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Supplementary material 1 from: Hernández-Triana LM, Brugman VA, Nikolova NI, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Barrero E, Thorne T, de Marco MF, Krüger A, Lumley S, Johnson N, Fooks AR (2019) DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species. ZooKeys 832: 57-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.32257
: Data type: molecular data
Figure 2 from: Hernández-Triana LM, Brugman VA, Nikolova NI, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Barrero E, Thorne T, de Marco MF, Krüger A, Lumley S, Johnson N, Fooks AR (2019) DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species. ZooKeys 832: 57-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.32257
Figure 2 Neighbor joining tree of COI DNA barcodes (658 bp) for mosquito species. A divergence of > 2% may be indicative of separate operational taxonomic units. Only bootstrap values higher than 70% are shown.
Figure 1 from: Hernández-Triana LM, Brugman VA, Nikolova NI, Ruiz-Arrondo I, Barrero E, Thorne T, de Marco MF, Krüger A, Lumley S, Johnson N, Fooks AR (2019) DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species. ZooKeys 832: 57-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.832.32257
Figure 1 Location of study sites in the United Kingdom. Key: 1 ADAS Arthur Rickwood; 2 Church Farm; 3 Coombelands Farms; 4 Elmley Nature Reserve; 5 Glendell Livery, Mill Lane; 6 Frimley; 7 Mudchute Farm; 8 Northney Farm, Hayling Island; 9 White Lodge, Bisley; 10 Bartley Heath; 11 Dee Marsh.
Figure 2 in Gene Flow Patterns of the Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito in Colombia: a Continental Comparison Suggests Multiple Invasion Routes and Gene Exchange
Figure 2. Haplotype network for the mitochondrial ND4 gene from natural A. aegypti populations from: A. American continent, including sequences for Colombia; B. Colombia. In both haplotype networks, the size of each circle is proportional with the haplotypic frequency. The number next to each circle indicates the haplotype number.
Figure. Map of Iran in which Kurdistan Province and its counties are highlighted: 1. Baneh, 2. Saqqez, 3. Divandareh, 4. Bijar, 5. Qorveh, 6. Kamyaran, 7. Sarvabad, 8. Marivan, 9. Sanandaj (* Sanandaj City). in The fauna and ecology of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in western Iran
Figure. Map of Iran in which Kurdistan Province and its counties are highlighted: 1. Baneh, 2. Saqqez, 3. Divandareh, 4. Bijar, 5. Qorveh, 6. Kamyaran, 7. Sarvabad, 8. Marivan, 9. Sanandaj (* Sanandaj City).
Genetic diversity of Aedes and Armigeres mosquito vectors and associated Wolbachia pipientis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Linked collectors and determiners for: NEON Biorepository Mosquito Collection (Bulk Identified).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "NEON Biorepository Mosquito Collection (Bulk Identified)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/52d682a4-251e-4b1f-8e0e-d422ee56bfdb">https://bionomia.net/dataset/52d682a4-251e-4b1f-8e0e-d422ee56bfdb</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/52d682a4-251e-4b1f-8e0e-d422ee56bfdb">https://gbif.org/dataset/52d682a4-251e-4b1f-8e0e-d422ee56bfdb</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: Experimental evolution to increase the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against malaria mosquitoes: effects on mycelial growth and virulence
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana are currently considered as a potential control agent for malaria mosquitoes. The success of such strategies depends among others on the efficacy of the fungus to kill its hosts. As B. bassiana can use various resources for growth and reproduction, increasing the dependency on mosquitoes as a nutritional source may be instrumental for reaching this goal. Passage of entomopathogenic fungi through an insect host has been shown to increase its virulence. We evaluated the virulence, fungal outgrowth, mycelial growth rate, and sporulation rate of two B. bassiana isolates (Bb1520 and Bb8028) that underwent 10 consecutive selection cycles through malaria mosquitoes (Anopheles coluzzii) using an experimental evolution approach. This cycling resulted in an altered capacity of evolved B. Bassiana lineages to grow on different substrates while maintaining the ability to kill insects. Notably, however, there were no significant changes in virulence or speed of outgrowth when comparing the evolved lineages against their un-evolved ancestors. These results suggest that fungal growth and sporulation evolved through successive and exclusive use of an insect host as a nutritional resource. We discuss the results in the light of biocontrol and provide suggestions to increase fungal virulence.
Data from: Transgenerational interactions between pesticide exposure and warming in a vector mosquito
While transgenerational plasticity may buffer ectotherms to warming and pesticides separately, it remains unknown how combined exposure to warming and pesticides in the parental generation shapes the vulnerability to these stressors in the offspring. We studied the transgenerational effects of single and combined exposure to warming (4°C increase) and the pesticide chlorpyrifos on life history traits of the vector mosquito Culex pipiens. Parental exposure to a single stressor, either warming or the pesticide, had negative effects on the offspring: both parental exposure to warming and to the pesticide resulted in an overall lower offspring survival, and a delayed offspring metamorphosis. Parental exposure to a single stressor did, however, not alter the vulnerability of the offspring to the same stressor in terms of survival. Parental pesticide exposure resulted in larger offspring when the offspring experienced the same stressor as the parents. Within both the parental and offspring generations, warming made the pesticide more toxic in terms of survival. Yet, this synergism disappeared in the offspring of parents exposed to both stressors simultaneously because in this condition the pesticide was already more lethal at the lower temperature. Our results indicate that transgenerational effects will not increase the ability of this vector species to deal with pesticides in a warming world. Bifactorial transgenerational experiments are crucial to understand the combined impact of warming and pesticides across generations, hence to assess the efficacy of vector control in a warming world.
Data from: Plant-mediated effects on mosquito capacity to transmit human malaria
The ecological context in which mosquitoes and malaria parasites interact has received little attention, compared to the genetic and molecular aspects of malaria transmission. Plant nectar and fruits are important for the nutritional ecology of malaria vectors, but how the natural diversity of plant-derived sugar sources affects mosquito competence for malaria parasites is unclear. To test this, we infected Anopheles coluzzi, an important African malaria vector, with sympatric field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, using direct membrane feeding assays. Through a series of experiments, we then examined the effects of sugar meals from Thevetia neriifolia and Barleria lupilina cuttings that included flowers, and fruit from Lannea microcarpa and Mangifera indica on parasite and mosquito traits that are key for determining the intensity of malaria transmission. We found that the source of plant sugar meal differentially affected infection prevalence and intensity, the development duration of the parasites, as well as the survival and fecundity of the vector. These effects are likely the result of complex interactions between toxic secondary metabolites and the nutritional quality of the plant sugar source, as well as of host resource availability and parasite growth. Using an epidemiological model, we show that plant sugar source can be a significant driver of malaria transmission dynamics, with some plant species exhibiting either transmission-reducing or -enhancing activities.
Data from: Invasive species reduces parasite prevalence and neutralizes negative environmental effects on parasitism in a native mosquito
1.Invasive species research often focuses on direct effects of invasion on native ecosystems and less so on complex effects such as those influencing host‐parasite interactions. However, invaders could have important effects on native host‐parasite dynamics. Where infectious stages are ubiquitous and native host‐pathogen specificity is strong, invasive less‐competent hosts may reduce the pool of infectious stages, effectively reducing native host‐parasite encounter rate. Alternatively, invasive species could alter transmission via changes in native species abundance. 2.Biotic and abiotic environmental factors can also impact disease dynamics by altering host or parasite condition. However, little is known about potential interactive effects of invasion and environmental context on native species disease dynamics. Moreover, experimental examinations of the mechanisms driving dilution effects are limited, but serve to provide tests of predictions leading to diversity‐disease relationships. 3.Using field and laboratory experiments, we tested competing hypotheses that an invasive species reduces the prevalence of a native parasite in its host by removing infectious propagules from the environment or by reducing native host abundance. In addition, we evaluated the role of detritus quantity as a resource base in mediating effects of the invasive species. 4.Native parasite prevalence was reduced when the invasive species was present. Prevalence was also higher in high detritus habitats, although this effect was lost when the invasive species was present. The invasive species significantly reduced infectious propagules from the aquatic habitats. Presence of the invasive species had no effect on the native species abundance; thus, the reduction in parasitism was not due to changes in host density but through a reduction in infectious propagule encounters. 5.We conclude that an invasive species can facilitate a native species by reducing parasite prevalence via a dilution effect and that these effects can be modified by resource level. Reductions in parasitism may have ripple effects throughout the community, altering the strength of competitive interactions, predation rates, or coinfection with other pathogens. We advocate considering potential positive effects of invasive species on recipient communities, in addition to effects of invasions on host‐parasite interactions to gain a broader understanding of the complex consequences of invasion.
Data from: The consequences of co-infections for parasite transmission in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
1)Co-infections may modify parasite transmission opportunities directly as a consequence of interactions in the within host environment, but also indirectly through changes in host life-history. Furthermore, host and parasite traits are sensitive to the abiotic environment with variable consequences for parasite transmission in co-infections. (2)We investigate how co-infection of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with two microsporidian parasites (Vavraia culicis and Edhazardia aedis) at two levels of larval food availability affects parasite transmission directly, and indirectly through effects on host traits (3)In a laboratory infection experiment we compared how co-infection, at low and high larval food availability, affected the probability of infection, within-host growth and the transmission potential of each parasite, compared to single infections. Horizontal transmission was deemed possible for both parasites when infected hosts died harbouring horizontally-transmitting spores. Vertical transmission was judged possible for E. aedis when infected females emerged as adults. We also compared the total input number of spores used to seed infections with output number, in single and co-infections for each parasite. (4)The effects of co-infection on parasite fitness were complex, especially for V. culicis. In low larval food conditions, co-infection increased the chances of mosquitoes dying as larvae or pupae, thus increasing opportunities for V. culicis' horizontal transmission. However, co-infection reduced larval longevity and hence time available for V. culicis spore production. Overall there was a negative net effect of co-infection on V. culicis whereby the number of spores produced was less than the number used to seed infection. Co-infections also negatively affected horizontal transmission of the more virulent parasite, E. aedis, through reduced longevity of pre-adult hosts. However, its potential transmission suffered less relative to V. culicis. (5)Our results show that co-infection can negatively affect parasite transmission opportunities, both directly as well as indirectly via effects on host life-history. We also find that transmission is contingent on the combined effect of the abiotic environment.
Computational and experimental insights into the chemosensory navigation of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae
<p>Mosquitoes are prolific disease vectors that affect public health around the world. Although many studies have investigated search strategies used by host-seeking adult mosquitoes, little is known about larval search behavior. Larval behavior affects adult body size and fecundity, and thus the capacity of individual mosquitoes to find hosts and transmit disease. Understanding vector survival at all life stages is crucial for improving disease control. In this study we use experimental and computational methods to investigate the chemical ecology and search behavior of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquito larvae. We first show that larvae do not respond to several olfactory cues used by adult <em>Ae. aegypti</em> to assess larval habitat quality, but perceive microbial RNA as a potent foraging attractant. Second, we demonstrate that <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae use chemokinesis, an unusual search strategy, to navigate chemical gradients. Finally, we use computational modeling to demonstrate that larvae respond to starvation pressure by optimizing exploration behavior - possibly critical for exploiting limited larval habitat types. Our results identify key characteristics of foraging behavior in an important disease vector mosquito. In addition to implications for better understanding and control of disease vectors, this work establishes mosquito larvae as a tractable model for chemosensory behavior and navigation.</p>
Data from: Genome annotation improvements from cross-phyla proteogenomics and time-of-day differences in malaria mosquito proteins using untargeted quantitative proteomics
The malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi, and other mosquitoes modulate their biology to match the time-of-day. In the present work, we used a non-hypothesis driven approach (untargeted proteomics) to identify proteins in mosquito tissue, and then quantified the relative abundance of the identified proteins from An. stephensi bodies. Using these quantified protein levels, we then analyzed the data for proteins that were only detectable at certain times-of-the day, highlighting the need to consider time-of-day in experimental design. Further, we extended our time-of-day analysis to look for proteins which cycle in a rhythmic 24-hour ("circadian") manner, identifying 31 rhythmic proteins. Finally, to maximize the utility of our data, we performed a proteogenomic analysis to improve the genome annotation of An. stephensi. We compare peptides that were detected using mass spectrometry but are 'missing' from the An. stephensi predicted proteome, to reference proteomes from 38 other primarily human disease vector species. We found 239 such peptide matches and reveal that genome annotation can be improved using proteogenomic analysis from taxonomically diverse reference proteomes. Examination of 'missing' peptides revealed reading frame errors, errors in gene-calling, overlapping gene models, and suspected gaps in the genome assembly.
Mosquito larval and adult collections in Stratford and Milford, Connecticut, United States 2019 - 2020
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Background</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">Mosquito larval control<b> </b>through the use of insecticides is the most common strategy for suppressing West Nile virus (WNV) vector populations in Connecticut (CT), United States. To evaluate the ability of larval control to reduce entomological risk metrics associated with WNV, we performed WNV surveillance and assessments of municipal larvicide application programs in Milford and Stratford, CT in 2019 and 2020. Each town treated catch basins and non-basin habitats (Milford only) with biopesticide products during both WNV transmission seasons. Adult mosquitoes were collected weekly with gravid and CO<sub>2</sub>-baited light traps and tested for WNV; larvae and pupae were sampled weekly from basins within 500m of trapping sites, and <i>Culex pipiens </i>larval mortality was determined with lab bioassays of catch basin water samples.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">Results</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">Declines in 4<sup>th</sup> instar larvae and pupae were observed in catch basins up to 2-weeks post-treatment, and we detected a positive relationship between adult female <i>Cx. pipiens </i>collections in gravid traps and pupal abundance in basins. We also detected a significant difference in total light trap collections between the two towns. Despite these findings, <i>Cx. pipiens </i>adult collections and WNV mosquito infection prevalence in gravid traps were similar between towns.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">Conclusion</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing">Larvicide applications reduced pupal abundance and the prevalence of host-seeking adults with no detectable impact on entomological risk metrics for WNV. Further research is needed to better determine the level of mosquito larval control required to reduce WNV transmission risk.</p>
Figure 1 in Infestation levels of Culex (Phytotelmatomyia) mosquitoes inhabiting water-filled Eryngium pandanifolium (Apiaceae) under different sunlight condition
Figure 1. Study area and Eryngium pandanifolium specimens.
FIGURE 6 in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Eocene amber from the Rovno region, Ukraine
FIGURE 6. The mammalian hair—the syninclusion of the examined specimen of Culiseta gedanica.
Figure 3 from: Rozo-Lopez P, Mengual X (2015) Mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in three ecosystems from the Colombian Andes: identification through DNA barcoding and adult morphology. ZooKeys 513: 39-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9561
Figure 3 - Maximum likelihood tree of the barcoding sequences of mosquito species listed for the Neotropics. Terminal branches have been collapsed in order to save space (see original tree in Suppl. material 7 and 8). Branches in colors indicate non-monophyletic genera. Red clusters represent groups with problems to discriminate species. Names with green asterisk indicate non-monophyletic species. Bootstrap values above 60 (1,000 replicates) are given at the nodes.
Figure 1 from: Rozo-Lopez P, Mengual X (2015) Mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in three ecosystems from the Colombian Andes: identification through DNA barcoding and adult morphology. ZooKeys 513: 39-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9561
Figure 1 - Map of Colombia indicating the sampling sites of mosquitoes collected in this study: Belmira, Antioquia, paramo, 3,200 masl (red circle); Rio Sucio, Caldas, cloud forest, 1,960 masl (green circle); La Pintada, Antioquia, tropical dry forest, 660 masl (blue circle); Supia, Caldas, rural area, 1,150 masl (pink circle). Modified from Instituo Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (www.igac.gov.co) and Wikimedia Commons (by Addicted04).
Figure 2 from: Rozo-Lopez P, Mengual X (2015) Mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in three ecosystems from the Colombian Andes: identification through DNA barcoding and adult morphology. ZooKeys 513: 39-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.513.9561
Figure 2 - Neighbour-Joining tree of the barcoding sequences of mosquito species listed for Neotropics, based on Tamura-Nei genetic distances. Terminal branches have been collapsed in order to save space (see original tree in Suppl. material 5 and 6). Branches in colors indicate non-monophyletic genera. Red clusters represent groups with problems to discriminate species. Names with green asterisk indicate non- monophyletic species. Bootstrap values above 60 (1,000 replicates) are given at the nodes.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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