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133 results for “woodpeckers”
FIGURE 5 in New taxa of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) from African barbets and woodpeckers (Piciformes: Lybiidae, Picidae)
FIGURE 5. Syringophiloidus picidus sp. nov., female (A–C). A, peritreme; B, propodonotal seta vi; C, fan-like seta p'III. Male (D–E). D, peritreme; E, dorsal view.
Long-term demographic data on the red-cockaded woodpecker
<p>In cooperative breeding systems, inclusive fitness theory predicts that non-breeding helpers more closely related to the breeders should be more willing to provide costly alloparental care, and thus have more impact on breeder fitness. In the red-cockaded woodpecker (<em>Dryobates borealis</em>), most helpers are the breeders' earlier offspring, but helpers do vary within groups in both relatedness to the breeders (some even being unrelated) and sex, and it can be difficult to parse their separate impacts on breeder fitness. Moreover, most support for inclusive fitness theory has been positive associations between relatedness and behavior, rather than actual fitness consequences. We used functional linear models to evaluate the per capita effects of helpers of different relatedness on eight breeder fitness components measured for up to 41 years at three sites. In support of inclusive fitness theory, helpers more related to the breeding pair made greater contributions to six fitness components. However, male helpers made equal contributions to increasing pre-fledging survival regardless of relatedness. These findings suggest that both inclusive fitness benefits and other, direct benefits may underlie helping behaviors in the red-cockaded woodpecker. Our results also demonstrate the application of an underused statistical approach to disentangle a complex ecological phenomenon.</p>
Hybridization constrains the evolution of mimicry complexes in woodpeckers
<p>The evolution of interspecific mimicry does not always result in perfect resemblance between mimics and models. Differences between members of a mimicry complex can be explained by genetic or developmental constraints. Alternatively, imperfect mimicry might be the outcome of a trade-off between multiple selective pressures. In this study, we explored the evolutionary conflict between mimicry and hybridization in woodpeckers. Based on the selective trade-off hypothesis, we expected that mimicry complexes will start to evolve once the constraint of maladaptive hybridization is relaxed. Hence, we predicted limited overlap in the divergence times between hybridizing species pairs and members of a mimicry complex. This prediction was supported by clear tipping point in the probability of hybridization and mimicry at ca. 9 million years of divergence. Around this timepoint, the probability of hybridization approaches zero while the probability of belonging to a mimicry complex increases. This finding is only correlational and remains to be confirmed in other taxonomic groups. Nonetheless, our results suggest a selective trade-off between evolving interspecific mimicry and avoiding maladaptive hybridization in woodpeckers.</p>
Woodpeckers and other excavators maintain the diversity of cavity-nesting vertebrates
<p>Woodpeckers and other excavators create most of the holes used by secondary tree-cavity nesting vertebrates (SCNs) in North American temperate mixedwood forests, but the degree to which excavators release SCNs from nest-site limitation is debated. Our goal was to quantify how excavators maintain the diversity and abundance of secondary cavity nesters in a temperate forest through the creation of tree cavities. We examined the short- and long-term (legacy) effects of excavators (principally woodpeckers, but also red-breasted nuthatches and black-capped chickadees) on forest biodiversity using longitudinal monitoring data (1732 nest cavities, 25 sites, 16 years) in British Columbia, Canada. Sites with higher densities of excavator nests had more cavities available, higher species richness of SCNs, and higher nest density of SCNs, indicating the importance of a standing stock of cavities. Years with higher nesting densities of excavators were followed by years with higher SCN diversity, indicating that the creation of nesting opportunities through fresh excavation releases SCNs from community-wide nest-site limitation. We also show that excavators leave a "legacy" of biodiversity (species richness and abundance) at a site by accumulating cavities at rates faster than they become unusable by decay or destruction. By quantifying site-level effects of cavity excavation on the SCN community, our study highlights the key role of excavators as ecosystem engineers that maintain forest wildlife biodiversity. 01-Nov-2021</p>
Data from: Niche theory and its relation to morphology and phenotype in geographic space: a case study in woodpeckers (Picidae)
Ecogeographic analyses have recovered common environmental trends with respect to morphology; however discrepancies among trends exist. Hypothesized reasons for these divergences vary, but most relate a taxon's morphology to its ecological niche. Morphology is known to diverge when species co-occur with competitors or predators and when species occur across different habitats and environments. A less understood divergence from ecogeographic trends is niche fixation, wherein species become locked into particular niches due to their community interactions or foraging ecology. A form of niche fixation has been hypothesized in the theory of Interspecies Social Dominance Mimicry (ISDM), in which mimics maintain relatively constant size ratios with models to perpetuate their mimicry. If true, mimics should display variation and trends in tandem with their models. Here, I use mass as a proxy for body size and examine ecogeographic trends in two sets of woodpeckers (Picidae): a Nearctic group which has been reported to interact via ISDM, and a Neotropical group which, based on similar appearances and overlapping distributions, is a potential ISDM system. I found ecogeographic trends suggestive of differential evolutionary responses, and I found evidence against niche fixation in the Nearctic clade. The Neotropic clade showed limited evidence for tandem size evolution between models and mimics, but inconsistencies in the size ratios between mimic and model populations. Here, I discuss the implications of observing divergent ecogeographic trends within mimicry systems, with specific emphasis on how environment, ecology, and community interactions guide evolution.
Data from: Low levels of hybridization across two contact zones among three species of woodpeckers (Sphyrapicus sapsuckers)
Three species of closely related woodpeckers (sapsuckers; Sphyrapicus) hybridize where they come into contact, presenting a rare 'λ‐shape' meeting of hybrid zones. Two of the three arms of this hybrid zone are located on either side of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia, Canada bordering the foothills of the Coast Mountains and the Rocky Mountains. The third arm is located in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The zones of hybridization present high variability of phenotypes and alleles in relatively small areas and provide an opportunity to examine levels of reproductive isolation between the taxa involved. We examined phenotypes (morphometric traits and plumage) and genotypes of 175 live birds across the two hybrid zones. We used the Genotyping By Sequencing (GBS) method to identify 180 partially diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to generate a genetic hybrid index (GHI) for each bird. Phenotypically diverged S. ruber and S. nuchalis are genetically closely related, while S. nuchalis and S. varius have similar plumage but are well separated at the genetic markers studied. The width of both hybrid zones is narrower than expected under neutrality, and analyses of both genotypes and phenotypes indicate that hybrids are rare in the hybrid zone. Rarity of hybrids indicates assortative mating and/or some form of fitness reduction in hybrids, which might maintain the species complex despite close genetic distance and introgression. These findings further support the treatment of the three taxa as distinct species.
FIGURE 4 in A taxonomic review of the Golden-green Woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros (Aves: Picidae) reveals the existence of six valid taxa
FIGURE 4. Distribution of (1) Piculus xanthochloros: black diamonds; (2) Piculus capistratus: inverted black triangle; (3) Piculus laemostictus: white square with dot; (4) Piculus paraensis: white circle with spot; (5) Piculus chrysochloros: black triangle; (6) Piculus polyzonus: black circle. The black star indicates the parapatric point of occurrence of P. chrysochloros and P. laemostictus.
FIGURE 2 in A taxonomic review of the Golden-green Woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros (Aves: Picidae) reveals the existence of six valid taxa
FIGURE 2. Details of the heads of females of (A) P. xanthochloros, with yellow head, light olive ear coverts and golden throat; (B) P. capistratus, with olive forehead, pileum and nape, and dark bars on chin; (C) P. paraensis, showing yellow head, light olive ear coverts and golden throat; (D) P. laemostictus, with olive head and dark spots on throat; (E) P. chrysochloros, showing olive head and plain throat; and (F) P. polyzonus, with light olive head, some reddish feathers on forehead, and plain throat.
FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic review of the Golden-green Woodpecker, Piculus chrysochloros (Aves: Picidae) reveals the existence of six valid taxa
FIGURE 1. Ventral views of (A) P. xanthochloros (Sclater & Salvin 1875), with entirely golden yellow underparts; (B) P. capistratus (Malherbe 1832), with dark bars reaching the chin; (C) P. paraensis (Snethlage 1907), with a contrasting golden breast and pale yellow abdomen; (D) P. laemostictus Todd 1937, with dark spots on the throat; (E) P. chrysochloros (Vieillot 1818), with plain throat and thinner barring than polyzonus; and (F) P. polyzonus (Valenciennes 1826) with heavier barring than chrysochloros.
FIGURE 24 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 24. Picipterodectes sasiae sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —legs III and IV of female.
FIGURE 18 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 18. Dolichodectes furcilobus sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G—femur and genu III of female, H—leg III of female.
FIGURE 21 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 21. Proterothrix alcippeae sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G—tarsus tibia and genu I of female, H—leg III of female, I—femur and genu IV of female.
FIGURE 27 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 27. Vireodectes erporni sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —tarsi, tibiae and genua III, IV of female, respectively.
FIGURE 15 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 15. Montesauria seicerci sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —legs III and IV of female.
FIGURE 3 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Montesauria abroscopi sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —legs III and IV of female, respectively. bs—basal sclerite, co—copulatory opening, ga—genital arch, hs—head of spermtheca, pd—primary spermaduct, sd—secondary spermaduct, vc—ventral crest of femora I, II, we—wing-like extensions of genital arch.
FIGURE 12 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 12. Montesauria phylloscopi sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —legs III and IV of female.
FIGURE 9 in New feather mites of the subfamily Pterodectinae (Acari: Proctophyllodidae) from passerines and woodpeckers (Aves: Passeriformes and Piciformes) in Vietnam
FIGURE 9. Montesauria pellornei sp. n., details. A—opisthosoma of male, ventral view, B–E—legs I–IV of male, respectively, F—head of spermatheca and spermaducts, G, H —legs III and IV of female, respectively.
Data from: Variable effects of a changing climate on lay dates and productivity across the range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker
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Long-term demographic data on the red-cockaded woodpecker
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Are you my baby? Testing whether paternity affects behavior of cobreeder male acorn woodpeckers
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