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130 results for “urban environment”
Red and white clover provide food resources for honeybees and wild bees in urban environments
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Scorpions in urban environments in the Central Arizona-Phoenix area: site locations
Determination of what degree of human modification influences the frequency of scorpion stings by looking at the number of scorpion stings in different zip code areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Results from this study may be useful in making recommendations on land development so scorpion stings are minimal.
Scorpion stings in urban environments in the central Arizona-Phoenix area: 1996-1997
Determination of what degree of human modification influences the frequency of scorpion stings by looking at the number of scorpion stings in different zip code areas of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Results from this study may be useful in making recommendations on land development so scorpion stings are minimal.
Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment"
<p>Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment". Each directory contains a README.md including descriptions in Markdown format.</p>
Data from: Genetic inheritance and environment determine endocrine plasticity to urban living
As urban areas continue to expand globally, understanding how and why species respond to novel habitats becomes increasingly important. Knowledge of the mechanisms behind observed phenotypic changes in urban animals will enable us to better evaluate the impact of urbanization on current and future generations of wildlife. Physiological changes, such as those involved in the endocrine stress response, may allow individuals to inhabit and thrive in urbanized areas, but it is currently unknown how these changes arise in natural populations. In this study, we performed a 4-way crossfoster experiment in free-living house wren chicks, Troglodytes aedon, to disentangle whether differences in baseline corticosterone between urban and rural individuals is a result of genetic and/or plastic mechanisms during development. We found that urban chicks already had higher corticosterone levels than their rural counterparts on the day they hatched, which suggests a possible genetic component to the corticosterone phenotype. However, rural offspring that were moved to an urban environment significantly increased their corticosterone levels, mimicking those of urban offspring. Our findings suggest that, although differences in baseline corticosterone concentrations between urban and rural individuals may have a genetic component, plasticity plays a pivotal role and can modify the corticosterone phenotype in response to the environment experienced in the first two weeks of life.
Data from: Population structure of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in an urban environment
Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease endemic in Latin America. Triatoma infestans, a common vector of this disease, has recently expanded its range into rapidly developing cities of Latin America. We aim to identify the environmental features that affect the colonization and dispersal of T. infestans in an urban environment. We amplified 13 commonly used microsatellites from 180 T. infestans samples collected from a sampled transect in the city of Arequipa, Peru, in 2007 and 2011. We assessed the clustering of subpopulations and the effect of distance, sampling year, and city block location on genetic distance among pairs of insects. Despite evidence of genetic similarity, the majority of city blocks are characterized by one dominant insect genotype, suggesting the existence of barriers to dispersal. Our analyses show that streets represent an important barrier to the colonization and dispersion of T. infestans in Arequipa. The genetic data describe a T. infestans infestation history characterized by persistent local dispersal and occasional long-distance migration events that partially parallels the history of urban development.
Data from: Effects of fragmentation on plant adaptation to urban environments
Urban ecosystems are relatively recent and heavily human-altered terrestrial ecosystems with a surprisingly high diversity of animals, plants and other organisms. Urban habitats are also strongly fragmented and subject to higher temperatures, providing a compelling model for studying adaptation to global change. Crepis sancta (Asteraceae), an annual Mediterranean wasteland weed, occupies fragmented urban environments as well as certain unfragmented landscapes in southern France. We tested for shifts in dispersal, reproductive traits and size across a rural–urban gradient to learn whether and how selection may be driving changes in life history in urban and fragmented habitats. We specifically compared the structure of quantitative genetic variation and of neutral markers (microsatellites) between urban and rural and between fragmented and unfragmented habitats. We showed that fragmentation provides a better descriptor of trait variation than urbanization per se for dispersal traits. Fragmentation also affected reproductive traits and plant size though one rural population did conform to this scheme. Our study shows the role of fragmentation for dispersal traits shift in urban environments and a more complex pattern for other traits. We discuss the role of pollinator scarcity and an inhospitable matrix as drivers of adaptation.
Data from: Estimating feral cat densities using distance sampling in an urban environment
1. Estimating feral cat population densities in urban environments can be difficult due to lack of public space and human interference. The purpose of this study was to use distance sampling in a citywide landscape to determine population size and areas of high abundance to inform trap-neuter-release management programs. 2. Line transect distance sampling was used to estimate density of the feral cat population in Windsor, Ontario from June to July 2014. Windsor has a human population of 217,188 and is about 146 km2 in size. Most transects were placed along local roads. 3. Density was estimated at about 13.3 (95% CI 9.7 – 18.1) cats per km2, and an estimated population size of 1858 cats (95% CI 1361 – 2537) with the highest relative density occurring in West and Central Windsor. 4. Urban wildlife managers could utilize these methods to monitor feral cat populations and evaluate the effectiveness of trap-neuter-release programs.
Data from: Fat and happy in the city: eastern chipmunks in urban environments
Cities are rapidly expanding, and wildlife may experience different selection pressures in urban environments when compared to natural habitats. Phenotypic differences between urban and natural populations may occur because of the altered urban environment. Behavior, the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and body condition can be expected to differ between urban and natural habitats. We used the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) to test for differences in behavior assayed from an open field test, hair and fecal cortisol concentrations, and body condition (size-corrected body mass), predicting that urban chipmunks would exhibit more exploratory behavior, higher cortisol concentrations, and higher body condition, than their counterparts from natural habitats. We sampled eastern chipmunks in 2 urban areas paired with natural habitats and subjected adult chipmunks to an open field test, collected hair and fecal samples for the determination of cortisol concentrations, and measured body size and body mass to estimate body condition. Eastern chipmunks in urban habitats had significantly different behavior, tending toward reduced locomotion and grooming, and greater latency, than their counterparts from natural habitats. Urban chipmunks also had lower fecal cortisol concentrations than those from natural habitats, and female chipmunks were in better body condition when captured in urban habitats. These results suggest that urban habitats may be relatively benign for urban chipmunks, perhaps because of reduced need for exploration and the availability of anthropogenic food subsidies associated with urban environments.
Data from: Great tits and the city: distribution of genomic diversity and gene-environment associations along an urbanization gradient
Urbanization is a growing concern challenging the evolutionary potential of wild populations by reducing genetic diversity and imposing new selection regimes affecting many key fitness traits. However, genomic footprints of urbanization have received little attention so far. Using RAD sequencing, we investigated the genome-wide effects of urbanization on neutral and adaptive genomic diversity in 140 adult great tits Parus major collected in locations with contrasted urbanization levels (from a natural forest to highly urbanized areas of a city (Montpellier, France). Heterozygosity was slightly lower in the more urbanized sites compared to the more rural ones. Low but significant effect of urbanization on genetic differentiation was found, at the site-level but not at the nest-level, indicative of the geographic scale of urbanization impact and of the potential for local adaptation despite gene flow. Gene-environment association tests identified numerous SNPs with small association scores to urbanization, distributed across the genome, from which a subset of 97 SNPs explained up to 81% of the variance in urbanization, overall suggesting a polygenic response to selection in the urban environment. These findings open stimulating perspectives for broader applications of high-resolution genomic tools on other cities and larger sample sizes to investigate the consistency of the effects of urbanization on the spatial distribution of genetic diversity and the polygenic nature of gene-urbanization association.
Spatiotemporal interactions of a novel mesocarnivore community in an urban environment before and during SARS‐CoV‐2 lockdown
<p>1. Studying species interactions and niche segregation under human pressure provides important insights into species adaptation, community functioning and ecosystem stability. Due to their high plasticity in behaviour and diet, urban mesocarnivores are ideal species for studying community assembly in novel communities.</p> <p>2. We analysed the spatial and temporal species interactions of an urban mesocarnivore community composed of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the marten (Martes sp.) as native species, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) as invasive species, and the cat (Felis catus) as a domestic species in combination with human disturbance modulated by the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown effect that happened while the study was conducted.</p> <p>3. We analysed camera-trap data and applied a joint species distribution model to understand not only the environmental variables influencing the detection of mesocarnivores and their use intensity of environmental features but also the species' co-occurrences while accounting for environmental variables. We then assessed whether they displayed temporal niche partitioning based on activity analyses, and finally analysed at a smaller temporal scale the time of delay after the detection of another focal species.</p> <p>4. We found that species were more often detected and displayed a higher use intensity in gardens during the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown period, while showing a shorter temporal delay during the same period, meaning a high human-induced spatio-temporal overlap. All three wild species spatially co-occurred within the urban area, with a positive response of raccoons to cats in detection and use intensity, whereas foxes showed a negative trend towards cats. When assessing the temporal partitioning, we found that all wild species showed overlapping nocturnal activities. All species displayed temporal segregation based on temporal delay. According to the temporal delay analyses, cats were the species avoided the most by all wild species. To conclude, we found that although the wild species were positively associated in space, the avoidance occurred at a smaller temporal scale, and human pressure in addition led to high spatio-temporal overlap.</p> <p>5. Our study sheds light to the complex patterns underlying the interactions in a mesocarnivore community both spatially and temporally, and the exacerbated effect of human pressure on community dynamics.</p>
Humanization of wildlife gut microbiota in urban environments
<p>Urbanization is rapidly altering Earth's environments, demanding investigations of the impacts on resident wildlife. Here, we show that urban populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and crested anole lizards (Anolis cristatellus) acquire gut microbiota constituents found in humans, including the gut bacterial lineages most significantly associated with urbanization in humans (e.g., Bacteroides). Comparisons of urban and rural wildlife and human populations revealed significant convergence of the gut microbiota among urban host populations. Remarkably, all microbial lineages found in humans that were overrepresented in urban wildlife relative to rural wildlife were also overrepresented in urban humans relative to rural humans. These results indicate parallel effects of urbanization on human and wildlife gut microbiota and suggest spillover of bacteria from humans into wildlife in cities</p>
Environmental variability as a predictor of behavioral flexibility in urban environments
<p>Global urbanization processes have highlighted the importance of understanding the effects of urban habitats on animal behavior. Behavioral changes are usually evaluated along an urbanization gradient, comparing urban and rural populations. However, this metric fails to consider heterogeneity between urban habitats that can differ significantly in their characteristics, such as their level of environmental variability. We suggest incorporating dimensions of environmental variability into the urbanization metric. We tested the importance of both level of urbanization and level of urban stability (the rate of anthropogenic changes) on animals' behavioral flexibility by comparing reversal learning abilities in house sparrows from sites differing in the rate of urban development over time. We show that at least for males, urban stability better explains levels of behavioral flexibility than urbanization level. We further show that urban stability corresponds to other behavioral traits such as scrounging behavior and foraging activity. Thus, considering environmental stability and predictability in the form of urban changes can help better understand the mechanisms allowing behavioral changes and adaptations to urban environments. Evaluating the dynamics of the urban built environment could provide a better metric with which to understand urbanization effects on wildlife behavior and an important next step in urban ecology.</p>
Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment
<p>Data for: Temperature and not landscape composition shapes wild bee communities in an urban environment. This dataset was obtained surveying wild bees using pan-traps in the metropolitan city of Rome in 2016.</p>
Path Planning for Autonomous Bus Driving in Urban Environments - Simulation Results
<pre>This video contains simulation results for the scientific article "Path Planning for Autonomous Bus Driving in Urban Environments".</pre>
Fig. 3 in Discoderus LeConte Species Exhibit Episodic Emergences in both Urban and Natural Environments of Arizona, USA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 3. Syntype specimens of Discoderus species described by Casey from Arizona. All scale bars 5 mm. A) D. aequalis Casey, 1914, B) D. congruens Casey, 1914, C) D. obsidianus Casey, 1914, D) D. papagonis Casey, 1924, E) D. hesperus Casey, 1914, junior subjective synonym of D. parallelus, F) D. pinguis Casey, 1884, G) D. subviolaceus Casey, 1914, H) D. symbolicus Casey, 1914.
Fig. 1 in Discoderus LeConte Species Exhibit Episodic Emergences in both Urban and Natural Environments of Arizona, USA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 1. Discoderus obsidianus emergence in 2022. A) Dorsal habitus, female from Mesa, AZ (scale bar 5 mm), B) Accumulation of suspected D. obsidianus in Scottsdale, AZ on a front porch over a single night.
Fig. 2 in Discoderus LeConte Species Exhibit Episodic Emergences in both Urban and Natural Environments of Arizona, USA (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 2. Distribution map of Discoderus obsidianus. Localities based on digital records from SCAN (circles), GBIF (triangles), BugGuide (diamonds), and physical specimens from this event (squares). The Texas record is an outlier for which the identification was not confirmed by the authors.
Rapid Flood Simulation and Source Area Identification in Urban Environments via Interpretable Deep Learning
<p>Here is the data and original code for the paper titled <em>Rapid Flood Simulation and Source Area Identification in Urban Environments via Interpretable Deep Learning</em>. If you have any questions, please contact <a rel="noopener">202331470015@mail.bnu.edu.cn</a>.</p>
Rapid Flood Simulation and Source Area Identification in Urban Environments via Interpretable Deep Learning
<p>Here are the relevant data and preliminary code for the paper titled 'Rapid Flood Simulation and Source Area Identification in Urban Environments via Interpretable Deep Learning' for your reference. If you have any questions, please contact <a rel="noopener">202331470015@mail.bnu.edu.cn</a>.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.