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FIG. 21. — Acanthocephala pilosa n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 21. — Acanthocephala pilosa n. sp., male holotype:A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, head, dorsal view; D, head,lateral view.Scale bars:A, B, 10 mm; C, D, 1 mm.

FIG. 19. — Acanthocephala macrotuberculata n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 19. — Acanthocephala macrotuberculata n. sp.: A, pronotum; B, metathoracic gland and evaporative area; C, female metafemur; D, female metatibia. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, C, D, 5 mm; B, 1 mm.

FIG. 3. — Acanthocephala angusta n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 3. — Acanthocephala angusta n. sp., male genitalia: A, pygophore lateral; B, pygophore dorsal; C, right paramere, lateral views; D, aedeagus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, D, 1 mm; C, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 11. — Acanthocephala flaviantennata n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 11. — Acanthocephala flaviantennata n. sp.: A, male holotype, dorsal view; B, female paratype, dorsal view; C, head, dorsal view; D, head, lateral view; E, pronotum. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C, D, 1 mm; E, 2 mm.

FIG. 2. — Acanthocephala angusta n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 2. — Acanthocephala angusta n. sp.: A, metathoracic gland and evaporatory area; B, male metafemur; C, female metafemur; D, male metatibia; E, female metatibia; F, lateral expansions on abdominal sternite III, lateral view; G, Abdominal tergites in dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B-G, 5 mm.

FIG. 17. — Acanthocephala harryi n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 17. — Acanthocephala harryi n. sp., female genitalia: A, pregenital and genital segments; B, first gonocoxa and gonapophysis; C, second gonocoxa and gonapophysis; D, spermatheca. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 10. — Acanthocephala carioca n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 10. — Acanthocephala carioca n. sp., male genitalia: A, pygophore lateral; B, pygophore dorsal; C, right paramere, lateral views; D, aedeagus. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 8. — Acanthocephala carioca n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 8. — Acanthocephala carioca n. sp., male holotype: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, head, dorsal view; D, head, lateral view; E, pronotum. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C, D,1 mm; E, 5 mm.

FIG. 7. — Acanthocephala brunnea n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 7. — Acanthocephala brunnea n. sp., female genitalia: A, pregenital and genital segments; B, first gonocoxa and gonapophysis; C, second gonocoxa and gonapophysis; D, spermatheca. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 6. — Acanthocephala brunnea n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 6. — Acanthocephala brunnea n. sp.: A, pronotum, detail of humeral angles and triangular processes; B, metathoracic gland and evaporative area; C, female metafemur; D, female metatibia; E, abdominal tergites in dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C-E, 5 mm.

FIG. 14. — Acanthocephala flaviantennata n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 14. — Acanthocephala flaviantennata n. sp., female genitalia: A, pregenital and genital segments; B, first gonocoxa and gonapophysis; C, second gonocoxa and gonapophysis; D, spermatheca. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, 1 mm; C, D, 0.5 mm.

FIG. 18. — Acanthocephala macrotuberculata n in Description of eight new species of the genus Acanthocephala Laporte, 1833 from South America (Hemiptera, Coreidae, Acanthocephalinae)

FIG. 18. — Acanthocephala macrotuberculata n. sp., female holotype: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, head, dorsal view; D, head, lateral view. Scale bars: A, B, 10 mm; C, D, 1 mm.

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Does European-introduced Phragmites australis experience below-ground microbial enemy release in North America?

Escape from native range enemies can give invasive species a competitive edge according to the enemy-release hypothesis. While more commonly associated with predators and herbivores, release from belowground microbial antagonists has been recently demonstrated to benefit invasive plants. Biogeographic variation in dominance and comparisons of soil communities suggest that invasive European Phragmites australis may have also benefitted from belowground enemy release in North America. Here we examine the effects of native range (Europe) versus introduced range (North America) soil communities on European native and North American introduced P. australis using a reciprocal inoculation seedling growth experiment. Contrary to the enemy-release hypothesis, we found that North American-introduced P. australis was sensitive to soil community origin in that the seedlings grown in European soil communities (native) had higher total biomass than seedlings grown in North American soil communities (introduced). This pattern was not observed in the European native P. australis seedlings which had similar biomass when grown with North American or European soil communities. Notably, introduced P. australis had higher biomass than native P. australis regardless of which soil community it was grown in, suggesting a growth-defense tradeoff. Though the relative abundance of mutualists and pathogens composition did not differ between the two ranges, an indicator analysis revealed that mutualistic fungi and bacteria were key components of European soil communities but not in North American communities. Interestingly, North American soil communities had lower β-diversity than European communities suggesting higher levels of community conservation amongst North American populations. This research represents the first evidence of growth-defense trade-offs in introduced P. australis and offers a novel mechanism for understanding the invasion of P. australis in North America.

Plate 29 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 29. Dactyloa kunayalae (Huleback, Poe, Ibáñez, and Williams, 2007). This anole is a priority two species with an EVS of 15, restricted in distribution to "central Panama" (Köhler 2008: 100). This individual came from Parque Nacional General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera, in the province of Coclé, Panama. Photo by Abel Batista.

Plate 26 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 26. Oedipina koehleri Sunyer, Townsend, Wake, Travers, Gonzalez, Obando, and Quintana, 2011. This worm salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 16, restricted to "three highland areas in northern Nicaragua" (Frost 2018). This individual came from Reserva Natural Cerro Musún, in the department of Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Photo by Javier Sunyer.

Plate 25 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 25. Bolitoglossa subpalmata (Boulenger, 1896). This salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 15, which occurs "on both slopes of the Cordillera de Guanacaste, Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, and their outliers in central to northern Costa Rica" (Frost 2018). This individual was encountered in Volcán Barva, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, in the province of, Heredia, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.

Plate 22 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 22. Bolitoglossa conanti McCranie and Wilson, 1993. Conant's Mushroomtongue Salamander is a priority one species with an EVS of 16, with a distribution "on the Atlantic and Pacific versants in western Honduras and eastern Guatemala" (Townsend and Wilson 2008). This individual came from Aldea San Joaquin, in the department of Copán, Honduras. Photo by Sean Michael Rovito.

Plate 37. Bothriechis lateralis Peters, 1862 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 37. Bothriechis lateralis Peters, 1862. The Coffee Palmviper is a priority one species with an EVS of 16. distributed in "the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama (Savage, 2002: 724). This individual came from La Nevera, Serranía de Tabasará, Panama. Photo by Abel Batista.

Plate 38. Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 38. Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859. The Black-speckled Palm-pitviper is a priority one species with an EVS of 17, which ranges along "the cordilleras of Costa Rica and western Panama" (Savage, 2002: 725). This individual was found at Jurutungo, in the province of Chiriquí, Panama. Photo by Javier Sunyer.

Plate 32 in The endemic herpetofauna of Central America: a casualty of anthropocentrism

Plate 32. Coleonyx mitratus (Peters, 1863). The Central American Banded Gecko is a priority six species with an EVS of 14, which ranges along the "Atlantic lowlands of northeastern Guatemala and northwestern Honduras [and the] Pacific lowlands from Guatemala to southwestern Costa Rica" (Savage 2002: 482). This individual was located in Sector Santa Rosa, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, in the province of, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Photo by Víctor Acosta-Chaves.