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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Data from: Identifying hidden rate changes in the evolution of a binary morphological character: the evolution of plant habit in Campanulid angiosperms
The growth of phylogenetic trees in scope and in size is promising from the standpoint of understanding a wide variety of evolutionary patterns and processes. With trees comprised of larger, older, and globally distributed clades, it is likely that the lability of a binary character will differ significantly among lineages, which could lead to errors in estimating transition rates and the associated inference of ancestral states. Here we develop and implement a new method for identifying different rates of evolution in a binary character along different branches of a phylogeny. We illustrate this approach by exploring the evolution of growth habit in Campanulidae, a flowering plant clade containing some 35,000 species. The distribution of woody versus herbaceous species calls into question the use of traditional models of binary character evolution. The recognition and accommodation of changes in the rate of growth form evolution in different lineages demonstrates, for the first time, a robust picture of growth form evolution across a very large, very old, and very widespread flowering plant clade.
Data from: Adaptive evolution of a derived radius morphology in manakins (Aves, Pipridae) to support acrobatic display behavior
The morphology of the avian skeleton is often studied in the context of adaptations for powered flight. The effects of other evolutionary forces, such as sexual selection, on avian skeletal design are unclear, even though birds produce diverse behaviors that undoubtedly require a variety of osteological modifications. Here, we investigate this issue in a family of passerine birds called manakins (Pipridae), which have evolved physically unusual and elaborate courtship displays. We report that, in species within the genus Manacus, the shaft of the radius is heavily flattened and shows substantial solidification. Past work anecdotally notes this morphology and attributes it to the species' ability to hit their wings together above their heads to produce loud mechanical sonations. Our results show that this feature is unique to Manacus compared to the other species in our study, including a variety of taxa that produce other sonations through alternate wing mechanisms. At the same time, our data reveal striking similarities across species in total radius volume and solidification. Together, this suggests that supposedly adaptive alterations in radial morphology occur within a conserved framework of a set radius volume and solidness, which in turn is likely determined by natural selection. Further allometric analyses imply that the radius is less constrained by body size and the structural demands that underlie powered flight, compared to other forelimb bones that are mostly unmodified across taxa. These results are consistent with the idea that the radius is more susceptible to selective modification by sexual selection. Overall, this study provides some of the first insight into the osteological evolution of passerine birds, as well as the way in which opposing selective forces can shape skeletal design in these species.
Permian–Triassic phylogenetic and morphologic evolution of rhynchonellide brachiopods
<p>The Rhynchonellida is a major group of brachiopods that survived the "big five" mass extinctions and flourished after the Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) crisis. However, phylogenetic and character evolution in the Rhynchonellida across the P-Tr transition is poorly understood. In view of the widespread homoplasy across this order, we employ a tip-dated Bayesian analysis to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships for Late Permian–Triassic rhynchonellides. The same data were also analyzed using three other methods: undated Bayesian, equal-weighting, and implied-weighting parsimony. Compared with trees generated by other methods, those constructed by tip-dating best account for the homoplasy in this group, and are closer to previous assumptions on the evolution of this group. Based on the analyses of multiple trees, the major increase in lineage richness occurred in the Early and early Middle Triassic, and the richness in the Anisian almost reached its highest level in the Triassic. According to fossil records, a pronounced reduction in shell size and in the development of ornamentation occurred after the P-Tr extinction, which is largely due to the loss of large and highly-sculptured genera, and the diversification of small-sized and weakly-ornamented genera. Ancestral state estimation of shell size and development of ornamentation, coupled with comparisons of other characters, indicate that the Early–Middle Triassic mature "small-sized taxa" may have characters displayed by juveniles of their ancestors. This suggests that for these genera, paedomorphosis was possibly a strategy to survive and diversify in the harsh environment after the P-Tr extinction.</p>
FIG. 11 in Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography
FIG. 11. Camera-trap photograph of two Coendou bicolor visiting a mineral lick near the Centro de Investigación Río Los Amigos, Madre de Dios, Peru (courtesy of Dyana LaRosa). In situations like this, porcupines are probably exposed to a greater risk of predation than they would be in the canopy. Coendou prehensilis is the only other Neotropical species known to frequent mineral licks (Montenegro, 2004; Blake et al., 2011).
FIG. 3 in Morphology and evolution of larval outgrowths of Tingidae (Insecta, Heteroptera), with description of new larvae
FIG. 3. — Aristobyrsa uaupenensis Carvalho & Costa, 1922, fifth larvae habitus. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 14 in Morphological perspective on the classification and evolution of Recent Pterioidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Figure 14. Interfilamental associations in the Pterioidea. Transverse histological section (7 µm, Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid/ Schiff's trichrome stain). A, connections mediated by ciliated discs projecting from spurs (top lamella), Isognomon alatus (AMNH 298023, 43.41 mm); B, connections mediated by ciliated discs projecting from thickened ordinary filaments, Pteria loveni (MNHN MD32/Reunion 1982 St. DC85, 29.4 mm); C, connections mediated by both ciliated discs and organic fusion along basal side of filaments, Pteria colymbus (AMNH 298920, 63.6 mm). Abbreviations: c, interfilamentar cilia; cd, ciliated disc; tf, tissue fusion; ogf, ordinary filament; s, spur of ciliated disc. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
Fig 6 in Morphology and distribution of the cave knifefish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from Central Brazil, with an expanded diagnosis and comments on subterranean evolution
Fig 6. Living specimen of Eigenmannia vicentespelaea with relatively well developed eyes and translucent aspect. Note the three longitudinal stripes (LEA: 121.9 mm). Photo: José Sabino.
Figure 8. A–C in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 8. A–C, dorsal view of the chondrocranium. D–F, ventral view of the lower jaw. G–I, hyobranchial skeleton at larval stage 37. A, D, and G, Chacophrys pierottii. B, E, and H, Ceratophrys cranwelli. C, F, and I, Lepidobatrachus laevis. Abbreviations: bh, basihyal; cli, cartilage labialis inferior; cls, cartilago labialis superior; cm, cartilago meckeli; cop, copula mandibularis; cqo, commissura quadratoorbitalis; ct, cornua trabeculae; cte, commissura terminalis; hb, hypobranchialia; i, infrarostral; lpo, larval process oticus; pa, processus anterolaterialis of ceratohyal; pacls, pars alaris cartilago labialis superior; pacp, processus anterolateralis crista parotica; pb, processus branchialis; pccls, pars corpores cartilago labialis superior; pqe, processus quadratoethmoidalis; ppcp, processus posterolateralis crista parotica; psp, processus pseudopterygoideus; sp, spicula; ub, processus urobranchialis. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 7 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 7. Variation in the origin of the m. suspensorioangularis in tadpoles (stage 37). A, in Chacophrys pierottii, the m. suspensorioangularis has a preorbital origin, its fibres originate at the posterior base of the process muscularis. B, in Ceratophrys cranwelli, the m. suspensorioangularis is long, and has fibres originating posterior to the base of the processus muscularis at the ventral surface of the palatoquadrate, and are covered by the m. hyoangularis. The origin of this muscle in this species is at the level of the eye. C, in Lepidobatrachus llanensis, some fibres of the m. suspensorioangularis originate from the lateral expansion of the palatoquadrati, behind the posterior base of the processus muscularis, and other fibres that are joined by connective tissue link the origin of this muscle with the ceratohyal. The origin of this muscle is postorbital. Haas (2003) recognized a posterior origin of the m. suspensorioangularis in basal anurans –differing from the preorbital origin observed in neobatrachians. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 6 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 6. Pattern of the lateral line system of tadpoles at larval stage 37 in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. A, Lepidobatrachus laevis. B, Ceratophrys cranwelli. C, Pseudis platensis. D, Telmatobius atacamensis. Discontinuous lines represent neuromasts. Abbreviations for the anterior lateral line system: an, angular line; io, infraorbital line; lor, oral longitudinal line; or, oral line; pre, preorbital line; sl, supralabial line, and st, supratemporal line. Abbreviations for the posterior lateral line system: d, dorsal line; m, medial line; v, ventral line. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 2. Anal tube morphology in anuran tadpoles. A, Telmatobius atacamensis (stage 36), ventral view of the funnel-shaped anal tube. B, Odontophrynus lavillai (stage 36), lateral view of the funnel-shaped anal tube. C, Chacophrys pierottii (stage 35), ventral view of the anal tube, which is short and cylindrical. D, Ceratophrys cranwelli (stage 36), the anal tube is cylindrical and smaller than the anal tube of C. pierottii. E, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (stage 34), lateral view of the anal tube. The anal tube is funnel shaped and short. F, Lepidobatrachus llanensis (stage 36), ventral view. The anal tube is short and its opening is wide. After this stage the anal tube disappears. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 5 in Morphological evolution in Ceratophryinae frogs (Anura, Neobatrachia): the effects of heterochronic changes during larval development and metamorphosis
Figure 5. Cross sections of the skin of the dorsum in selected tadpoles at larval stage 37. A, Odontophrynus lavillai. The epidermis is double layered with cells organized in an internal layer of columnar cells and an external layer of flattened cells. Melanocytes are in the epidermis. The dermis is a single layer, with a compact stratum composed of collagenous fibres. B, Telmatobius atacamensis. The thick epidermis is composed of an inner layer of tall and large cells, and at least three external layers of flattened cells. Melanocytes are in the epidermis. The dermis is thin and has only a compact stratum. C, Chacophrys pierottii. The epidermis is double layered. Melanocytes are in the epidermis. The dermis is single and thin. D, Ceratophrys cranwelli. Five layers of cells form the epidermis. Melanocytes are in the epidermis and dermis. Two layers form the dermis: the outer stratum spongiosum that has mucous glands, and the underlying stratum compactum. E, Lepidobatrachus llanensis. The epidermis is composed of three or four layers of flat cells. The dermis has the stratum spongiosum with glands and the stratum compactum. There are scarce melanocytes in the dermis. F, Lepidobatrachus laevis. Three layers of cells form the epidermis. The dermis consists of stratum spongiosum and compactum. The stratum spongiosum has small glands and melanocytes. In C. cranwelli, L. llanensis, and L. laevis the dermis thickness is greater than twice the epidermis thickness. Abbreviations: cs, compactum stratum of the dermis layer; d, dermis; e, epidermis; ss, spongiosum stratum of the dermis layer. Symbols: arrowheads point to melanocytes; stars indicate mucous glands. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 7 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates
Figure 7. Females. Phenogram of the species mean shapes with bootstrap proportions of node repeatability (shown if> 0.5). Mean shapes of representatives of the study taxa are shown using surface rendering. The grand mean of all species means is also shown. Asterisks indicate very small samples (N ³ 5).
Figure 2 in The radiation of red colobus monkeys (Primates, Colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered African primates
Figure 2. (a) Landmark configuration (modified from Cardini et al., 2007a). (b) The symbols for the study taxa defined here are used in all figures.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from morphological data. A in Combined-data phylogenetics and character evolution of Clitellata (Annelida) using 18S rDNA and morphology
Figure 3. Phylogenetic trees obtained from morphological data. A, phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the somatic data set. Posterior probabilities of ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes. B, phylogenetic tree obtained from one of the three replicate Bayesian inference runs of the spermatozoal data set. Posterior probabilities ± 0.85 are indicated in front of the nodes.
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 6. Left mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 7. Right mandible EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of mandible shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3
Figure 8. Labrum EES plots. A, axis 2 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 8. Labrum EES plots. A, axis 2 vs. axis 1. B, axis 2 vs. axis 3. C, modelled mode of labrum shape change along axes 1, 2 and 3.
Fig. 6 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 6. Bayesian analysis of the concatenated 18S + 28S rDNA dataset constructed using MrBayes ver. 3.6.2 under the GTR + I + G model of nucleotide evolution. The analysis was run for 10 million generations; 7 million generations were discarded as burn-in. Posterior probabilities are given at the nodes. All nodes with <0.95 posterior probabilities have been collapsed. The branch length scale bar indicates number of substitutions per site. Higher level classification is given at the right-hand side. Emboldened terminals indicate newly generated data.
Fig. 4 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 4. Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). B–C, F–H. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). D–E. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.3.19.1). A. Frontal view of autozooids with short peristomes interspersed with kenozooids. B–C. Calcified diaphragms with a central lumen closing an autozooid (B) and a kenozooid (C). D–E, G. Longitudinal sections of zooids showing the moniliform walls with mural pustules, and the communication pores. F. Funnel-shaped diaphragm with a sectioned autozooid. H. Mural spines and pustules surrounding a communication pore.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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