early investment in flowering at the cost of multi-year survival in the southernmost site vs. delayed flowering and multi-year persistence in the northern environments. Our findings demonstrate that multi-locus genetic tradeoffs contribute to contrasting life history characteristics that allow for local adaptation in this outcrossing herbaceous perennial.</p>
Evolution of body size and wing shape trade-offs in arsenurine silkmoths
<p>One of the key objectives in biological research is understanding how evolutionary processes have produced Earth's diversity. A critical step towards revealing these processes is an investigation of evolutionary tradeoffs – that is, the opposing pressures of multiple selective forces. For millennia, nocturnal moths have had to balance successful flight, as they search for mates or host plants, with evading bat predators. However, the potential for evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape and body size are poorly understood. In this study, we used phylogenomics and geometric morphometrics to examine the evolution of wing shape in the wild silkmoth subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae) and evaluate potential evolutionary relationships between body size and wing shape. The phylogeny was inferred based on 782 loci from target capture data of 42 arsenurine species representing all 10 recognized genera. After detecting in our data one of the most vexing problems in phylogenetic inference – a region of a tree that possesses short branches and no "support" for relationships (i.e., a polytomy), we looked for hidden phylogenomic signal (i.e., inspecting differing phylogenetic inferences, alternative support values, quartets, and phylogenetic networks) to better illuminate the most probable generic relationships within the subfamily.</p> <p>We found there are putative evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape, body size, and the interaction of fore- and hindwing shape. Namely, body size tends to decrease with increasing hindwing length but increases as forewing shape becomes more complex. Additionally, the type of hindwing (i.e., tail or no tail) a lineage possesses has a significant effect on the complexity of forewing shape. We outline possible selective forces driving the complex hindwing shapes that make Arsenurinae, and silkmoths as a whole, so charismatic.</p>
No evidence for trade-offs between bird diversity, yield and water table depth on oil palm smallholdings: implications for tropical peatland landscape restoration
<p>Tropical peat swamp forests retain large carbon stocks and support unique biodiversity, but clearance and drainage for agriculture have resulted in fires, carbon emissions and biodiversity losses. Initiatives to re-wet cultivated peatlands may benefit biodiversity if this protects remaining forests from fire and agricultural encroachment, but there are concerns that re-wetting could reduce yields and damage livelihoods, as relationships between drainage, on-farm biodiversity, and crop yields have not been studied.</p> <p>We examined oil palm fruit yields and bird diversity on 41 smallholder farms in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia), which varied in drainage intensity (12-month mean water table per plot from August 2018 to August 2019: -52 to -3 cm below ground). We also compared farm bird diversity with a neighbouring area of protected forest (11,000 ha, 21 plots; mean water table per plot -3 to +15 cm).</p> <p>Bird species richness (3-18 species per plot), species composition, and oil palm yields (4.5-19.2 t fresh fruit bunch ha-1 yr-1) varied among farms, but were not detectably affected by water table depth, although ground-level vegetation was more complex on wetter farms. Bird richness in oil palm (mean = 10.3 species per plot) was <50% of that in forest (26 species per plot), and only three out of 35 conservation-priority species found in forest were recorded in oil palm.</p> <p>Synthesis & applications: Tropical peatlands in Indonesia have been drained to allow farmer access and improve farm yields, but we found no trade-offs between drainage depth, yields or bird diversity on smallholder oil palm farms in our study landscape. Current restoration initiatives to re-wet peat may benefit farmers by reducing fire risk, without affecting yields. Wetter farms had increased understorey vegetation complexity, but this did not affect bird diversity, so we find no evidence that re-wetting improves on-farm biodiversity within the studied range of drainage depths. However, on-farm fire reduction efforts in cultivated peatlands, including re-wetting, will be vital for reducing the risk of fires escaping into nearby forests, which contain unique and diverse bird species assemblages. Protection of remaining peatland forests from fire and clearance is key for biodiversity conservation, and for providing a source of seed dispersers and genetic material for future forest and landscape restoration efforts. Restoration of more biodiversity-friendly land covers will improve landscape permeability and help conserve species and the ecosystem services they deliver.</p>
Finding Efficient Trade-offs in Multi-Fidelity Response Surface Modeling: Generated data files and figures
<p>All data files and figures generated for the paper "Finding Efficient Trade-offs in Multi-Fidelity Response Surface Modeling".</p> <p>The code used to generate this is archived at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6123254">zenodo.org/record/6123254</a></p>
Data from: Biodiversity and yield trade-offs for organic farming
<p>Organic farming supports higher biodiversity than conventional farming, but at the cost of lower yields. We conducted a meta-analysis quantifying the trade-off between biodiversity and yield, comparing conventional and organic farming. We developed a compatibility index to assess whether biodiversity gains from organic farming exceed yield losses, and a substitution index to assess whether organic farming would increase biodiversity in an area if maintaining total production under organic farming would require cultivating more land at the expense of nature. Overall, organic farming had 23% gain in biodiversity with a similar cost of yield decline. Biodiversity gain is negatively correlated to yield loss for microbes and plants, but no correlation was found for other taxa. The biodiversity and yield trade-off varies under different contexts of organic farming. The overall compatibility index value was close to zero, with negative values for cereal crops, positive for non-cereal crops, and varies across taxa. Our results indicate that, on average, the proportion of biodiversity gain is similar to the proportion of yield loss for paired field studies. For some taxa in non-cereal crops, switching to organic farming can lead to a biodiversity gain without yield loss. We calculated the overall value of substitution index and further discussed the application of this index to evaluate when the biodiversity of less intensified farming system is advantageous.</p>
Pollinators, pests and yield – multiple trade-offs from insecticide use in a mass-flowering crop
<p>Multiple trade-offs are likely to occur between pesticide use, pollinators and yield (via crop flowers) in pollinator-dependent, mass-flowering crops (MFCs), causing potential conflict between conservation and agronomic goals. To date, no studies have looked at both outcomes within the same system, meaning 'win-win solutions' for pollinators and yield can only be inferred.</p> <p>Here, we outline a new framework to explore these trade-offs, using red clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>) grown for seed production as an example. Specifically, we address how the insecticide thiacloprid affects densities of seed-eating weevils (<em>Protapion</em> spp.), pollination rates, yield, floral resources and colony dynamics of the key pollinator, <em>Bombus terrestris</em>.</p> <p>Thiacloprid did not affect the amount of nectar provided by, or pollinator visitation to, red clover flowers but did reduce weevil density, correlating to increased yield and gross profit. Colonies of <em>B. terrestris</em> significantly increased their weight and reproductive output in landscapes with (compared to without) red clover, regardless of insecticide use.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications</em>: <span>We propose a holistic, conceptual framework to explore trade-offs between pollinators, pesticides and yield that we believe to be essential for achieving conservation and agronomic goals. This framework </span><span>applies to all insecticide-treated mass-flowering crops (MFCs) and can be adapted to include other ecological processes. Trialling the framework in our study system, we found that our focal insecticide, thiacloprid, improved red clover seed yield with no detected effects on its key pollinator <em>Bombus terrestris</em> and that the presence of red clover in the landscape can benefit pollinator populations.</span></p>
Land Use Trade-offs in Decarbonization of Electricity Generation in the American West
<p>This Zenodo archive includes the code and data used to produce the publication Patankar et al. (2022): Land Use Trade-offs in Decarbonization of Electricity Generation in the American West.</p> <p>This analysis requires five types of scripts/modeling efforts that take in three types of inputs, as described below. The code for the GenX model is not included here as it is available at https://github.com/GenXProject/GenX with further documentation available at https://genxproject.github.io/GenX/dev/. </p> <p> **Inputs**<br> 1. Solar and wind candidate project area (CPA)<br> 2. Renewable resource profiles<br> 3. Real and routing cost surface data<br> **Scripts and Models**<br> 1. PowerGenome - Power system data compilation software<br> 2. GenX Power system model along with the Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) algorithm<br> 3. Transmission network building<br> 4. Downscaling for new solar and wind capacity <br> 5. Land use analysis presented in the paper</p> <p>For information on the description of the datasets, scripts and modeling efforts, see the README.md file. </p>
Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host
<p>Scripts and data used in the work "Evolved transcriptional responses and their trade-offs after long-term adaptation of Bemisia tabaci to a marginally-suitable host".</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Although generalist insect herbivores can migrate and rapidly adapt to a broad range of host plants, they can face significant difficulties when accidentally migrating to novel and marginally-suitable hosts. What happens, at both the performance and transcriptional levels, if these marginally-suitable hosts must be used for multiple generations before migration to a suitable host can take place, largely remains unknown. In this study, we established multigenerational colonies of the whitefly <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>, a generalist phloem-feeding species, adapted to a marginally-suitable host (habanero pepper) or an optimal host (cotton). We used reciprocal host tests to estimate the differences in performance of the populations on both hosts under optimal (30 <sup>o</sup>C) and mild-stressful (24 <sup>o</sup>C) temperature conditions, and documented the associated transcriptomic changes. The habanero pepper-adapted population greatly improved its performance on habanero pepper but did not reach its performance level on cotton, the original host. It also showed reduced performance on cotton, relative to the non-adapted population, and an antagonistic effect of the lower-temperature stressor. The transcriptomic data revealed that most of the expression changes, associated with long-term adaptation to habanero pepper, can be categorized as “evolved” with no initial plastic response. Three molecular functions dominated: enhanced formation of cuticle structural constituents, enhanced activity of oxidation-reduction processes involved in neutralization of phytotoxins and reduced production of proteins from the cathepsin B family. Taken together, these findings indicate that generalist insects can adapt to novel host plants by modifying the expression of a relatively small set of specific molecular functions.</p>
Effects of warming temperatures on germination responses and trade-offs between seed traits in an alpine plant
<p>1. Climate warming may affect multiple aspects of plant life history, including important factors such as germination responses and the key trade-off between offspring size and number. As a case study to address these concepts, we used an alpine plant (waxy bluebell, <em>Wahlenbergia</em> <em>ceracea</em>; Campanulaceae) that shows plasticity to warming in seed traits and in which seed dormancy status regulates germination. We chose an alpine species because alpine environments are ecosystems particularly under threat by climate change.</p> <p>2. We conducted germination assays under cool and warm temperatures using seeds produced by individuals that were grown under historical (cooler) and future (warmer) temperature scenarios. We assessed the presence of a seed size vs number trade-off, and then examined the effects of seed number and size on germination percentage, the fractions of dormant and viable seeds, and germination velocity. Further, we examined whether warming during parental growth and during germination affected these relationships.</p> <p>3. We found evidence for a seed size vs number trade-off only under historical parental temperatures. Indeed, under future growth temperatures, parental plants produced fewer and smaller seeds and there was no evidence of a trade-off. However, the reductions in both seed traits under warming did not affect germination, despite correlations of seed size and number with germination traits. Warming increased germination, particularly of larger seeds, but overall it resulted in more than fourfold reductions in parental fitness.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study shows the importance of growth conditions when evaluating the seed size vs number trade-off. Stressful conditions, such as warmer temperatures, can restrain the ability of plants to reach optimal investment in reproduction, masking the trade-off. By analysing responses across the whole life cycle, we show here an overall detrimental effect of warming, highlighting the potential risk of climate change for <em>W</em>. <em>ceracea</em>, and, potentially, for alpine plant communities more widely. </p>
Data from: Behavioral trade-offs and multitasking by elk in relation to predation risk from Mexican gray wolves
<p>Non-consumptive effects of predation can alter foraging time, stress levels, and habitat use by prey, potentially resulting in reduced fitness. However, prey can mitigate the non-consumptive effects of predation by increasing vigilance, chewing and vigilance synchronization (i.e., multitasking), and spatiotemporal avoidance of predators. We quantified the effects of the Mexican wolf (<em>Canis lupus baileyi</em>) predation risk on elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) behavior in the southwestern United States. We conducted behavioral observations on adult female elk and developed predation risk indices using Mexican wolf GPS collar data, locations of elk killed by Mexican wolves, and landscape covariates. We compared a priori models to determine the best predictors of adult female behavior and multitasking, separately. Metrics that quantified both spatial and temporal predation risk were top predictors in both datasets. Adult female vigilance was positively associated with increased predation risk. Increased predation risk had little effect on the probability of foraging, but resulted in decreased time spent resting. In a post hoc analysis, the effect of predation risk on foraging and resting differed across diurnal periods. During midday when wolf activity was relatively low, the probability of foraging increased while resting decreased, in areas with high spatial predation risk. During crepuscular periods when elk and wolves were most active, increased predation risk was associated with increased vigilance and slight decreases in foraging. Our results suggest elk are temporally avoiding predation risk from Mexican wolves by trading resting for foraging, a trade-off often not evaluated in behavioral studies. The probability of multitasking increased with predation risk, suggesting that adult female elk may be offsetting the non-consumptive effects of risk on feeding time. These results highlight potentially important but often excluded behaviors and trade-offs prey species may use to reduce the indirect effects of predation and contribute additional context to our understanding of predator-prey dynamics.</p>
Data from: Extreme range in adult body size reveals hidden trade-offs among sexually selected traits
<p>Sexually selected weapons used to monopolize mating opportunities are predicted to trade-off with traits used in competition for fertilization. Yet, the limited size-range typically found among adults of a species often precludes clear comparisons between population-level and individual-level relative trait investment. The jousting weevil, <em>Brentus anchorago </em>(Coleoptera: Brentidae), varies more than 26-fold in body mass, which is among the most extreme adult body size ranges of any solitary terrestrial species. We reveal a trade-off at a population-level: hypermetric scaling in male weapons (slope =1.59) and a closely-mirrored reversal in allocation to post-copulatory traits (slope =0.54). Yet, at the individual-level we find the opposite pattern; males that invest relatively more in weapons for their size class also invest more in post-copulatory traits. In support of our findings from jousting weevils<em>, </em>across 36 dung beetle species we find the relative effect of population-level scaling increases in species with a larger range in adult body size. Our findings reveal that population-level allometries and individual level trade-offs can both be important in shaping relative trait allocation; we highlight that the adult body size range is rarely examined, but may be integral to gain a deeper understanding of trade-offs in reproductive allocation.</p>
Evolution of invasion syndrome in invasive goldenrod is not constrained by genetic trade-offs
<p>A suite of plant traits is thought to make weed populations highly invasive, including vigorous growth and reproduction, superior competitive ability, and high dispersal ability. Using a breeding design and a common garden experiment, we tested whether such an "invasion syndrome" has evolved in an invasive range of Solidago altissima, and whether the evolution is likely to be genetically constrained. We found an overall shift in invasive phenotypes between native North American and invasive Japanese populations. The invasive populations were taller and produced more leaves, suggesting a superior ability to exploit limited resources. The populations also produced more allelopathic compounds that can suppress competitor growth. Finally, invasive populations produced more seeds, which are smaller and are released from a greater height, indicating a potential for superior dispersal ability than the native populations. Quantitative genetics analyses found a large amount of additive genetic variation in most focal traits across native and invasive populations, with no systematic differences in its magnitude between the ranges. Genetic covariances among three traits representing invasion strategies (leaf mass, polyacetylene concentration and seed size) were small. The R metric, which measures the effect of genetic covariances on the rate of adaptation, indicated that the covariance neither constrains nor accelerates concerted evolution of these traits. The results suggest that the invasion syndrome in S. altissima has evolved in the novel range due to ample additive genetic variation, and relatively free from genetic trade-offs.</p>
Continuous Non-Functional Requirements: Practices, Opportunities, and Trade-offs for Small, Agile Organizations
<p>This data represents two artifacts from our research in evaluating how small, agile organizations manage non-functional requirements in conjunction with continuous practices. It includes our base interview questions and the resulting codebook.</p> <p>This page includes supplementary materials associated with our paper entitled "Continuous Non-Functional Requirements: Practices, Opportunities, and Trade-offs for Small, Agile Organizations".</p>
Dataset for: Navigating Ecosystem Services Trade-offs: A Global Comprehensive Review
<p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>The dataset is the output of a comprehensive literature-based search that aims to collate all the evidence on where ES relationships have been mentioned and addressed. We applied systematic mapping which is based on the “Guidelines for Systematic Review in Environmental Management” developed by the Centre for Evidence-Based Conservation at Bangor University (Pullin and Stewart 2006).</p> <p>The methodological framework followed the standard stages outlined for systematic mapping in environmental sciences (James et al. 2016). Briefly, we defined the scope and objectives:</p> <p>· We comprehensively review and further explore the global evidence of ES trade-offs and synergies focusing on all systems including terrestrial, freshwater, and marine.</p> <p>· We compiled the evidence on trade-offs and synergies among multiple ES interacting across various ecosystems.</p> <p>· We performed a geographical and temporal trend analysis exploring the distribution of studies across the world examining how the focus on various ecosystem types and ES categories has evolved to highlight gaps and biases.</p> <p>Then we set the criteria for study inclusion (Table 1), searched the evidence, coded, and produced the database. Extracted article information including the specific criteria is detailed in Table 1.</p> <p>The first step was to search the ISI Web of Knowledge core collection (http://apps.webofknowledge.com) database, targeting the search on the ecosystem services literature and studies dealing with trade-offs/synergies, win-win outcomes or bundles when managing different ecosystem services in the landscape/seascape. All peer-reviewed journal articles written in English and Spanish have been considered for review.</p> <p>The <em>peer-reviewed </em>literature from 2005 to 2021 was reviewed identifying relevant studies according to specific search terms. The relevant search terms and descriptive words derived from (Howe et al. 2014) adding “bundles” and “co-benefits”. Boolean nomenclatures ‘*’ = all letters were allowed after the *, were used on the root of words where several different endings applied (Figure 1). Search terms used were:</p> <p>(“*ecosystem service*” OR “environment* service*” OR “ecosystem* approach*” OR “ecosystem good*” OR “environment* good*”)</p> <p>AND</p> <p>(“*trade-off*” OR “tradeoff*” OR “synerg*” OR “win-win*” OR “bundle*” OR “cost*and benefit*” OR “co-benefit*”) n=5194</p> <p>Papers were preliminarily coded with a semantic analysis using the R package Bibliometrix (<a href="http://www.bibliometrix.org">http://www.bibliometrix.org</a>).</p> <p>In the second step (Figure 1) papers were preliminarily coded with a semantic analysis using the R package Bibliometrix (http://www.bibliometrix.org). Papers were classified according to three systems: terrestrial, marine, and freshwater (Table 1). Papers with multiple systems, transitional habitats or those that could not be classified were classified as “other” (Mazor et al. 2018). Articles were classified based on the occurrence of the most frequent system words in their title, keywords, and abstract (Mazor et al. 2018). The set of system-specific words was determined by extracting the 250 most frequently used keywords from all considered articles and assigning each word to either system (articles could fall into just one of the four categories). Using this technique, we managed to classify 100% of the papers. To further enrich the dataset and make it a useful repository for science and policy, an additional sub-classification was performed, categorizing papers into the following categories: Coastal, Urban, Wetlands, Forest, Mountain, Freshwater, Agroecosystems, and Others that mainly represented multiple ecosystems (Table S1). This comprehensive classification approach enhances the dataset’s utility for various scientific and policy-making applications.</p> <p>In the third step (Figure 1), applying the same technique, we classified the papers into four ES categories: habitat (supporting biodiversity related), provisioning, regulating, and cultural services (De Groot et al. 2010; MEA 2005; Sukhdev 2010; Wallace 2007). For the classification into ES categories, articles could fall into one or more of the four categories (see Table 1 for example the keywords used to classify ecosystems, ES categories, and countries). Applying this technique, we excluded 2149 papers that weren’t classified in any of the ecosystem services types categories resulting in 3629 papers (see Figure 1).</p> <p>In the fourth step (Figure 1), an initial screening was conducted to identify papers that did not align with the review objectives of assessing ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies to inform policy and management decisions. We manually reviewed the titles of each paper in the dataset, excluding those that were from other fields or did not align with the review objectives. In this initial assessment, we excluded 347 papers, leaving a total of 3,286 papers for further review. A descriptive analysis of this 3286 article dataset was performed to examine the distribution of ES categories within each ecosystem type over the specified period. This analysis allowed us to conclude the prevalence of each ecosystem service category in different ecosystem types, identifying temporal trends and patterns. The number of occurrences was calculated for each ES category within each ecosystem type, expressed as counts. This allowed for the comparison of ecosystem service distributions across the selected ecosystem types.</p> <p>In the fifth step (Figure 1), we employed an approach to visually represent the geographical distribution and focus of ES studies across the world. With the classification of studies in ES categories and the types of ecosystems, the papers were coded according to the country where the study was performed. It was possible to assign a specific country to 2636 studies, removing 650 studies that did not specify the country of study. From these 2636 papers classified, a proportion were global studies that consider several countries under study (499 global studies).</p> <p>We developed global maps (Figure 1), each offering a unique perspective on the ES research landscape. The first map presents the total number of ES trade-off studies conducted worldwide, illustrating the geographical spread and concentration of research efforts to provide a clear overview of regions that have been extensively studied and those that may require more attention in future research. Additionally, we calculated two key metrics to assess research productivity more comprehensively: the number of research papers per capita and the number of research papers relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For population and GDP, we used the most recent available data from the World Bank (https://data.worldbank.org). These alternative metrics normalize the data based on economic output and population size, providing a more balanced view of research activity across different countries (Figures S3).</p> <p>Detailed maps were created featuring pie charts that highlight the different categories of ES and ecosystem types addressed for each country. These charts offer an understanding of how various ES categories and ecosystems are represented in different parts of the world. Finally, we assessed ES trade-off studies to world regions (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australasia, Europe, Latin America, and North America) looking at the relationships between the categories of ES. We considered papers that evaluated more than one category of ES and the papers that considered only one category of ES. This country-level analysis offers insights into regional research trends and priorities, contributing to a more localized understanding of ES studies.</p> <p>In the sixth step (Figure 1), each publication in this review was critically appraised to evaluate the quality of the papers included in the review. The foundation for our critical appraisal stems from the comprehensive and multidimensional approach of Belcher et al. (2016) that is framed to evaluate research quality, which aligns well with the interdisciplinary nature of our study. Belcher et al. (2016) developed a robust framework that incorporates essential principles and criteria for assessing the quality of transdisciplinary research. This is particularly relevant for ecosystem services science and our review that contributes to advancing current knowledge by systematically synthesizing evidence on relationships among various ES across these diverse systems.</p> <p>The Belcher et al. (2016) framework emphasizes four main principles: relevance, credibility (which we have adapted as methodological transparency), legitimacy (generalizability in our context), and effectiveness (significance). A continuous scoring system (ranging from 0 to 1) was applied for the four main criteria to maintain simplicity and consistency across the large number of studies. In this system, a value closer to 0 indicates that the criteria are not met, while a value closer to 1 indicates that the criteria are more closely met. This scoring method was a useful indicator of the overall quality of the paper and how well the article met the review's goals overall.</p> <p>Methodological Transparency was assessed based on the clarity and completeness of methodological descriptions, including data availability, the rigor of statistical analyses, methodological detail, and reproducibility of the findings. This criterion assesses the transparency and rigor of the study's methodology, including data collection, analysis, and reporting (Belcher et al. 2016). Relevance was evaluated by the study's alignment with the review's objectives, its importance to the field, and its practical applicability. This includes the extent to which the study addresses pertinent research questions of the study (Belcher et al. 2016). Significance was determined by the novelty of the study, its theoretical contributions, and practical implications. This includes evaluating whether the study presents new ideas, concepts, or frameworks that advance the field of ES relationships (Belcher et al. 2016). Generalizability was judged based on the contextual applicability and transferability of the study's findings to other settings. This includes assessing whether the study's results can be applied broadly and whether the context is sufficiently described to understand its applicability (Belcher et al. 2016).</p> <p>In the final seventh step (Figure 1) a detailed assessment was performed incorporating sub-categories within each main critical appraisal criteria to allow for a more comprehensive analysis (Table S2). To this end, a random sample of 20% of the studies was selected (574 papers) and a thorough revision by subcategories for each main criteria was performed (see Table S2). For the random selection of 20% of the studies from the dataset, we loaded the dataset into R and set a random seed to ensure reproducibility. We then calculated the sample size as 20% of the total dataset and used the sample function to select this subset of studies randomly. This method ensured an unbiased and representative sample. The selected subset was assessed for a further detailed critical appraisal adding sub-categories to each criterion (Table S2). A qualitative assessment sub-category was also inclded to explain the rationale behind each assigned score in the dataset.</p> <p>We finally created a heatmap to visualize average scores by continent across the four criteria. Utilizing R programming (R Core Team 2023) for data aggregation with the <em>dplyr </em>package, the study computed mean scores for each criterion by continent. The aggregated data was visualized using a heatmap created with the ggplot2 package, where the color intensity of each cell represented the mean scores, facilitating a visual comparison across continents. This analysis offers a quantitative foundation for identifying areas of strength, evaluating performance by continent and potential for improvement, and further elucidating the different quality and focus of research within the ES trade-offs research.</p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Belcher, B. M., Rasmussen, K. E., Kemshaw, M. R., & Zornes, D. A. (2016). Defining and assessing research quality in a transdisciplinary context. Research Evaluation, 25(1), 1-17.</p> <p>De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L., & Willemen, L. (2010). Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management, and decision-making. Ecological Complexity, 7, 260-272.</p> <p>Howe, C., Suich, H., Vira, B., Mace, G.M., 2014. Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: A meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world. Global Environmental Change 28, 263-275.</p> <p>Mazor, T.A.-O., Doropoulos, C.A.-O., Schwarzmueller, F.A.-O., Gladish, D.A.-O.X., Kumaran, N.A.-O., Merkel, K.A.-O.X., Di Marco, M., Gagic, V.A.-O. (2018). Global mismatch of policy and research on drivers of biodiversity loss. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 1071-1074.</p> <p>Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA).(2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington DC.</p> <p>Pullin, A. S., & Stewart, G. B. (2006). Guidelines for systematic review in conservation and environmental management. Conservation biology, 20(6), 1647-1656.</p> <p>Sukhdev, P. (2010). The economics of ecosystems & biodiversity: mainstreaming the economics of nature: a synthesis of the approach, conclusions, and recommendations of TEEB. UNEP.</p> <p>R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/</p> <p>Wallace K.J. (2007). Classification of ecosystem services: Problems and solutions. Biological Conservation 139, 235-246.</p> <p><strong>Dataset</strong></p> <p>Name of the file: MMartinez-Harms-Dataset-ESTrade-offs_Zenodofinal.xlsx</p> <p>Description: Complete database of the 3286 studies reviewed in this synthesis coded by:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>N</strong></td> <td>Number of papers</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AU</strong></td> <td>Authors</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>TI</strong></td> <td>Title</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SO</strong></td> <td>Publication name</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Included</strong></td> <td>identify papers that did alignd (yes) or did not (No) align with the review objectives.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>JI</strong></td> <td>Scientific Journal</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>AB</strong></td> <td>Abstract</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>DE</strong></td> <td>Authors’ Keywords</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>ID</strong></td> <td>Keywords associated by ISI database</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>LA</strong></td> <td>Language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>DT</strong></td> <td>Document Type (article, review, editorial, book chapter, letter, meeting abstract)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>TC</strong></td> <td>Times Cited</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>PY</strong></td> <td>Publication Year</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>SC</strong></td> <td> Subject Categories</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>WC</strong></td> <td>Web of Science categories</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>System</strong></td> <td>Freshwater, terrestrial, marine, and other</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Habitat</strong></td> <td>Habitat ES category</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Regulating</strong></td> <td>Regulating ES category</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Cultural</strong></td> <td>Cultural ES category</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Provisionning</strong></td> <td>Provisionning ES category</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Country_Classification</strong></td> <td>Country of study</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Continent</strong></td> <td>Continent of study</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Synergies_Trade-offs</strong></td> <td>The term trade-off involves losing one quality or aspect of something in return for gaining another quality or aspect. Synergy is a situation where the use of one ES directly increases the benefits supplied by another ES or a win-win situation</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Stakeholder_Participation</strong></td> <td>The study interacts with stakeholders at any moment of the study or policy decisions. </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Critical_Appraisal</strong></td> <td>Articles are appraised to ensure that they are adequate for answering the research question</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Relevance</strong></td> <td>Relevance to the review question (0 no relevance, 1 relevance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Methodological_Transparency</strong></td> <td>Assessed based on the clarity and completeness of methodological descriptions</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Significance</strong></td> <td>Significance of the contribution (are new ideas offered?)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Generalizability</strong></td> <td> Is the context specified, and do the ideas apply in other contexts?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Total_Score</strong></td> <td>The sum total score across all critical appraisal criteria </td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Category</strong></td> <td>Coastal, Urban, Wetlands, Forest, Mountain, Freshwater, Agroecosystems, and Others mainly represented multiple ecosystems</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Uses_INVEST</strong></td> <td>This paper uses the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) tool from the Natural Capital Project to assess ecosystem services (Yes) or Not (No)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Trade-offs Between Performance Efficiency and Costs While Using Function as a Service for Machine Learning Tasks: A Systematic Literature Review
<p>This repository contains all artifacts that were used for the systematic literature review (SLR) related to a the cost and performance trade-offs when Function as a Service (FaaS) for machine learning (ML) tasks.</p> <p>We selected and analyzed 65 papers and publications that were optained via Scopus. The study took place in 2024 from January to August 2024.</p>
Data from: Juvenile concentrations of IGF-1 predict life-history trade-offs in a wild mammal
Early postnatal development can have profound effects on life-history traits later in life. One mechanism hypothesized to mediate this relationship is the anabolic hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 contributes importantly to postnatal growth, and thus offers a means by which environmental and genetic variation might direct organismal development, reproduction and survival. We tested whether juvenile concentrations of IGF-1 can predict intraspecific variation in life-history traits later in life using longitudinal data from free-living female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). We found that juvenile concentrations of IGF-1 predicted heavier juvenile mass, which in turn predicted greater survival to reproductive maturity. However, independent of mass, higher juvenile concentrations of IGF-1 predicted earlier age at first parturition and reduced longevity in adulthood. Our results highlight the importance of early postnatal development as a determination period in mammals and suggest that concentrations of IGF-1 during this sensitive period can be used to predict important later-life trade-offs between growth, reproductive fitness and life span in wild, long-lived animals.
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