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FIGURE 8 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 8. Cartouche-like rectangular shields are the basis of the interrupted stripe in the Albemarle turtle leech (see also Fig. 6A, B). A, in this preserved, post-fed juvenile (PM-17f, 7.8 mm) the dorsal stripe is continuous along most of the dorsal midline, but is obfuscated at intervals by the opacity of the respective shields. B, the cellular nature of these shields is shown in a slightly earlier stage of development. In this specimen (PM-24a, 7.8 mm) consecutive shields 3 and 4 are comprised of aggregations of white cells localised mid-dorsally at segments XV/XVI (wp3) and XVIII/XIX (wp4), respectively. A, reflected LED light; B, transmitted LED light. Scale bars: A, 1.0 mm; B, 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 9. The eyes of the Albemarle turtle leech develop remarkably early in the embryo, long before any other pigment is discernible. Shown are the eyes of an early embryo (4.5 mm, PM-9) at different magnifications. A, head region showing one apparent pair of contiguous eyes. B, C, higher magnifications reveal the eyes are actually compound, each comprised of a smaller anterior and larger posterior eye. Scale bars: A, B, 0.1 mm; C, 20 μm.

FIGURE 6 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 6. Taxonomic features of the Albemarle turtle leech can vary considerably under different conditions of lighting and preservation. Shown is a recently fed, late juvenile specimen (PM-20) from Virginia Beach, VA, photographed as follows. A, in life, under natural light. B, same individual relaxed and preserved in 5 % formalin, under LED light. C, same preserved individual, under ultraviolet light. Scale bar: 2.0 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 5. Scheme of the reproductive systems of the Albemarle turtle leech, based on dissection of specimen PM-12 from Pasquotank County, NC. A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. Distance between segmental ganglia is approximately 2.0 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 4. Scheme of the proboscis complex of the Albemarle turtle leech, based on dissection of specimen PM-1b from Tyrrell County, NC. A, dorsal view, with proboscis inset separately for clarity. B, lateral view. The long tapering proboscis (blue), with a proximal crook and termination of its tip beyond the brain, is specific for this species. Proboscis is approximately 10 mm long.

FIGURE 3 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 3. Archetypal specimen of the Albemarle turtle leech on which the external description of this species is based. Collected at edge of swamp, Stephens Ridge, Gum Neck, Tyrrell County, NC (PM-14d). A, dorsal view. B, ventral view of same specimen. Scale bar: 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 11. The last three body segments (XXV–XXVII) of the Albemarle turtle leech constitute the peduncle. A, specimen (PM-21a) showing typical configuration of pre-anal tubercles (pt1–pt3), a characteristic of this species. B, atypical specimen (PM-1a) with a distinctive narrowing of the peduncle as fixed during extension of the body. C, D, under ultraviolet light. C, fluorescence restricted to margins of this specimen (PM-14b). D, fluorescence primarily confined to tips of the pre-anal tubercles in this specimen (PM-14d). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 2. A in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 2. A, Typical swamp habitat for the Albemarle turtle leech. Shown is Griffin Swamp, Pasquotank County, NC, where 8 specimens (4.5–44 mm) were collected overnight by means of the 'Essig' leech trap shown in B (see Methods). B, This pocketed, aluminium device transforms sampling leeches in such inhospitable swamps. Scale bars: A, 1 m; B, 2.5 cm.

FIGURE 1. A in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 1. A, Map of the mid-Atlantic coastal plain showing location of the Albemarle region of the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA. This wetlands (yellow shading) is the focus of an ongoing study of the Hirudinea. B, Close-up of locality stations (red stars) where over 675 Albemarle turtle leeches were collected in this study from 2008–2020. See Appendix for compilation of locality records. Scale bars: A, 100 km; B, 50 km. ABBREVIATIONS TO FIGURES. a, atrium; ae, accessory eye; ah, atrial horn; an, anus; b, 'brain'; cc, crop caecum; cl, 'colossal cells'; cu, detached cuticle; cup, detached cuticle of proboscis sheath; e, eye; ed, ejaculatory duct; f, female gonopore; g, ganglion; ic, intestinal caecum; lp, lateral head patch of segment IV; m, male gonopore; ma, metameric marginal pattern; mp, mouth pore; my, mycetome; oc, common ovisac; oe, oesophagus; op, posterior arm of ovisac; ov, vertical arm of ovisac; p, proboscis; pa, point of attachment; pb, base of proboscis; pd, paramedial stripe; pm, protractor muscle; pp, placobdellid head pattern; ps, proboscis sheath; pt, pre-anal tubercle; r, rectum; rm, retractor muscle; s, mid-dorsal stripe; sa, anterior salivary 'gland'; sb, common bundle of ductules from both salivary 'glands'; sd, bundle of ductules from salivary 'gland'; sp, posterior salivary 'gland'; pst, presumptive salivary tissue; sv, seminal vesicle; t2, second testisac; ta, paramarginal tubercle; ti, intermediate tubercle; tm, medial tubercle; tp, paramedial tubercle; ua, pre-ocular unpigmented area; vr, ventral rim of oral sucker; vs, ventral longitudinal stripe; wp, white patch.

FIGURE 15 in Description and taxonomic analysis of a tuberculated turtle leech from the Outer Banks, North Carolina, USA, provisionally identified as Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae)

FIGURE 15. The multilinear pattern of dorsal tubercles in the Albemarle turtle leech correlates with the underlying crop caeca. For comparative purposes the intermediate tubercle (ti) of segment XIX is labelled in each respective image. A, orderly pattern of five rows of dorsal tubercles of an adult individual (PM-6). B, same individual as A under intense transmitted light showing the respective dorsal tubercles in relation to underlying blood-filled crop caeca. C, unfed embryo (4.8 mm) brooded by the adult in A, B, showing presumptive tubercles linked to the same respective crop caeca. A, reflected LED light. B, C, transmitted LED light. Scale bars: A, B, 5.0 mm; C, 0.2 mm.

FIGURES 16–23 in A review of the Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878) species-group (Lepidoptera Erebidae: Arctiinae) with description of a new species from China

FIGURES 16–23. Stigmatophora spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 16, 17, 21–23 in MWM/ZSM; 18 and 19 in ZFMK; 20 in NHMUK (© The Trustees of NHMUK).

FIGURES 32–37 in A review of the Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878) species-group (Lepidoptera Erebidae: Arctiinae) with description of a new species from China

FIGURES 32–37. Stigmatophora spp.: female genitalia. Depositories of the specimens: 32 and 34 in CKC; 33, 36 and 37 in MWM/ZSM; 35 in ZFMK.

FIGURES 24–27 in A review of the Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878) species-group (Lepidoptera Erebidae: Arctiinae) with description of a new species from China

FIGURES 24–27. Stigmatophora spp.: male genitalia. Depositories of the specimens: 24, 26 and 27 in MWM/ZSM; 25 in CKC.

FIGURES 8–15 in A review of the Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878) species-group (Lepidoptera Erebidae: Arctiinae) with description of a new species from China

FIGURES 8–15. Stigmatophora spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 8–12 in MWM/ZSM; 13 in CKC; 14 and 15 in ZFMK.

FIGURES 1–7 in A review of the Stigmatophora palmata (Moore, 1878) species-group (Lepidoptera Erebidae: Arctiinae) with description of a new species from China

FIGURES 1–7. Stigmatophora spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1 in NHMUK (© The Trustees of NHMUK); 2 and 3 in MWM/ZSM; 4 and 5 in CKC; 6 and 7 in ICZAS (photo by unknown photographer, © ICZAS).

Figure 6 in Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy

Figure 6. Growth rate percentage of mean per leaf of eggs and nymphs in Naples. Trends with polynomial approximation.

Figure 7 in Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy

Figure 7. Growth rate percentage of mean per leaf of eggs and nymphs in Rome. Trends with polynomial approximation.

Figure 5 in Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy

Figure 5. Box–whiskers plot of samples of Naples and Rome. The stripe shows the median, the box the interquartiles and the whiskers extend to the minimum and maximum of (A) eggs, (B) nymph stages 1 and 2, and (C) nymph stages 3–5.

Figure 4. Q-Q in Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy

Figure 4. Q-Q plot of mean per leaf distributions of (A) eggs, (B) nymph stages 1 and 2 and (C) nymph stages 3–5.

Figure 12 in Seasonal occurrence and adaptation of the exotic Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Italy

Figure 12. The linear regressions between mean per leaf of (A) eggs, (B) nymph stages 1 and 2, and (C) nymph stages 3–5 and the average temperature in Naples and between mean per leaf of (D) eggs, (E) nymph stages 1 and 2, and (F) nymph stages 3–5 and the average temperature in Rome.