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Road salt inputs alter biogeochemistry but not plant community composition in exurban forested wetlands

Forested wetlands of the temperate north are increasingly exposed to deicing salts, but it is unclear how this may alter wetland biogeochemistry and plant community composition. To investigate potential effects of deicing salts on exurban forested wetlands in southern New England, we employed a multi-site field study to describe spatiotemporal patterns of soil physiochemical, water quality, and vegetation characteristics with distance from road deicing salt source. We surveyed nine road-adjacent, red maple-dominated wetlands to quantify a suite of soil parameters (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), heavy metals, N, P, soil moisture), as well as surface and groundwater salinity, and vegetation communities. With increasing distance from roads along 165-m transects penetrating into each wetland, soil salinity (EC, Na+) decreased, while soil base cation concentrations (Mg2+, Ca2+) increased, likely due to cation exchange (Na+ displacing other base cations). <a name="_Hlk73441264">We also measured foliar chemistry and observed elevated Na+ and reduced Mg2+ of dominant species leaf tissue near roads, suggesting plant nutrient uptake responds to road-salt related changes in soil physicochemical variables. </a>Despite this, we did not detect differences in plant community composition (ground, shrub layers) along road-salt induced soil chemistry gradients in the field, likely because surface and ground water salinities were relatively low (maximum: 0.64 ppt). To determine at which field salinities we could potentially expect changes in wetland plant communities, we conducted a full-factorial, manipulative seed bank experiment to examine how NaCl concentration (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 parts per thousand (ppt)), frequency of salt exposure (pulse, constant) and water level (surface, 2-cm below surface) affected soil seed bank responses. Seedling richness was reduced at salinities exceeding 1 ppt, and seedling density was reduced above 2 ppt, but pulsing tended to alleviate salt-induced reductions in seed bank responses. As salinization of freshwater ecosystems continues to increase, our results suggest that field salinity levels of exurban New England forested wetlands are nearing yet still typically below the threshold for which we expect to see strong plant community responses.

publicFeb 2020View details →

Comparing the impacts of an invasive grass on nitrogen cycling and ammonia-oxidizing Prokaryotes in high-nitrogen forests, open fields, and wetlands

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publicNov 2017View details →

Data from: Water and fish select for fleshy fruits in tropical wetland forests

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publicOct 2021View details →

Road salt inputs alter biogeochemistry but not plant community composition in exurban forested wetlands

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publicFeb 2021View details →

Rise in temperature causes decreased fitness and higher extinction risks in endemic frogs at high altitude forested wetlands in northern Pakistan

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Figure 7 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 7 Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis morphology (BDNA-L-0000349, holotype) A–C habitus and apothecia, areolate to squamulose thallus in white to whitish gray color D–E apothecia in vertical section F–G well-developed thalline margin H large crystals present in the thalline margin, not dissolving in KOH I clavate ascus J ascospores constantly simple and ellipsoid, often biguttulate in the beginning. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–C); 200 μm (D–E); 100 μm (F–G); 50 μm (H); 10 μm (I–J).

Figure 6 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 6 Lecanora parasymmicta morphology (BDNA-L-0001235, paratype in A BDNA-L-0001220, holotype in B–M) A–C habitus and apothecia, thalline margin of apothecia consistently absent from the beginning D blackish hypothallus (red arrows) E apothecia in vertical section F biatorine apothecia without thalline margin G–J clavate asci with eight spores K ascospores constantly simple but rarely 1-septate L immersed pycnidia M thread-like, curved pycnoconidia. Scale bars: 1 mm (A–D); 200 μm (E); 50 μm (F); 10 μm (G–K); 100 μm (L); 10 μm (M).

Figure 5 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 5 Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences. The tree was rooted with three sequences of the genus Polyozosia. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 3 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 3 Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the Lecanora symmicta group based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) sequences. The tree was rooted with four sequences of the Lecanora subfusca group. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Lecanora parasymmicta is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 4 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 4 Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the genus Protoparmeliopsis based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of ITS sequences. The tree was rooted with five sequences of the genus Polyozosia. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new species Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis is presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 2 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 2 Phylogenetic relationships amongst available species in the Lecanora symmicta group based on a Maximum Likelihood analysis of the dataset of ITS sequences. The tree was rooted with five sequences of the Lecanora subfusca group and Tephromela. Maximum Likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 70% and posterior probabilities ≥ 95% are shown above internal branches. Branches with bootstrap values ≥ 90% are shown in bold. The new sequences of Lecanora parasymmicta and Lecanora symmicta produced from this study are presented in bold, and all species names are followed by the GenBank accession numbers. Reference Table 1 provides the species related to the specific GenBank accession numbers and voucher information.

Figure 1 from: Lee BG, Hur J-S (2021) Two new lecanoroid lichen species from the forested wetlands of South Korea, with a key for Korean Protoparmeliopsis species. MycoKeys 84: 163-183. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.84.70798

Figure 1 Specific collection sites for two new species A habitat/landscape of Lecanora parasymmictaB habitat/landscape of Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformisC locations of Lecanora parasymmicta (black circle) and Protoparmeliopsis crystalliniformis (two black stars) on the map.

Figures 5-8 from: Courtney Mustaphi CJ, Githumbi EN, Shotter LR, Rucina SM, Marchant R (2016) Subfossil statoblasts of Lophopodella capensis (Sollas, 1908) (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata, Lophopodidae) in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of a montane wetland, Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya. African Invertebrates 57(1): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.57.8191

Figures 5-8 - Lophopodella capensis statoblasts and organic detritus, including charcoal at right, from the sieved sediment subsample from25–26 cm stratigraphic depth, dated to 220–230 yr BP (5). A well preserved statoblast observed at 41–42 cm, dated to 670–711 (6). Pleistocene-aged statoblast from 480–481 cm, dated to 15600–15700 (7). Same specimen as Fig. 6 showing the split layers of the polar spine and recurved hooks (8).

Figure 1 from: Courtney Mustaphi CJ, Githumbi EN, Shotter LR, Rucina SM, Marchant R (2016) Subfossil statoblasts of Lophopodella capensis (Sollas, 1908) (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata, Lophopodidae) in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of a montane wetland, Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya. African Invertebrates 57(1): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.57.8191

Figure 1 - Location of the study site in Africa (A) and within Kenya (B). The location of the coring site (black circle) within Enapuiyapui (C). The red line represents a fire break cutline.

Figure 4 from: Courtney Mustaphi CJ, Githumbi EN, Shotter LR, Rucina SM, Marchant R (2016) Subfossil statoblasts of Lophopodella capensis (Sollas, 1908) (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata, Lophopodidae) in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of a montane wetland, Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya. African Invertebrates 57(1): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.57.8191

Figure 4 - BACON version 2.2 R program language script age-depth model for the Enapuiyapui stratigraphy using MCMC random walks (greyscale shading) through the probable radiocarbon dates (1σ age probability distributions represented in blue) that were calibrated using the IntCal13 curve (Table 1; Blaauw and Christenson 2011; Reimer et al. 2013; R Development Core Team 2015). The final model used the weighted average of the random walk densities (red line) and 95% CI (dotted grey lines) and parameter settings are shown at the top right (red font). Ages reported as calibrated year BP (before present, 1950 CE). ITRAX optical core face photographs and magnetic susceptibility profile (grey line) at bottom left that shows the 484–0 cm section of the 537 cm core. Zones were defined using a regime shift index of the magnetic susceptibility values (Rodionov 2004). Lophopodella capensis presence data are represented by red '+' symbols on the magnetic susceptibility profile. Abbreviations are AHP: African Humid Period, H: Holocene, Ps: Pleistocene.

Figures 2-3 from: Courtney Mustaphi CJ, Githumbi EN, Shotter LR, Rucina SM, Marchant R (2016) Subfossil statoblasts of Lophopodella capensis (Sollas, 1908) (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata, Lophopodidae) in the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene sediments of a montane wetland, Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya. African Invertebrates 57(1): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.57.8191

Figures 2-3 - An wide angle aerial oblique photograph of Enapuiyapui wetland from the northwest facing southeast (2). Coring the center of the Cyperaceae-Poaceae wetland, April 2014 (3).