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12,662 results for “linking”
Analyzing time-energy constraints to understand the links between environmental change and local extinctions in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Accelerated extinction rates have prompted an increased focus on the interplay between environmental change and species response. The effects of environmental change on thermal opportunity are typically considered through a climate change context. However, habitat alteration can also have strong effects on the thermal environment. Additionally, habitat alteration is considered a leading factor of species extinction, yet few studies address the influence of habitat alteration on thermal opportunity and time-energy budgets in at-risk species. Here we show the strong effects that habitat degradation can have on thermal opportunity, time energy-budgets, and life history demographics of local populations. In the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas, woody vegetation encroachment has resulted in a shift in life history traits that appears to play an important role in recent extirpations of Eastern Collared Lizards (<i>Crotaphytus collaris</i>). Populations in degraded habitats experienced a decline in thermal opportunity and less time-at-body temperatures (time-at-<i>Tb</i>) suitable for digestion compared to those in intact habitats. We used our data to model the effect of reduced time-at-<i>Tb</i> on the net assimilated energy available for growth and reproduction. Our model predicts a ca. 46% decline in annual fecundity of individuals – which is similar to empirical observations of reproduction of <i>C. collaris</i> populations in degraded habitats (~49%). We conclude that <i>C. collaris</i> in degraded habitats experienced reduced growth and reproduction primarily as a result of constrained thermal opportunity leading to a decline in digestive processing rates. Our study applies an under-appreciated approach to identify the biophysical and time-energy effects of habitat alteration.</p>
Data from: Pro-inflammatory immune response is linked to wintering habitat in a migratory shorebird
<p><span>Migratory shorebirds (Charadrii) show a strong dichotomy in their breeding and wintering strategies: Arctic-breeding species typically spend the wintering season in marine habitats, while more southerly breeding species tend to do so in freshwater habitats where pathogens and parasites, particularly vector-borne blood parasites, are generally more abundant. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the former group may reduce their investment in immunity, but experimental data supporting this hypothesis are lacking. Moreover, whether this contrasting habitat selection can shape investments in immunocompetence among populations within a species is uncertain. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that there is a significant association between habitat occupancy and the strength of a pro-inflammatory immune response in Dunlins <i>Calidris alpina</i>, a widely distributed long-distance migratory shorebird that breeds in (sub-)arctic areas and winters mainly, but not exclusively, in coastal habitats. Overwintering Dunlins occupying inland freshwater and marine habitats at a similar latitude were captured and acclimated under identical conditions in outdoor aviaries. After an acclimation period, they were challenged with phytohemagglutinin to assess the pro-inflammatory immune response and its associated energetic costs, measured by basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass changes. We found that freshwater Dunlins exhibited a higher (63%) pro-inflammatory immune response than marine Dunlins. Although this difference did not involve significant BMR changes, the time course of body mass response differed between freshwater and marine individuals. Our findings point to the existence of different pro-inflammatory immune and energetic strategies associated to the wintering habitat. These intraspecific differences are likely due to population adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity, where not only disease risk but also physiological adaptations to different salinity levels could play an important role. </span></p>
Linking behavioural thermoregulation, boldness and individual state in male Carpetan rock lizards
<p>Mechanisms affecting consistent inter-individual behavioural variation (i.e. animal personality) are of wide scientific interest. In poikilotherms, ambient temperature is one of the most important environmental factors with a direct link to a variety of fitness-related traits. Recent empirical evidence suggests that individual differences in boldness are linked to behavioural thermoregulation strategy in heliothermic species, as individuals are regularly exposed to predators during basking. Here, we tested for links between behavioural thermoregulation strategy, boldness and individual state in adult males of the high mountain Carpetan rock lizard (<i>Iberolacerta cyreni</i>). Principal Component Analysis revealed the following latent links in our data: (i) a positive relationship of activity with relative limb length and colour brightness (PC1, 23% variation explained), (ii) a negative relationship of thermoregulatory precision with parasite load and risk-taking (PC2, 20.98% variation explained) and (iii) a negative relationship between preferred body temperature and relative limb length (PC3, 19.23% variation explained). We conclude that differences in boldness and behavioural thermoregulatory strategy could be explained by both stable and labile state variables. The moderate link between behavioural thermoregulatory strategy and risk-taking personality in our system is plausibly the result of differences in reproductive state of individuals or variation in ecological conditions during the breeding season.</p>
Figure 4 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 4. Distinction of Caranx caballus stocks on the Pacific coast of Mexico using parasites as biological tags. (Inset: matrix of classification coefficient values for parasites of C. caballus that allow to differentiate stocks of this host; * indicates the importance of each species of parasite in distinguishing between locations). Dact, Dactylostomum winteri and Caro, Caligus robustus identified hosts from Zihuatanejo; this last copepod also differentiated fish from Puerto Vicente. Buce, Bucephalus varicus and Psca, Pseudopecoeloides carangi were the most important parasite species to identify hosts from Acapulco Bay. Allo, Allopyragraphorus caballeroi and Gnat = Gnathia sp. were the most important parasite species for assigning fish to Marquelia. Psse, Pseudomazocraes selene and Caal = Caligus alalongae allowed identification of the largest number of hosts from Zapotalito.
Figure 3 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 3. Graphic of multivariate discriminant analyses of Caranx caballus stocks, from Guerrero (Acapulco Bay, Marquelia, Puerto Vicente and Zihuatanejo), and Oaxaca (Zapotalito) Mexico. The symbols represent each one of the fish examined in each location. Centroid = mean group.
Figure 2 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 2. Scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) of factors that influence the species richness and diversity of the parasite infracommunities at Caranx caballus, from Mexican Pacific coast. Predictor variables: Size = host body size, Tcomponent = total number of component parasites, Rcomponent = species richness of component parasites, Feeding = variety of host diet, Year = sampling year, Location = sampling site. Dependent variables (infracommunity parameters): Load = total number of parasites per infracommunity, Diversity = Brillouin diversity index values, Richness = number of parasite species per infracommunity. Equitability = evenness of the parasite abundances.
Figure 1 in Factors linked to temporal and spatial variation in the metazoan parasite communities of green jack Caranx caballus (Günther 1868) (Pisces: Carangidae) from the Pacific coast of Mexico
Figure 1. Similarity percentages (Bray–Curtis index) for parasite communities of Caranx caballus between locations and sampling years.
Figure 16 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 16. Spathidiid phylogeny based on the 18S rRNA gene (a) and concatenation of the 18S rRNA gene and ITS region sequences (b). Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML) and posterior probabilities were mapped onto the Bayesian inference (BI) tree. A dash indicates bootstrap values below 50%. Newly obtained sequences are in bold. Scale bars indicate numbers of substitutions.
Figure 12 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 12. Spathidium securiforme from life. (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b, c) optical sections showing tortuous macronuclear strand; (d) detail of anterior body portion showing type I (arrows) and type II (arrowheads) extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (e) optical section showing type I (arrows) and type II (arrowheads) extrusomes scattered throughout cytoplasm. MA, macronucleus. Scale bars: a = 100 µm; b, c = 10 µm; d, e = 5 µm.
Figure 10 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 10. Spathidium rectitoratum from life (a, h, i) and after protargol impregnation (b–g). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b, c) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (d) detail of anterior body end showing three-rowed dorsal brush; (e–g) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (h) oral extrusomes, 8–13 µm long; (i) resting cyst, 50 µm in diameter. CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–c, e–g = 100 µm; d = 10 µm.
Figure 8 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 8. Spathidium polynucleatum from life (a, c, g) and after protargol impregnation (b, d–f). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b) developing cytoplasmic extrusomes, 4–8 µm long; (c) oral extrusomes, 8–10 µm long; (d, e) right and left side view of ciliary pattern and nuclear apparatus of a representative specimen; (f) dorsal view of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (g) cortical granulation. CG, cortical granules; CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SC, somatic cilia; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, d, e = 100 µm; f = 30 µm.
Figure 7 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 7. Spathidium papilliferum after protargol impregnation, Ssanggyesa temple population. (a, b) Right side view of representative individuals; (c) nuclear apparatus in mid-body; (d, e) developing and mature cytoplasmic extrusomes; (f) dorsolateral view showing three-rowed dorsal brush and oral bulge papillae studded with extrusomes; (g, h) right and left side views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (i) detail of anterior body portion showing oral bulge papillae with extrusomes. CV, contractile vacuole; CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties; triangles in (a, b, h, i) denote oral bulge papillae. Scale bars: a, b = 100 µm; c–i = 10 µm.
Figure 15 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 15. Apobryophyllum schmidingeri after protargol impregnation. (a–d, f) Left side views showing variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (e, i, j) details of nuclear apparatus; (g, h) left and right side views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion. CK, circumoral kinety; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/ micronucleus, SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a–d = 100 µm; e = 5 µm; f–j = 10 µm.
Figure 1 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 1. Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. from life (a–d, l) and after protargol impregnation (e–k). (a) Right side view of a representative individual; (b) resting cyst, 50 µm in diameter; (c) cortical granulation; (d) oral extrusomes, 9–12 µm long; (e) developing cytoplasmic extrusomes, 1–10 µm long; (f–h) variability of body shape and size as well as of nuclear apparatus; (i) nuclear apparatus in mid-body; (j, k) dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion; (l) variability of body shape and size. CG, cortical granules; DB, dorsal brush; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, f–h, l = 100 µm; b = 50 µm; j, k = 10 µm.
Figure 14 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 14. Apobryophyllum schmidingeri from life. (a–g) Left side views showing variability of body shape and size; (h) extrusomes attached to oral bulge; (i) detail of posterior body portion showing contractile vacuole (triangle) and extrusomes (arrow) attached to oral bulge; (j) extrusomes scattered throughout cytoplasm; (k) optical section showing macronuclear nodules and extrusomes; (l, m) left side views showing heteromorphic dorsal brush composed of short inflated bristles and ordinary somatic cilia (triangles); (n) left side view showing monokinetidal tail bristles (arrows) extending almost to posterior body end. CK, circumoral kinety; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/macronucleus; MT, monokinetidal tail bristles. Scale bars: a–g = 100 µm; h–n = 10 µm.
Figure 6 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 6. Spathidium papilliferum from life, Jungjok Mts. population (a–d) and Ssanggyesa temple population (e–j). (a, e) Right side view of representative individuals; (b, f–h) detail of anterior body portion showing oral bulge papillae (triangles) studded with extrusomes; (c) dorsal brush bristles; (d, i) extrusomes; (j) resting cyst. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; LD, lipid droplets. Scale bars: a, e = 100 µm; c = 5 µm; b, d, f–j = 10 µm.
Figure 2 in Linking morphology and molecules: integrative taxonomy of spathidiids (Protista: Ciliophora: Litostomatea) from Korea
Figure 2. Enchelys megaspinata sp. nov. from life (a, c–g) and after protargol impregnation (b, h–j). (a, b) Right side views showing general body organisation; (c) cortical granulation; (d) nuclear apparatus; (e) dorsal brush; (f) resting cyst; (g, j) details of anterior body portion showing oral extrusomes and pharyngeal basket; (h, i) dorsal and ventral views of ciliary pattern in anterior body portion. CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal brush; EX, extrusomes; MA, macronuclear nodules/ macronucleus; MI, micronuclei/micronucleus; OB, oral bulge; PB, pharyngeal basket; SK, somatic kinety/somatic kineties. Scale bars: a, b = 100 µm; c–e = 5 µm; f = 50 µm; g–j = 10 µm.
Data and code for figures: Coherent Terahertz-to-Microwave Link Using Electro-Optic-Modulated Turing Rolls
<p>This dataset contains the figures and data presented in the paper <Coherent Terahertz-to-Microwave Link Using Electro-Optic-Modulated Turing Rolls>.</p>
Data from: A tale of two seasons: the link between seasonal migration and climatic niches in passerine birds.
<p class="MsoCommentText">The question of whether migratory birds track a specific climatic niche by seasonal movements has important implications for understanding the evolution of migration, the factors affecting species' distributions and the responses of migrants to climate change. Despite much research, previous studies of bird migration have produced mixed results. However, whether migrants track climate is only one half of the question, the other being why residents remain in the same geographic range year-round. We provide a literature overview and test the hypothesis of seasonal niche tracking by evaluating seasonal climatic niche overlap across 437 migratory and resident species from eight clades of passerine birds. Seasonal climatic niches were based on a new global dataset of breeding and non-breeding ranges. Overlap between climatic niches was quantified using ordination methods. We compared niche overlap of migratory species to two null expectations, 1) a scenario in which they do not migrate and 2) in comparison to the overlap experienced by closely related resident species, while controlling for breeding location and range size. Partly in accordance with the hypothesis of niche tracking, we found that the overlap of breeding vs. non-breeding climatic conditions in migratory species was greater than the overlap they would experience if they did not migrate. However, this was only true for migrants breeding outside the tropics and only relative to the overlap species would experience if they stayed in the breeding range year-round. In contrast to the hypothesis of niche tracking, migratory species experienced lower seasonal climatic niche overlap than resident species, with significant differences between tropical and non-tropical species. Our study suggests that in seasonal non-tropical environments migration away from the breeding range may serve to avoid seasonally harsh climate; however, different factors may drive seasonal movements in the climatically more stable tropical regions.</p>
Figure 13. Favites Link, 1807 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 13. Favites Link, 1807, has discrete corallites with double or fused walls, septa generally in ≥ four cycles (≥ 48 septa), weak to well-developed paliform (uniaxial) lobes, and spongy columellae. Septal teeth with medium height (0.3– 0.6 mm) and spacing (0.3–1 mm). Walls formed by dominant paratheca and partial septotheca, with strong costa centre clusters and transverse septal crosses. A–C, Favites abdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786), type species of Favites; macromorphology, holotype GLAHM 104005, unknown locality (A; photo by K. G. Johnson); micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C), hypotype RMNH 10760, Pulau Air, Indonesia. D–F, Favites flexuosa (Dana, 1846); macromorphology, syntype USNM 27, Fiji (D); micromorphology (E) and microstructure (F), hypotype RMNH 14165, New Caledonia. G–I, Favites rotundata Veron, Pichon & Wijsman-Best, 1977; macromorphology (G) and micromorphology (H; photo by N. Santodomingo), holotype NHMUK 1977.1.1.6, southwest Swain Reefs, Australia; microstructure, hypotype MTQ G61874, Pelorus Island, Australia (I). J–L, Favites valenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849b); macromorphology, holotype MNHN IK-2010-696, unknown locality (J); micromorphology (K) and microstructure (L), hypotype UP P1L02131, Batangas, the Philippines.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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