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Data for: Geography, taxonomy, extinction risk, and exposure of fully migratory birds to droughts and cyclones
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Aim</strong>: Anthropogenic climate change is predicted to drive unprecedented increases in the frequency and intensity of extreme climatic events, such as drought and cyclones. The impacts of these events on fully migratory species could be particularly severe and have cascading effects on the functioning of many ecosystems. We explore the relationships between geography, taxonomy, extinction risk, and the exposure of fully migratory birds to drought and cyclones.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Location:</strong> Global.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Time period:</strong> 1985-2014.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> 383 fully migratory bird species.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Methods:</strong> We assessed exposure of fully migratory birds to cyclones and droughts, quantifying exposure by calculating the percentage of spatial overlap between a species' range and the extent of an extreme event within a given time series. We compared the level of cumulative exposure sustained by species among different taxonomic groups and within their breeding and wintering ranges; we also assessed whether species currently classed as 'threatened' are more cumulatively exposed than 'non-threatened' species.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Results</strong>: We identified fully migratory bird species highly exposed to extreme climatic events and global geographic hotspots of species exposure. 4% of species were found to be highly exposed to cyclones and droughts in both their wintering and breeding ranges. Wintering ranges were, on average, more cumulatively exposed to cyclones than breeding ranges; there was no discernible difference in drought exposure between ranges. Species currently classed as threatened were shown to experience higher exposure to droughts than non-threatened ones in both ranges.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> This exposure analysis provides the first step to a full global assessment of fully migratory bird species' vulnerability to extreme climatic events. Many species are at least as exposed to extreme events within their wintering ranges as in their breeding ranges, supporting calls for 'full cycle' assessment of migratory species' vulnerability to climate change. Our identification of hotspots of exposure may help to guide further monitoring, research, and management.</p>
Fig 11 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 11 Nymphal development in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD 12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B) and the ratios of nymphal development at LD 16:8h to that at LD 12:12 h (C) plotted against the latitudes. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. N indicates sample size based on Suppl. material 1: table S9. **, p < 0.01.
Fig 10 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 10 Body weight of hatchlings from eggs laid by G0 and G1 Locusta migratoria females. Each N is based on 51–443 hatchlings (mean = 190.8). N indicates the number of populations (see Suppl. material 1: table S8). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level.
Fig 9 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 9 Numbers of ovarioles in field-collected and lab-reared Locusta migratoria females plotted against the latitudes (A), generations (B), and head widths of females of the parental generation, (C) and the proportions of functional ovarioles (no. of eggs / no. of ovarioles) plotted against the latitudes in field-collected females (D). **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. G0, field-collected generation; G1, 1st lab-reared generation; G2, 2nd lab-reared generation. Mean numbers of ovarioles (± SD) among generations in (B) are compared with the Tukey's multiple comparison test. Different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S6.
Fig 6 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 6 Geographic variation in head widths of Locusta migratoria adults reared at LD 12:12 h or LD 16:8 h (30°C) in the first 3 laboratory generations. Red and green symbols showing means per cage indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S3.
Fig 13 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 13 The growth efficiencies, as determined by adult head width/duration of nymphal development, plotted against the latitudes (A) and correlation between adult head widths of G0 and growth efficiencies of G1 at LD 12:12 h (B) or LD 16:8 h (C) in Locusta migratoria. N indicates sample sizes. **; p < 0.01; ***, p< 0.0001. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. In (A) the quadrat equation is y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in females and y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in males. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S9, S10.
Fig 14 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 14 F/C (hind femur length / head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of Locusta migratoria adults collected in the field (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (G1–G3). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Symbols in (A) and (E) indicate the mean of each population and those in (B–D, F–H) indicate the mean of individuals per cage. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3. *, p < 0.05; **; p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.0001.
Fig 3 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 3 Geographic variation in head widths (mean ± SD) of Locusta migratoria adults collected at various latitudes. Top and bottom diagrams illustrate the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010) and number of generations per year (as shown in Fig. 2). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. r indicates the correlation coefficient within each zone (see Suppl. material 1: table S3). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 1 Collection sites of Locusta migratoria in Japan. Numbers indicate the sites where locusts were collected. For the names of the sites, see Suppl. material 1: table S1.
Fig 16 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 16 Relationships between male and female head widths of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults. The dashed line indicates similar body sizes of both sexes. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 8 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 8 Relationships between numbers of eggs per pod, egg pod widths, and head widths of Locusta migratoria female parents collected in the field. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001. Orange and white symbols indicate populations of the north and south clades, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S5.
Fig 2 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 2 Diagram showing compositions of Locusta migratoria populations with 1, 2 and 3 or more generations per year based on various sources (H. Tanaka 1982, Hakomori and Tanaka 1992, Tanaka 1994, Shimizu et al. 2012, Tanaka 2022).
Fig 15 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 15 Changes in mean F/C (hind femur length/head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of adults across generations in Locusta migratoria. Sample sizes in G0–3 are 29, 30, 27 and 26 in (A) and (C) and 29, 31, 24 and 19 in (B) and (D). Locusts were reared in a group in G1–G3 at 30°C under LD12:12h or LD 16:8h. White and gray histograms indicate females and males, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in mean values with the Steel-Dwass test (p < 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.
Fig 12 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 12 Relationships between lengths of nymphal development and adult head width in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Each symbol indicates the mean of each population based on Suppl. material 1: table S10.
Fig 4 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 4 Head widths (mean ± SD) of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the annual mean temperatures at the collection sites. Top diagrams show the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 17 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 17 Ratios of female head width to male head width of Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the latitudes in the field-collected adults (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (B, D, F) and LD 16:8 h (C, E, G). The correlations between the two variables are all significant (p < 0.05) except for G3. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.
Fig 5 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 5 Mean head widths of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the longitudes (A) and altitudes (m) of the collection sites. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. SDs expressed as bars are given only in (B). None of the correlations are statistically significant (p > 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S1, S2.
Fig 7 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 7 Means and SDs of maximum egg pod widths (A) and numbers of eggs (B) of egg pods produced by field-collected Locusta migratoria plotted against the latitudes of collection sites. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S5.
Data from: Nest predation and climate change as drivers of alternative reproductive tactics in a migratory species
<p>Alternative reproductive tactics enable individuals to choose a reproductive tactic relative to their status and prevailing environmental conditions in a way that increases their fitness. Conspecific brood parasitism, in which females lay eggs in nests of conspecifics, is one example of such behaviour. It has been proposed that when prospects for successful nesting are low and/or costs of reproduction are high, females employ tactics of low cost such as non-breeding and parasitic laying. When environmental conditions are ideal and prospects for success high, females can increase their reproductive effort above typical nesting by laying parasitic eggs prior to initiating their own nest. </p>
Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 8 Correlations of head widths between field-collected females and group-reared G1 (A, B) or G2 (C, D) adults at LD 12:12h and LD 16:8h. Each circle indicates the mean value of adults reared in a cage. In (A), mean N = 31.3 and 35.3 in females and males, respectively. In (B), N = 23.3 and 30.0 in females and males, respectively. In (C), mean N = 30.3 and 30.2 in females and males, respectively. In (D), N = 22.0 and 30.6 in females and males, respectively.
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