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Fig. 11 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 11. Principal component analysis based on five shell measurements. Numbers are ZMB catalogue numbers.

Fig. 7. Distal female genitalia. A–B in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 7. Distal female genitalia. A–B. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. C–D. S. carsonae sp. nov. E–F. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. G–H. S. crutzeni sp. nov. I–J. S. dinersteini sp. nov. Abbreviations: aa = anterior albumen gland; ac = anterior capsule gland; bc = bursa copulatrix; bd = bursal duct; od = oviduct; pa = posterior albumen gland; pc = posterior capsule gland; vc = ventral channel.

Fig. 5 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of cephalic tentacles. A. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. (ZMB 191842). B. S. carsonae sp. nov. (ZMB 107079). C. S. crutzeni sp. nov. (ZMB 191838). D. S. dinersteini sp. nov. (ZMB 107092). Arrows indicate field of cilia. Scale bars: A–B, D = 20 µm; C = 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of protoconchs. A–B. Sulawesidrobia carsonae sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12119). C–D. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12121). Scale bars: A, C = 50 µm; B, D = 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 1. Map of Lake Matano with the sampling sites of Sulawesidrobia Ponder & Haase, 2005. Black symbols for new species, white for known ones. The red frame on the map of Sulawesi in the left-bottom insert shows the location of Lake Matano on the island. Black lines indicate roads. When several species occur at one locality, the central black dot marks the actual sampling site.

Fig. 8. Penis. A–B in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 8. Penis. A–B. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. (ZMB 191842). C–D. S. carsonae sp. nov. (ZMB 107079). E–F. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. (ZMB 107095). G. S. crutzeni sp. nov. (ZMB 191838). H. S. dinersteini sp. nov. (ZMB 107092). Arrow indicates lobe in H. Scale bars: A–F, H = 50 µm; G = 100 µm.

Fig. 6. Radula. A–C in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 6. Radula. A–C. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. D. S. carsonae sp. nov. E. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. F. S. crutzeni sp. nov. G–H. S. dinersteini sp. nov. Note different shapes of denticles on central and lateral teeth across species. Arrows indicate enlarged denticle on marginal tooth 1 in S. wilsoni sp. nov. Scale bars: A, C–G = 10 µm; B, H = 5 µm.

Fig. 10 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 10. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. Outgroup pruned from tree. Taxa represented by "species name_ZMB catalogue number and specimen_abbreviation of lake". Numbers at nodes are bootstrap support values> 50. Scale in substitutions per site.

Fig. 3 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of paratypes, all from type localities. A–B. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12117). C–D. S. carsonae sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12119). E–F. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12121). G–H. S. crutzeni sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12123). I–J. S. dinersteini sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12125).

Fig. 2. Holotypes. A in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 2. Holotypes. A. Sulawesidrobia wilsoni sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12116). B. S. carsonae sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12118). C. S. ehrlichi sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12120). D. S. crutzeni sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12122). E. S. dinersteini sp. nov. (MZB Gst. 12124). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in New species from a 'lost world': Sulawesidrobia (Caenogastropoda, Tateidae) from ancient Lake Matano, Sulawesi, Indonesia

Fig. 9. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Outgroup pruned from tree. Taxa represented by "species name_ZMB catalogue number and specimen_abbreviation of lake". Numbers at nodes are posterior probabilities> 0.50. Scale in substitutions per site.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Modelling compound flooding: A case study from Indonesia

<p>Flood-prone areas can be vulnerable to a range of flooding mechanisms, with the associated hazards likely to increase due to the impacts of global climate change. Here, we investigate compound flooding from waves, sea surge and river flow in northern Jakarta, Indonesia, which is a global hotspot of flooding, by combining process-based coastal and river models. The coastal hydrodynamic modelling of Jakarta Bay shows that, coastal storms can lead to substantial increase in sea water level due to wind and wave setup in the nearshore areas. The compound flood hazard in the low-lying coastal areas surrounding the West Flood Canal in the northern Jakarta, which drains the Cilliwung river, from a range of statistically significant compound flood scenarios, was simulated and analysed. The results reveal that low-lying areas around the river estuary are prone to flooding even during regular, low-intensity storm events while rarer storms caused extensive floods. Floods were not caused by direct overwashing of sea defences but by overspill of riverbanks due to high sea water level caused by wind and wave setup and sea surge obstructing high river flows during compound events. Potential changes to future flooding in the northern Jakarta were investigated by taking into account the regional sea level rise and land subsidence in Jakarta in numerical flood simulations. It was found that the sea level rise combined with rapid land subsidence will inundate the existing coastal flood defences during storms. As vast areas of the city will be below mean sea level by 2100, overwashing of coastal defences will lead to extensive flooding in the northern, western, and eastern Jakarta even during more frequent low-intensity storms.  </p>

Figure 5 in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Figure 5. Genetic clustering based on allele frequencies of 12 microsatellite loci genotyped for Rattus rattus Complex samples from MSEA and extralimital distribution in Indonesia (IDN). (A) PCoA, (B) STRUCTURE barplot.

Figure 4. Haplotype network for Rattus rattus Complex II in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Figure 4. Haplotype network for Rattus rattus Complex II. The Nusa Tenggara samples are illustrated on the right of the network.

Figure 1 in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Figure 1. Cranial measurements taken for each specimen: supraoccipital height (BH), basal length (BLL), basilar length (BRL), length of the bullae (BULL), condylobasal length (CBL), condylobasilar length (CBRL), minimum corpus length (CL), length of the diastema (DA), foramen magnum height (FMH), foramen magnum width (FMW), length of the incisive foramina (FOR), length of the face (GES), length of the braincase (HKL), thickness of the incisor (ID), interorbital breadth (IOB), mandibular diastema length (LAL), thickness lower incisor (LID), mandibular alveoli length (MAL), mandibular toothrow length (crown) (MCL),mandibular depth (MD), maximum mandibular height (MDL), mandibular depth at M1 (MID), mandibular length (ML), nasal length (NAS), nasal breadth (NASB), occipital breadth (OCB), occipital length (OCN), supraoccipital width at the occipital condyles (OCW), length of the upper molar row (alveoli) (OZRA), length of the upper molar row (crown) (OZRK), palatal length (PL), palatine breadth (PRL), rostral breadth (RB), rostral height (RH), breadth of braincase (SKB), height of braincase with bullae (SKH), zygomatic plate (ZP), zygomatic breadth (ZYG).

Figure 3. Haplotype networks for Rattus exulans, R in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Figure 3. Haplotype networks for Rattus exulans, R. argentiventer, and Rattus rattus Complex LIV. Sunda refers to the islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra; the Indonesian sample (brown) lacks further collection information.

Figure 6 in Expanding Population Edge Craniometrics and Genetics Provide Insights into Dispersal of Commensal Rats through Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Figure 6. Summary of likely movements of the three commensal rodents through the Nusa Tenggara island chain. Rat illustrations redrawn and adapted from R. Budden, location of RS3 Dong Song drums from Calo (2014).

Figure 13 in Metal-Age Maritime Culture at Jareng Bori Rockshelter, Pantar Island, Eastern Indonesia

Figure 13. Rim sherds illustrating the range of straight, incurving, and out-curving rims at Jareng Bori. With the exception of the incurving notched pie-crust lip (844), out-curving rims (Surface) with wide flat lips (824, 2691) and inverted rims (841, 828), the fragmentary nature of the assemblage prevents further identification of vessel forms.

Figure 14 in Metal-Age Maritime Culture at Jareng Bori Rockshelter, Pantar Island, Eastern Indonesia

Figure 14. Total number of lithic (chert and obsidian) artefacts by excavation unit (5 cm spit) at Jareng Bori.

Figure 10 in Metal-Age Maritime Culture at Jareng Bori Rockshelter, Pantar Island, Eastern Indonesia

Figure 10. Representative sherds for the decorative styles on pottery from Jareng Bori: Appliqué (1–2); Burnishing (3–5); Incising (6–10); Moulding (11); Moulding & Incising (12); Moulding-carving (13–15); Moulding-carving & Incising (16); Impressing (17–18); Punctation (19); Black-burnished (19–20); Black slipped (21–22); Grey slipped (23–24); Red slipped (25).