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Figs 32–42 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 32–42. Posterior view of pronotum of major male. 32 – P. tridens Castelnau, 1840; 33 – P. moroni Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 34 – P. balthasari Arnaud, 2001, stat. rev.; 35 – P. daphnis Harold, 1863; 36 – P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 37 – P. herbeus Bates, 1887, stat. rev.; 38 – P. furiosus Bates, 1887; 39 – P. pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev.; 40 – P. nimrod Harold, 1863; 41 – P. victoriae Moctezuma sp. nov.; 42 – P. eximius Bates, 1887. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 22–23. Phanaeus pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 22 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 22–23. Phanaeus pseudofurcosus Balthasar, 1939, stat. rev. 22 – male green phase; 23 – holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Figs 1–5. Phanaeus tridens Castelnau, 1840. 1 – male green phase; 2 – male green-red phase; 3 – neotype and labels, present designation (by Christophe Rivier, MNHN); 4 – P. frankenbergeri junior subjective synonymy, holotype and labels (by Jiří Hájek, NMPC); 5 – EDMONDS' (1994) neotype of P. tridens and labels (by Simon Hinkley, NMVA). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 65 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 65. Predicted distribution of P. daphnis Harold, 1863, P. substriolatus Balthasar, 1939 and P. herbeus Bates, 1887.

Fig. 69 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 69. Niche overlap of the P. tridens species group. Right: overlap pairwise comparison using two indexes (Warren's I and Schoener's D). Left: dendrogram result of the UPGMA analysis of the indexes.

Fig. 63 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 63. Phallobase, parameres and endophallite copulatrix of the P.tridens species group. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 13. Phanaeus coeruleus Bates, 1887 in The Phanaeus tridens species group (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a dung beetle group with genital morphological stasis but a changing ecological niche

Fig. 13. Phanaeus coeruleus Bates, 1887, stat. rev., holotype and labels (by Keita Matsumoto, BMNH).

Fig. 11. Croton sahafariensis Kainul. & Berry A in A revision of the Adenophorus Group and other glandular-leaved species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from northern Madagascar and Mayotte, including three new species

Fig. 11. Croton sahafariensis Kainul. & Berry A. Branch with young inflorescences. Note the awn-like bracts; B. Underside of the leaves showing whitish woolly pubescence with contrasting ferrugineous hairs along the veins. Note laminar glands (arrow); C-D. Inflorescences with staminate and pistillate flowers; E. Young fruit. [A, D-E:van Ee et al. 2313; B-C: van Ee et al. 1089] [Photos: A-B, D-E: P. Berry; C: B. van Ee]

Fig. 9. Croton mayottae Berry & Kainul. A in A revision of the Adenophorus Group and other glandular-leaved species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from northern Madagascar and Mayotte, including three new species

Fig. 9. Croton mayottae Berry & Kainul. A. Flowering branch with staminate flowers; B. Abaxial side of leaves showing laminar glands and pubescence; C. Staminate flower; D-F. Pistillate flower; F. Top-view with the ovary removed to show the five nectaries. [Photo: A: Sébastien Traclet; B-F: Barthelat et al. 225]

Fig. 8. Croton loucoubensis Baill. A in A revision of the Adenophorus Group and other glandular-leaved species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from northern Madagascar and Mayotte, including three new species

Fig. 8. Croton loucoubensis Baill. A. Habit, growing in secondary vegetation in Mahajanga Province, S of Ankaromyhely, 111 km N of Antsohihy along RN 6; B. Fimbriate stipules; C. Inflorescence with pistillate flowers; note the persistent bracts; D. Pistillate flowers, with patent, multiply bifurcating stigmas; E. Underside of a leaf showing the pubescent, stipitate acropetiolar glands, the palmate venation of the first pairs of secondary veins, and a pair of laminar glands. [A-D: Gillespie et al. 10646; E: Antilahimena 154] [Photos: A, C-D: G. Levin; E: P. Antilahimena]

Fig. 1 in A revision of the Adenophorus Group and other glandular-leaved species of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) from northern Madagascar and Mayotte, including three new species

Fig. 1. Abaxial side of leaves showing laminar glands and pubescence A. Croton nudatus Baill.; B. Croton stanneus Baill.; C. Croton adenophorus Baill.; D. Croton bathianus Leandri; E. Croton loucoubensis Baill.; F. Croton orangeae Kainul. & Berry; G. Croton sahafariensis Kainul. & Berry; H. Croton scoriarum Leandri; I. Croton tsiampiensis Leandri. [A: van Ee et al. 2340; B: van Ee et al. 2160; C: van Ee et al. 1135; D: van Ee et al. 1138; E: Ammann et al. 378; F: van Ee et al. 2353; G: van Ee et al. 1089; H: van Ee et al. 2329; I: Nusbaumer LN 902]

Fig. 4 in Review of the Panorpa wormaldi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 4. Habitus of the Panorpa wormaldi group. A–B. P. gressitti Byers, 1970, ♂, dorsal and left-lateral views, respectively. C–D. P. zhuohengi sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (DALU) dorsal and left-lateral views, respectively.

Fig. 2. Panorpa implicata Cheng, 1957. A, C–F in Review of the Panorpa wormaldi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 2. Panorpa implicata Cheng, 1957. A, C–F. ♂ (DALU). B, G–H. ♀ (DALU). A–B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Abdomen, left-lateral view. D–E. Genital bulb, ventral and dorsal views, respectively. F. Aedeagal complex, ventral view. G. Subgenital plate, ventral view. H. Medigynium, ventral view.

Fig. 1 in Review of the Panorpa wormaldi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 1. Habitus of the Panorpa wormaldi group, males. A. Panorpa wormaldi MacLachlan, 1875. B. P. striata Miyaké, 1908. C. P. multifasciaria Miyaké, 1910. D. P. kiusiuensis Issiki, 1929. E. P. tsunekatanis Issiki, 1929. F. P. gressitti Byers, 1970. G. P. amamiensis Miyamoto & Makihara, 1984. H. P. okinawaensis Nakamura, 2009. I. P. tokunoshimaensis Nakamura, 2009. ©Ji-Shen Wang (F) and Tomoya Suzuki (A–E, G–I).

Fig. 3 in Review of the Panorpa wormaldi group (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), with descriptions of two new species

Fig. 3. Panorpa fengyanga sp. nov. A, C–G. Holotype, ♂ (DALU). B, H–I. Paratype, ♀ (DALU). A–B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Abdomen, left-lateral view. D–E. Genital bulb, ventral and dorsal views, respectively. F. Aedeagal complex, ventral view. G. Right paramere, right-lateral view. H. Subgenital plate, ventral view. I. Medigynium, ventral view.

Fig. 11. – Sabicea rubiginosa O in A synopsis of the Sabicea floribunda group (Rubiaceae) from Central Africa, including three new species

Fig. 11. – Sabicea rubiginosa O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké. A. Stem with flowers and fruits; B. Node with stipules, lateral view; C. Detail of lower leaf surface; D. Same, much enlarged, showing close reticulation; E. Bracts from lower node of inflorescence; F. Upper bract, inside; G. Flower bud, lateral view; H. Flower bud, seen from above; I. Short-styled flower; J. Longitudinal section of short-styled flower; K. Short-styled flower, seen from above; L. Long-styled flower; M. Longitudinal section of long-styled flower; N. Long-styled flower, seen from above; O. Longitudinal section of calyx and ovary; P. Fruit; Q. Cross section of fruit. [Lachenaud et al. 2105, BRLU] [Drawing: H. de Vries]

Fig. 6. – Sabicea couteronii O in A synopsis of the Sabicea floribunda group (Rubiaceae) from Central Africa, including three new species

Fig. 6. – Sabicea couteronii O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké: A. Node with inflorescences; B. Fruiting stem; C. Mature infructescence. Sabicea dichrosepala O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké: D. Inflorescence; E. Mature infructescence. [A: Sonké & Zemagho 6341; B–C: Sonké & Zemagho 6334; D: Bidault et al. 4401; E: Dessein et al. 2028] [Photos: A–C: B. Sonké; D: E. Bidault; E: S. Dessein]

Fig. 8 in A synopsis of the Sabicea floribunda group (Rubiaceae) from Central Africa, including three new species

Fig. 8. – Distribution map of Sabicea floribunda K. Schum. (squares: var. anisostegia O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké; stars: var. floribunda; triangles: var. paludosa O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké; circles: var. paucinervis Wernham).

Fig. 10 in A synopsis of the Sabicea floribunda group (Rubiaceae) from Central Africa, including three new species

Fig. 10. – Distribution map of Sabicea proselyta (N. Hallé) Razafim. et al. (circles), S. rubiginosa O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké (stars) and S. sanguinosa (N. Hallé) Razafim. et al. (triangles: subsp. sanguinosa; squares: subsp. viridis O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké).

Fig. 3. – Sabicea couteronii O in A synopsis of the Sabicea floribunda group (Rubiaceae) from Central Africa, including three new species

Fig. 3. – Sabicea couteronii O. Lachenaud, Zemagho & Sonké. A. Flowering stem; B. Node with stipules; C. Detail of upper leaf surface; D. Detail of lower leaf surface; E. Node with paired inflorescences; F. Lower bract, inside; G. Upper bract, inside; H. Flower bud; I. Flower, lateral view; J. Flower, seen from above; K. Longitudinal section of flower; L. Longitudinal section of ovary and calyx; M. Fruit; N. Cross section of fruit. [A–L: Sonké & Zemagho 6341, BR; M–N: Sonké & Zemagho 6334, BR] [Drawing: H. de Vries