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1,245 results for “hypothesis”
Figures 40–45 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figures 40–45. Antennae: 40, Morpheis clenchi Donahue, 1980; 41, Ceretes marcelserres (Godart, [1824]); 42, Synemon parthenoides R. Felder, 1874; 43, Castnia invaria Walker, 1854; 44, Geyeria decussata (Godart, [1824]); 45, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 39 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figure 39. Cladogram obtained from analysis using weighting (k = 20), including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890. Filled circles represent synapomorphies; open circles represent homoplasies. The numbers represent the values of Bremer support for the branches. Clades with heavier lines represent the new genera proposed. Coloured branches represent the appearance of a mimetic pattern. Asterisks next to taxa names represent species of uncertain position.
Figure 38 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figure 38. Cladogram obtained from analysis using weighting (k = 20), not including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890. Filled circles represent synapomorphies; open circles represent homoplasies. Asterisks next to taxa names represent species of uncertain position.
Figure 37 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figure 37. Cladograms obtained from unweighted analyses: A, cladogram including Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890, from Oriental fauna; B, cladogram without Tascina metallica Pagenstecher, 1890.
Figures 73–80 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figures 73–80. Valva and associated characters, internal view: 73, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]); 74, Athis flavimaculata (Miller, 1972); 75, Imara satrapes (Kollar, 1839); 76, Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793); 77, Castnius pelasgus (Cramer, [1779]); 78, Telchin evalthe (Fabricius, 1775) comb. nov. 79, Synpalamides ctesiphon (Hübner, [1820]) comb. nov.; 80, Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figures 65–72 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figures 65–72. Aedeagus and associated characters, lateral view: 65, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821); 66, Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1776); 67, Telchin evalthe (Fabricius, 1775) comb. nov.; 68, Yagra fonscolombe (Godart, [1824]); 69, Corybantes pylades (Stoll, 1782); 70, Telchin atymnius (Dalman, 1824); 71, Synpalamides ctesiphon (Hübner, [1820]) comb. nov. 72, Telchin syphax (Fabricius, 1775). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figures 53–58 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figures 53–58. Aedeagus and associated characters, lateral view: 53, Morpheis clenchi Donahue, 1980; 54, Synemon parthenoides R. Felder, 1874; 55, Ceretes thais (Drury, 1782); 56, Castnius pelasgus (Cramer, [1779]); 57, Synpalamides orestes (Walker, 1854); 58, Prometheus heliconioides (Herrich-Schäffer, [1853]) comb. nov. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figures 59–64 in Phylogeny of Neotropical Castniinae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea: Castniidae): testing the hypothesis of the mimics as a monophyletic group and implications for the arrangement of the genera
Figures 59–64. Posterior end of aedeagus and associated characters, lateral view: 59, Imara pallasia (Eschscholtz, 1821); 60, Prometheus mimica (R. Felder, 1874) comb. nov.; 61, Synpalamides hegemon (Kollar, 1839) comb. nov.; 62, Corybantes mathani (Oberthür, 1881); 63, Synpalamides phalaris (Fabricius, 1793); 64, Telchin licus (Drury, 1773). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Bird species co-occurrence patterns in an Alpine environment supports the stress gradient hypothesis
<p>Understanding the relative contribution of different biotic interactions in shaping species assemblages constitutes a major goal in community ecology and consequently, multiple methods aimed at inferring the nature of these associations have emerged during the last decade. In this framework, the stress-gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that prevalent biotic interactions shift from competition to facilitation as abiotic stress increases (and productivity decreases). This hypothesis originally raised by plant ecologists has been barely applied to faunal communities. Here, we take advantage of 20 years of abundance data to investigate pairwise patterns in species co-occurrence in Alpine bird communities inhabiting two contrasting habitat types; forests (high-productivity) and mountain grasslands (low-productivity). We also integrate functional data with presence-absence and quantitative matrices in order to detect the signature of processes driving community assembly and test for limiting similarity. We employed a Bayesian approach, probabilistic pairwise association tests and joint Species Distribution Models; all methods revealed a higher frequency of positive interactions in mountain grasslands in agreement with what the SGH predicts. Both the frequency of positive and negative interactions remained moderately stable over the study period in both habitat types. There was no significant relationship between the degree of co-occurrence of species pairs and their functional distance in either habitat. However, when we only considered those combinations of species whose co-occurrence pattern deviated from that expected at random, we found that co-existing species are functionally more similar than those pairs that show segregated patterns in the forest assemblages. Such a relationship may arise via selective social information use and other processes including microhabitat preferences. Overall, our findings suggest that interspecific competition does not seem to be a major force driving the structure of bird assemblages in this mountain region.</p>
Figure 1 in Molecular data extend Australian Cricotopus midge (Chironomidae) species diversity, and provide a phylogenetic hypothesis for biogeography and freshwater monitoring
Figure 1. Schematic phylogeny based on a majority rule consensus maximum-likelihood (ML) topology for the reduced data set. Relevant nodal support values are shown, which correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap support, respectively; –, nodes unresolved by ML; *, posterior probabilities of 1.00 or bootstrap support of 100. Thick branches denote Australian clades; thin branches are non-Australian taxa. Geographical distributions and tolerances to ecosystem impact for Australian Cricotopus species are shown according to the inset legend, with the forms of divergent species coded based on assumptions made from the current sampled localities.
Figure 1 in Diversity of limno-terrestrial tardigrades of the Americas in relation to the Great American Biotic Interchange hypothesis (GABI)
Figure 1. Division of the Americas into the squares used in analysis: A, 25 X 25°; B, 10 X 10°. Gaps on the 10 X 10° map indicate lack of tardigrade data.
Figure 3 in Diversity of limno-terrestrial tardigrades of the Americas in relation to the Great American Biotic Interchange hypothesis (GABI)
Figure 3. Similarities of the faunas of North, Central and South America. Jaccard: A, 25 X 25° squares; B, 10 X 10° squares. Sorensen: C, 25 X 25° squares; D, 10 X 10° squares. Kulczynski: E, 25 X 25° squares; F, 10 X 10° squares.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic hypothesis for Plebs within a in Systematic review of a new orb-weaving spider genus (Araneae: Araneidae), with special reference to the Australasian-Pacific and South-East Asian fauna
Figure 3. Phylogenetic hypothesis for Plebs within a taxon sampling of Australian 'eriophorine' orb-weaving spiders (Araneidae) (length = 114, consistency index = 0.38, retention index = 0.72). Full circles indicate unambiguous synapomorphies and open circles homoplasious character state changes. Character numbers (above circles) and states (below circles) as in Table 1. The topology only shows unambiguous character state changes. Bremer support values are given in circles below branches.
Figure 16 in An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae)
Figure 16. Pinkfloydia harveii sp. nov., female. A, fertilization duct detail. B, epigynum dorsal, cuticular glands ductiles. C, copulatory duct detail. Spinnerets: D, ALS; E, PMS; F, spinnerets overview; G, PLS. Abbreviations: AC, aciniform gland spigots; AG, aggregate gland spigots; ALS, anterior lateral spinnerets; CY, cylindrical gland spigots; FL, flagelliform spigot; mAP, minor ampullate gland spigot; MAP, major ampullate gland spigot; PI, piriform gland spigots; PLS, posterior lateral spinnerets; PMS, posterior median spinnerets. Scale bars: A, D, E, G = 10 Mm; B, C = 2 Mm; F = 20 Mm.
Figure 8 in An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae)
Figure 8. Pinkfloydia harveii sp. nov. Male palp (holotype): A, ventral; B, retrolateral; C, prolateral; D, schematic; E, dorsal. Female epigynum: F, ventral; G, dorsal; H, schematic. Abbreviations: C, conductor; CB, cymbium; CD, copulatory duct; CEBP, cymbial ecto-basal process; CEMP, cymbial ecto-median process; E, embolus; F, fundus; FD, fertilization duct; MEA, metine embolic apophysis; P, paracymbium; T, tegulum. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figure 13 in An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae)
Figure 13. Pinkfloydia harveii sp. nov., male. Palp: A, retrolateral; B, ventral; C, dorsal; D, retrolateral close up; E, apical; F, conductor and embolus detail; G, paracymbium; H, modified setae on the CEMP (type I); I, modified setae (cuspules) on the CEMP (type II). Abbreviations: C, conductor; CB, cymbium; CEBP, cymbial ecto-basal process; CEMP, cymbial ecto-median process; E, embolus; MEA, metine embolic apophysis; P, paracymbium; S, spermatheca; ST, subtegulum. Scale bars: A, B, C = 100 Mm; D, E, G = 20 Mm; F = 10 Mm; H = 2 Mm; I = 3 Mm.
Figure 11 in An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae)
Figure 11. Pinkfloydia harveii sp. nov. Capture webs of four different juveniles photographed in the leaf litter at night, near Walpole. All webs have been dusted with cornstarch. A, recently spun orb, maximum horizontal web frame width is 67 mm (photo series 0209-0215/27ii06GH). B, maximum horizontal web frame width is 52 mm (photo series 0201-0202/27ii06GH). C, partially damaged web with spider at the hub; maximum horizontal web frame width is 92 mm (photo series 0206-0208/27ii06GH). D, unfinished web; the spider is on the upper left frame corner, maximum horizontal frame width is 62 mm (photo series 0203-02105/27ii06GH).
Can volcanic trace elements facilitate Covid-19 diffusion? A hypothesis stemming from the Mount Etna area, Sicily
<p>In December 2019, severe cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology were reported in Wuhan city, in China. Lately, the pneumonia was related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the diseases was termed coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). At the end of January 2020, the infection spread all over Italy, but with high infection rates and mortality in the northern part, especially in Lombardy, the most industrialized and polluted region of the country. It is noteworthy that a strong association between severe viral respiratory disease and air pollution has been described. Air pollutant could be solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases and can be of natural origin (such as ash from a volcanic eruption) or released from motor vehicle depletes (carbon monoxide gas) or factories (sulfur dioxide). Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of sulphuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid into the atmosphere. Pulmunary diseases spreadby means of small droplets in thebreath, also called aerosols, and air pollution may facilitate the outside survival of viruses. We suppose that ash and gases emitted from the Mount Etna contributed to air pollution, potentially favouring the major contagion of COVID-19 in the eastern flank of the mountain, as in Catania city. In fact, ash and gases (with regard to radon) are usually particularly intense in winter, with a reduction of emission of specific metals with warmer weather. This is the first paper that elaborates the hypothesis of a potential role of volcanic gases and heavy metals-related air pollution, combined to specific climatic conditions and regional topography, in favouring severe COVID-19 diffusion in Sicily. Clinical and epidemiological studies are needed to support the hypothesis and plan the due prevention and awareness-raising campaigns.</p>
Data from: Genome-wide investigation of the multiple origins hypothesis for deep-spawning kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) across its pan-Pacific distribution
<p>Salmonids have emerged as important study systems for investigating molecular processes underlying parallel evolution given their tremendous life history variation. Kokanee, the resident form of anadromous sockeye salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>), have evolved multiple times across the species' pan-Pacific distribution, exhibiting multiple reproductive ecotypes including those that spawn in streams, on lake-shores, and at lake depths >50 meters. The latter has only been detected in five locations in Japan and British Columbia, Canada. Here, we investigated the multiple origins hypothesis for deep-spawning kokanee, using 9,721 SNPs distributed across the genome analyzed for the vast majority of known populations in Japan (Saiko Lake) and Canada (Anderson, Seton, East Barrière Lakes) relative to stream-spawning populations in both regions. We detected 397 outlier loci, none of which were robustly identified in paired-ecotype comparisons in Japan and Canada independently. Bayesian clustering and principal components analyses based on neutral loci revealed six distinct clusters, largely associated with geography or translocation history, rather than ecotype. Moreover, a high level of divergence between Canadian and Japanese populations, and between deep- and stream-spawning populations regionally, suggest the deep-spawning ecotype independently evolved on the two continents. On a finer level, Japanese kokanee populations exhibited low estimates of heterozygosity, significant levels of inbreeding, and reduced effective population sizes relative to Canadian populations, likely associated with transplantation history. Along with preliminary evidence for hybridization between deep-spawning and stream-spawning ecotypes in Saiko Lake, these findings should be considered within the context of on-going kokanee fisheries management in Japan.</p>
Data for: Testing the match-mismatch hypothesis in bighorn sheep in the context of climate change
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In species with long gestation, females commit to reproduction several months before parturition. If cues driving conception date are uncoupled from spring conditions, parturition could be mistimed. Mismatch may increase with global change if the rate of temporal changes in autumn cues differs from the rate of change in spring conditions. Using 17 years of data on climate and vegetation phenology, we show that autumn temperature and precipitation, but not vegetation phenology, explain parturition date in bighorn sheep. Although autumn cues drive the timing of conception, they do not predict conditions at parturition in spring. We calculated the mismatch between individual parturition date and spring green-up, assessed whether mismatch increased over time and investigated the consequences of mismatch on lamb neonatal survival, weaning mass and overwinter survival. Mismatch fluctuated over time but showed no temporal trend. Temporal changes in green-up date did not lead to major fitness consequence of mismatch. Detailed data on individually marked animals revealed no effect of mismatch on neonatal or overwinter survival, but lamb weaning mass was negatively affected by mismatch. Capital breeders might be less sensitive to mismatch than income breeders because they are less dependent on daily food acquisition. Herbivores in seasonal environments may access sufficient forage to sustain lactation before or after the spring 'peak' green-up, and partly mitigate the consequences of a mismatch. Thus, the effect of phenological mismatch on fitness may be affected by species life-history, highlighting the complexity in quantifying trophic mismatches in the context of climate change. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.