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2,863 results for “Challenge”
Data from: Recurrent hybridisation events between Primula vulgaris, P. veris and P. elatior (Primulaceae, Ericales) challenge the species boundaries: Using molecular markers to re‐evaluate morphological identifications
Three Primula species, Primula vulgaris, P. veris and P. elatior, have been objects of fascination for gardeners and botanists over several centuries. The species are able to hybridise, and where they co-occur, hybrids are commonly found. In Denmark, Møns Klint on the island of Møn and Købelev Skov on Lolland are examples of localities where all three species occur and where the hybrids P. ×digenea, the hybrid between P. vulgaris and P. elatior, and P. ×polyantha, the hybrid between P. veris and P. vulgaris, can also be found. To investigate relations between the species and their hybrids, 168 specimens from 10 geographical locations were sampled for genetic analysis using DNA markers and identified based on morphological traits, primarily inflorescense structure, the size, shape, colour and markings of corolla and leaf basis, leaf blade texture and hairiness. After identifying species-specific SNPs in the internal transcribed spacer sequence, these were used to resolve species and hybrid boundaries and status through a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence assay. Polymorphisms in the chloroplast trnL sequence were used as a high-throughput marker and used to determine the maternal parent of hybrids. Ten simple sequence repeat markers were applied to obtain further insight into the genetic makeup of the accessions using Structure and Introgress, providing information of genetic variability within and between populations. Data analyses indicated that backcrossing of P. ×digenea hybrids with parental species has occurred, and that many of the P. ×digenea found in the study were later-generation hybrids rather than F1s. Analyses of P. ×polyantha specimens show mostly the expected pattern for primary hybrids but indications of P. veris ancestry of a P. vulgaris plant was discovered. Our results further indicate that some of the specimens initially identified as P. elatior include P. vulgaris among their progenitors and thus challenge currently accepted species boundaries.
Fossils, phylogenies, and the challenge of preserving evolutionary history in the face of anthropogenic extinctions
<p>Datasets and R scripts</p>
FIGURE 22 in Second representative of the order Misophrioida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Australia challenges the hypothesis of the Tethyan origin of some anchialine faunas
FIGURE 22. Map of Australia showing locations mentioned in text, including arm of the Eromanga Sea (Cretaceous) and areas (shaded) continually emergent since the Palaeozoic. Adapted and modified from Humphreys (2006).
FIGURES 13–21 in Second representative of the order Misophrioida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Australia challenges the hypothesis of the Tethyan origin of some anchialine faunas
FIGURES 13–21. Speleophria nullarborensis sp. nov., holotype female: 13, first swimming leg; 14, third exopodal segment of first leg; 15, basis of second swimming leg; 16, third endopodal segment of second swimming leg; 17, third endopodal segment of third swimming leg; 18, third exopodal segment of third swimming leg; 19, fourth swimming leg; 20, fifth leg; 21, sixth leg. Scales = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 7–12 in Second representative of the order Misophrioida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Australia challenges the hypothesis of the Tethyan origin of some anchialine faunas
FIGURES 7–12. Speleophria nullarborensis sp. nov., holotype female: 7, abdomen, ventral view; 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, abdomen, lateral view; 10, maxilla; 11, syncoxa and basis of maxilliped; 12, endopod of maxilliped. Scale = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–6 in Second representative of the order Misophrioida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Australia challenges the hypothesis of the Tethyan origin of some anchialine faunas
FIGURES 1–6. Speleophria nullarborensis sp. nov., holotype female: 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, habitus, lateral view; 3, antennula; 4, antenna; 5, mandibula; 6, maxillula. Scales = 0.1 mm.
FIGURE 8. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 8. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, ♂, 12.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: gnathopod 1, B: gnathopod 2, C: pereopod 3 and D: pereopod 4.
FIGURE 9. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 9. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, ♂, 12.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: pereopod 5, B: pereopod 6, C: pereopod 7, D: urosomites, E: epimeral plates, and F: uropod 3.
FIGURE 6 in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 6. Micrographs of ultrastructural patterns on head region in Gammarus shirazinus n. sp. (A & C), and G. loeffleri n. sp. (B & D).
FIGURE 5. Gammarus shirazinus n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 5. Gammarus shirazinus n. sp., paratype, Ψ, 12 mm., from Pole-Berenji spring, S of Shiraz. A: basis of pereopod 5, B: basis of pereopod 6, C: basis of pereopod 7, D: epimeral plates, and E: oostegite 1.
FIGURE 4. Gammarus shirazinus n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 4. Gammarus shirazinus n. sp., holotype, ♂, 22 mm., from Pole-Berenji spring, S of Shiraz. A: pereopod 5, B: pereopod 6, C: pereopod 7, D: urosomites, E: epimeral plates, and F: uropod 3.
FIGURE 3. Gammarus shirazinus n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 3. Gammarus shirazinus n. sp., holotype, ♂, 22 mm., from Pole-Berenji spring, S of Shiraz. A: gnathopod 1, B: gnathopod 2, C: pereopod 3, and D: pereopod 4.
FIGURE 2. Gammarus shirazinus n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 2. Gammarus shirazinus n. sp., holotype, ♂, 22 mm., from Pole-Berenji spring, S of Shiraz. A: antenna 1, B: antenna 1, enlarged ventral tip of first peduncle, C; antenna 2, D: head capsule, E: mandible, F:Palp of mandible, G: exopodite of Maxilipede, H: left palp of maxilla 1, I: right palp of maxilla 1, and J: telson.
FIGURE 1 in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 1. Map of the study area from Central to Southeast of Fars Province, Iran. Bold lines indicate borders of river catchments.
FIGURE 10. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 10. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, Ψ, 7.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: basis of pereopod 5, B: basis of pereopod 6, C: basis of pereopod 7, D: epimeral plates, and E: oostegite 1.
FIGURE 7. Gammarus loeffleri n in Two new Gammarus species (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from warm springs in the south-east pre-alpine area of the Zagros, Iran: habitats with physiological challenges
FIGURE 7. Gammarus loeffleri n. sp., holotype, ♂, 12.5 mm., from Cheshme Golabi spring, W of Darab. A: antenna 1, B: antenna 2, C: head capsule, D: mandible, E: palp of mandible, F: exopodite of maxilliped, G–H: left palp of maxilla 1, I: right palp of maxilla 1, and J: telson.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Indian caecilian highlights challenges for species delimitation within Gegeneophis Peters, 1879 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae)
FIGURE 2. Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. in life, two topotypic specimens found approximately 0.5 m apart. The larger specimen (preserved TL = 196 mm) is adult female paratype BNHS 5421.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Indian caecilian highlights challenges for species delimitation within Gegeneophis Peters, 1879 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Indotyphlidae)
FIGURE 1. Holotype (BNHS 5420) of Gegeneophis tejaswini sp. nov. Whole body shown in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views; head, collars and anteriormost two primary annuli shown in dorsal (C), right lateral (D) and ventral (E) views; body terminus shown in dorsal (F), left lateral (G) and ventral (H) views. Scale bar for whole body views 10mm, for anterior and posterior close-up views 5 mm.
FIGURE 11. Bradophila pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 in Enigmas from the past: M'Intosh's (1885) annelidicolous copepods from the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger
FIGURE 11. Bradophila pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 (♂): A, anterior half of cephalothorax, ventral (A1, antennule; A2, antenna;?Mx1, putative maxillule;?Mx2, putative maxilla; pmp., postmaxillary process; Mxp, maxilliped; o., vestigial oral opening). Melinnacheres levinseni (M'Intosh, 1885): B, habitus ♀, dorsal; C, habitus ♀, ventral (A1, antennule; A2, antenna; Mx2, maxilla; g.a., genital apertures).
FIGURE 10. Bradophila pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 in Enigmas from the past: M'Intosh's (1885) annelidicolous copepods from the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger
FIGURE 10. Bradophila pygmaea Levinsen, 1878 (♂). A, habitus, lateral (rudimentary legs 1–3 arrowed); B, antenna, dorsal (modified setae arrowed); C, antennule, dorsal (modified setae arrowed).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.