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Figure 18 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 18. Leucothoe bonelliae holotype (SMBL-V0661): (A) left pereopod 3, lateral; (B) left pereopod 4, lateral; (C) left pereopod 5, lateral; (D) left pereopod 6, lateral; (E) left pereopod 7, lateral. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Figure 14 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 14. Leucothoe bonelliae holotype (SMBL-V0661): (A) habitus, lateral; (B) pereonites 5–7, coxal plates 5–7 and pleonites 1–3, lateral; (C) telson, dorsal; (D) apical part of telson, dorsal; (E) left antenna 1, lateral; (F) left antenna 2, lateral. Scale bars = 100 µm.

Figure 2 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 2. Habitat of the study site. The proboscises of Bonellia sp. aff. minor (white arrows) extend from the burrow mainly during the night (A–D, different individuals).

Figure 7 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 7. Haplotype network from COI data for Basterotia bonelliphila from Kushimoto and Okinawa, Japan. Each connection represents one inferred base-pair change.

Figure 9 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 9. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Leucothoe amphipods, including Leucothoe bonelliae, based on the 18S rRNA gene. Numbers above branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities followed by maximum likelihood bootstrap support values.

Figure 7 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 7. Transverse section of outer margin of mantle of Cerastoderma glaucum, 20×, 40×; scale bars, 20 μm, 50 μm. There is clear colocalization of epithelial cells that are S100 (green) and 5-HT (red) immunoreactive (arrowheads). In the epithelium and subepithelium, there are noticeable and prominent haemocytes that are 5HT and S100 reactive (arrows). Highly colocalized epithelial cells immunopositive for iNOS and TLR2 can be found (arrowheads). In the epithelium and subepithelium, immunoreactive haemocytes that colocalize for iNOS and TLR2 are clearly visible (arrow). Colocalization is validated by the confocal microscope 'display profile' feature.

Figure 5 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 5. Transverse section of outer margin of mantle of Cerastoderma glaucum, 100×. Mallory histologic staining shows the presence of a columnar epithelium (**) that introjects giving rise to pleated epithelia (FE). Muscle components (M) and collagen fibres (C) are visible in the subepithelium. By AB/PAS histochemical staining, acid-secreting mucous cells (arrowheads) are evident. Also well visible are mucous cells with neutral secretion in the epithelium (arrows) and agglomerates of neutral secretion in the subepithelium (double arrows). Large agglomerates of acid mucous in the subepithelium (double arrowheads) also appear well represented. Ciliated epithelial cells (cec) appear notable, scale bar 100 μm.

Figure 3 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 3. Graphical elaboration of the outer margin mantle of Polititapes aureus and Cerastoderma glaucum. The stain used is AB/PAS. OF = outer fold; MF = medium fold; IF = inner fold.

Figure 2 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 2. Macroscopic evaluation of Cerastoderma glaucum. Yellow-white, sometimes light brown, curved shell with typical heart shape when viewed in profile. Very pronounced ribs. Interior of shell milky white. Shell of medium size with thick ribs and knobby formations at growth striae. Right valve with two main teeth and the two anterior and posterior secondary teeth.

Figure 6 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 6. Transverse section of outer margin of coat of Polititapes aureus, 20×, 40×; scale bars, 20μm, 50 μm. Epithelial cells immunoreactive for S100 (green) and 5-HT (red) are colocalized and evident (arrowheads). Haemocytes reactive for S100 and 5HT are notable and well colocalized in the epithelium and subepithelium (arrows). Epithelial cells immunopositive for iNOS and TLR2 are noticeable and well colocalized (arrowheads). Immunoreactive haemocytes that colocalize for iNOS and TLR2 are evident (arrows) in epithelium and subepithelium. In addition, some haemocytes are positive only for iNOS (*) others only for TLR2 (double arrows), suggesting a different hemocyte population with different function. The 'display profile' function of the confocal microscope confirms the colocalization.

Figure 1 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 1. Macroscopic evaluation of Polititapes aureus. Moderately convex valves of more or less ovoid or slightly elongated shape with pale yellow, white, or chestnut colour with broken zig-zag lines, or with dark chestnut-coloured spots.

Figure 11 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 11. Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype NSMT-Mo 79470). A, B, Dorsal and ventral views. Anterior is right. C, D, External view of right and left valves. E, F, Internal view of right and left valves. The tip of the foot was removed for DNA analysis. G, H, Hinge structure of left and right valves. Abbreviations: aa, anterior adductor muscle; ac, anterior cardinal tooth; apa, anterior-venral pedal aperture; d, demibranches; dg, digestive gland; exl, external ligament; f, foot; lp, labial palps; pa, posterior adductor muscle; p2, prodissoconch II; s, exhalant and inhalant siphons. Scale bars = 1 mm (A–F), 100 µm (G, H).

Figure 4 in Shell formation in two species of bivalves: the role of mantle cells and haemocytes

Figure 4. Transverse section of outer margin of mantle of Polititapes aureus, 100×. Mallory histologic staining shows the presence of a cuboidal epithelium (*) that becomes columnar (**) toward the outside of the margin. With AB/PAS histochemical staining, mucous cells rich in acidic mucopolysaccharides (amc) appear evident (arrowhead), with their secretion being shed outside the cell. In addition, ciliated epithelial cells (cec) are evident in both staining, scale bar 100 μm.

Figure 10 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 10. Bonellia sp. aff. minor. A, B, Whole body of living (A) and ethanol-fixed (B) specimens, ventral view. C, Anterior part of the trunk, ventral view. D, Base of the ventral chaetae connected by interbasal muscles. E, A gonoduct containing numerous eggs. F, Anal vesicle sacs. G, Dwarf male (1.5 mm in length). Abbreviations: ac, anterior chaetae; av, anal vesicle sac; gd, gonoduct; gm, gonostomal lip; gp, genital pore; pr, proboscis; tr, trunk. Scale bars = 5 mm (A, B), 1 mm (C–G). Specimen ID (see Supporting Information, Table S2): BM16 (B, C, E, F), BM09 (D, G).

Figure 4 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 4. Macrosymbiotic fauna associated with Bonellia sp. aff. minor. Macrosymbionts with hosts in the burrows (A, C, E). White arrowheads indicate macrosymbionts on the host's burrow wall (A, E) or trunk (C). Close-up view of the living specimens of each macrosymbiont (B, D, F). A, B, Basterotia bonelliphila (holotype: NSMT-Mo 79470). C, D, Leucothoe bonelliae (SMBL-V0666). E, F, Oxydromus fauveli. Scale bar = 1 mm (B, D, F).

Figure 16 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 16. Leucothoe bonelliae: (A) holotype (SMBL-V0661), (B) paratype (SMBL-V0662), (C) paratype (SMBL-V0663): (A–C) left gnathopod 1, lateral. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Figure 17 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 17. Leucothoe bonelliae: (A, B) holotype (SMBL-V0661), (C, D) paratype SMBL-V0662: (A) left gnathopod 2, medial; (B) left gnathopod 2, lateral, omitted setae; (C) left gnathopod 2, medial; (D) left gnathopod, 2, lateral, omitted setae. Scale bar = 100 µm.

Figure 5 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 5. Bonellia sp. aff. minor and its burrow associates (Basterotia bonelliphila, Leucothoe bonelliae, and Oxydromus fauveli) in dead coral rock. The inside of the burrows is partly occupied by sandy sediments collected by Bo. sp. aff. minor.

Figure 8 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 8. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Basterotia bivalves, including Basterotia bonelliphila, based on the combined dataset of four genes (18S + 28S + COI + H3). Numbers above branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities followed by maximum likelihood bootstrap support values.

Figure 19 in Living together in dead coral rocks: macrosymbiotic communities associated with Bonellia echiuran worms (Annelida: Thalassematidae: Bonelliinae), involving new commensal bivalve and amphipod species

Figure 19. Leucothoe bonelliae holotype (SMBL-V0661): (A) left pleopod 1, dorsal, omitted plumose setae; (B) left pleopod 2, dorsal, omitted plumose setae; (C) left pleopod 3, dorsal, omitted plumose setae; (D) left uropod 1, lateral; (E) left uropod 2, lateral; (F) left uropod 3, lateral. Scale = 100 µm.