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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Xin_ACP_2021_Convection_Effect_data

Core data used in <a href="https://github.com/zxdawn/Xin_ACP_2021_Convection_Effect.git">Xin_ACP_2021_Convection_Effect repository</a>. For more detail, please check the README.md file.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in The Effect Of Temperature On The Development Of Adult Generations Of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Arenarium Isolate Ch

Fig. 1. Scatterplots of canonical scores for females of both generations. Legend: dots — 18 °С; squares — 22 °С; rhombs — 28 °С. Ranges of groups are ellipsed with coefficient 0.95.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in The Effect Of Temperature On The Development Of Adult Generations Of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Arenarium Isolate Ch

Fig. 2. Scatterplots of canonical scores for males of both generations. Legend: dots — 18 °С; squares — 22 °С; rhombs — 28 °С. Ranges of groups are ellipsed with coefficient 0.95.

Contrasting effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the interaction among sympatric carnivores

Interaction among species is central to the stability of community structure. However, anthropogenic pressures alter interactions, disrupt trophic levels, and threaten ecosystem stability. Understanding interactions across human land-use gradients is fundamental to mitigating anthropogenic threats effectively and better managing threatened species. Using data from a large-scale camera trap survey, we developed a multispecies occupancy model for a carnivore guild comprising tiger, leopard, and dhole to investigate the effects of environmental (forest and prey abundance) and anthropogenic (settlement) variables on the interspecific interaction. Human settlement density had a strong but contrasting effect on interaction: as settlement density increased, tigers and leopards were less likely to coexist whereas leopards and dholes were more likely to occur together. Tiger and dhole occupancy was negatively associated with settlement density whereas, the leopard was positively associated. Per cent forest cover and large prey abundance had ubiquitous positive effects on carnivore occupancy. Our results indicate that human presence alters available niche space and spatial overlap among predators affecting interactions. The duality in the effect of the settlement on interacting pairs suggests that humans create a landscape of fear for apex predators but promotes coexistence between subordinate species partially supporting the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

A genome-wide test for paternal indirect genetic effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Exposing sires to various environmental manipulations has demonstrated that paternal effects can be non-trivial also in species where male investment in offspring is almost exclusively limited to sperm. Whether paternal effects also have a genetic component (i.e. paternal indirect genetic effects - PIGEs) in such species is however largely unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties separating indirect from direct effects of genes. PIGEs may nevertheless be important, since they have the capacity to contribute to evolutionary change. Here we use Drosophila genetics to construct a breeding design that allows testing nearly complete haploid genomes (>99%) for PIGEs. Using this technique, we estimate the variance in male lifespan due to PIGEs among four populations and compare this to the total paternal genetic variance (the sum of paternal indirect and direct genetic effects). Our results indicate that a substantial part of the total paternal genetic variance results from PIGEs. A screen of 38 haploid genomes, randomly sampled from a single population, suggests that PIGEs also influence variation in lifespan within populations. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PIGEs may constitute an underappreciated source of phenotypic variation.

Data and code from: The functional form of specialized predation affects whether Janzen-Connell effects can prevent competitive exclusion

Janzen-Connell Effects (JCEs), specialized predation of seeds and seedlings near conspecific trees, are hypothesized to maintain species richness. While previous studies show JCEs can maintain high richness relative to neutral communities, recent theoretical work indicates JCEs may weakly inhibit competitive exclusion when species exhibit inter-specific fitness variation. However, recent models make somewhat restrictive assumptions about the functional form of specialized predation -- that JCEs occur at a fixed rate when offspring are within a fixed distance of a conspecific tree. Using a theoretical model, I show that the functional form of JCEs largely impacts their ability to maintain coexistence. If predation pressure increases additively with adult tree density and decays exponentially with distance, JCEs maintain considerably higher species richness than predicted by recent models. Loosely parameterizing the model with data from a Panamanian tree community, I elucidate the conditions under which JCEs are capable of maintaining high species richness.

Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns

Variation in the conspicuousness of colour patterns is observed within and among defended prey species. The evolution of conspicuous colour pattern in defended species can be strongly impaired because of increased detectability by predators. Nevertheless, such evolution of the colour pattern can be favoured if changes in conspicuousness result in Müllerian mimicry with other defended prey. Here, we develop a model describing the population dynamics of a conspicuous defended prey species, and we assess the invasion conditions of derived phenotypes that differ from the ancestral phenotype by their conspicuousness. Such change in conspicuousness may then modify their level of mimicry with the local community of defended species. Derived colour pattern displayed in this focal population can therefore be either exactly similar, partially resembling or completely dissimilar to the local mimicry ring displaying the ancestral colour pattern. We assume that predation risk depends (1) on the number of individuals sharing a given colour pattern within the population, (2) on the occurrence of co-mimetic defended species, and (3) on the availability of alternative edible prey. Using a combination of analytical derivations and numerical simulations, we show that colour patterns that are less conspicuous than the ancestral one are generally favoured within mimicry rings, unless reduced conspicuousness impairs mimicry. By contrast, when a mutation affecting the colour pattern leads to a shift toward a better protected mimicry ring, a more conspicuous colour pattern can be favoured. The selected aposematic pattern then depends on the local communities of defended and edible prey, as well as on the detectability, memorability and level of mimicry of the colour patterns.

Data from: Effect of altitude on volatile organic and phenolic compounds of artemisia brevifolia wall ex Dc. from the Western Himalayas

Adaptation to changing environmental conditions is a driver of plant diversification. Elevational gradients offer a unique opportunity for investigating adaptation to a range of climatic conditions. The use of specialized metabolites as volatile and phenolic compounds is a major adaptation in plants, affecting their reproductive success and survival by attracting pollinators and protecting themselves from herbivores and other stressors. The wormseed Artemisia brevifolia can be found across multiple elevations in the Western Himalayas, a region that is considered a biodiversity hotspot and is highly impacted by climate change. This study aims at understanding the volatile and phenolic compounds produced by A. brevifolia in the high elevation cold deserts of the Western Himalayas with the view to understanding the survival strategies employed by plants under harsh conditions. Across four sampling sites with different elevations, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sampling and subsequent GCMS analyses showed that the total number of volatile compounds in the plant headspace increased with elevation and that this trend was largely driven by an increase in compounds with low volatility, which might improve the plant's resilience to abiotic stress. HPLC analyses showed no effect of elevation on the total number of phenolic compounds detected in both young and mature leaves. However, the concentration of the majority of phenolic compounds decreased with elevation. As the production of phenolic defense compounds is a costly trait, plants at higher elevations might face a trade-off between energy expenditure and protecting themselves from herbivores. This study can therefore help us understand how plants adjust secondary metabolite production to cope with harsh environments and reveal the climate adaptability of such species in highly threatened regions of our planet such as the Himalayas.

Limited legacy effects of extreme multi-year drought on carbon and nitrogen cycling in a mesic grassland

The intensification of drought throughout the US Great Plains has the potential to have large impacts on grassland functioning, as has been shown with dramatic losses of plant productivity annually. Yet, we have a poor understanding of how grassland functioning responds after drought ends. This study examined how belowground nutrient cycling responds after drought and whether legacy effects persist post-drought. We assessed the two-year recovery of nutrient cycling processes following a four-year experimental drought in a mesic grassland by comparing two different growing season drought treatments - chronic (each rainfall event reduced by 66%) and intense (all rain eliminated until 45% of annual rainfall was achieved) – to the control (ambient precipitation) treatment. At the beginning of the first growing season post-drought, we found that in situ soil CO2 efflux and laboratory-based soil microbial respiration were reduced by 42% and 22% respectively in the intense drought treatment compared to the control, but both measures had recovered by mid-season (July) and remained similar to the control treatment in the second post-drought year. We also found that extractable soil ammonium and total inorganic N were elevated throughout the growing season in the first year after drought in the intense treatment. However, these differences in inorganic N pools did not persist during the growing season of the second year post-drought. The remaining measures of C and N cycling in both drought treatments showed no post-drought treatment effects. Thus, although we observed short-term legacy effects following the intense drought, C and N cycling returned to levels comparable to non-droughted grassland within a single growing season regardless of whether the drought was intense or chronic in nature. Overall, these results suggest that key aspects of C and N cycling in mesic tallgrass prairie do not exhibit persistent legacies from four years of experimentally-induced drought.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Development and implementation of a tool for measuring the training effectiveness of the patient-centered consultation model

Background: The patient-centered consultation model comprises four elements: exploring health, illness, and disease experiences, understanding the whole person, finding common ground, and enhancing the patient-doctor relationship. This method is taught at the course in general practice at Copenhagen University. The aim of the study was to develop a simple tool consisting of a questionnaire about the patient-centered elements and a test video consultation. The outcome is the change in the students’ ability to identify these elements. Used as a pre-course and post-course test it can inform the teachers which elements of the patient-centered consultation need intensifying in the teaching. Methods: The students from a course in general practice volunteered to participate in all steps of the development. They took part in individual interviews to select items from an already existing questionnaire (DanSCORE). The preliminary questionnaire was tested for face and content validity, pilot-tested and tested for test-retest reliability. All video consultations were transcribed and assessed for patient-centered elements through a conversation analysis. The videos showed medical students seeing real patients. Results: The preliminary version of the questionnaire (called DanOBS) <a href="#_msocom_1">[CM1]</a> <a href="#_msocom_2">[MJ2]</a> had 23 items. In the subsequent interviews, items were reduced to 17, each with three response options. After the pilot test, the questionnaire was further reduced to 13 items, all strictly relevant to the model and with two response options. The final questionnaire had acceptable test-retest reliability. The number of test consultation videos underwent a reduction from six videos to one. Conclusions: The DanOBS combined with a test video consultation, used as a pre-and post-course test demonstrates for teachers which elements in the patient-centered consultation need to be intensified in the teaching.

Negotiating mutualism: a locus for exploitation by rhizobia has a broad effect size distribution and context-dependent effects on legume hosts

In mutualisms, variation at genes determining partner fitness provides the raw material upon which coevolutionary selection acts, setting the dynamics and pace of coevolution. However, we know little about variation in the effects of genes that underlie symbiotic fitness in natural mutualist populations. In some species of legumes that form root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria, hosts secrete nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides that cause rhizobia to differentiate in the nodule environment. However, rhizobia can cleave NCR peptides through the expression of genes like the plasmid-borne Host range restriction peptidase (hrrP), whose product degrades target NCR peptides. Although hrrP activity can confer host exploitation by depressing host fitness and enhancing symbiont fitness, the effects of hrrP on symbiosis phenotypes depend strongly on the genotypes of the interacting partners. However, the effects of hrrP have yet to be characterized in a natural population context, so its contribution to variation in wild mutualist populations is unknown. To understand the distribution of effects of hrrP in wild rhizobia, we measured mutualism phenotypes conferred by hrrP in 12 wild Ensifer medicae strains. To evaluate context dependency of hrrP effects, we compared hrrP effects across two Medicago polymorpha host genotypes and across two experimental years for five E. medicae strains. We show for the first time in a natural population context that hrrP has a wide distribution of effect sizes for many mutualism traits, ranging from strongly positive to strongly negative. Furthermore, we show that hrrP effect size varies across both host genotype and experiment year, suggesting that researchers should be cautious about extrapolating the role of genes in natural populations from controlled laboratory studies of single genetic variants.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Data of curvature model for the study of nanoparticle size effects on amyloid fibril stability and molecular dynamics simulations data

The data provided refer to our published article: T. John, J. Adler, C. Elsner, J. Petzold, M. Krueger, L.L. Martin, D. Huster, H.J. Risselada, B. Abel, Mechanistic insights into the size-dependent effects of nanoparticles on inhibiting and accelerating amyloid fibril formation, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 622 (2022), 804–818. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.134">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.134</a> This article is accompanied by a 'Data in Brief' article that explains in more detail the use of the curvature model and our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations: T. John, L.L. Martin, H.J. Risselada, B. Abel, Curvature model for nanoparticle size effects on peptide fibril stability and molecular dynamics simulation data, Data Brief 45 (2022), 108598. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108598">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108598</a>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Lethal and sublethal effects of marine heatwaves on octocorals early life history stages

In this study, the effect of increased water temperature (+4 ºC and +6 ºC above ambient, 20 ºC) on larval survival and settlement was evaluated for two of the most representative Mediterranean octocoral species (Eunicella singularis and Corallium rubrum). Moreover, data on larval biomass and caloric consumption of larvae per day are also provided.Our study shows that warmer treatments did not affect the survival of symbiotic E. singularis larvae, but drastically reduced the survival of the non-symbiotic C. rubrum larvae. The results on larval biomass and caloric consumption suggest that higher mortality rates of C. rubrum exposed to increased temperature were not related to depletion of endogenous energy in larvae. The results also show that settlement rates of E. singularis did not change in response to elevated temperature after 20 days of exposure, but larvae may settle fast and close to their native population at 26 ºC (+6 ºC). Although previous experimental studies found that adult colonies of both octocoral species are mostly resistant to thermal stress, our results on early life history stages suggest that the persistence and inter-connectivity of local populations may be severely compromised under continued trends in ocean warming.

Effects of genetic vs. environmental quality on condition-dependent morphological and life history traits in a neriid fly

Condition is assumed to reflect both genes and environment, enabling condition-dependent signals to reveal genetic quality. However, because the phenotypic effects of variation in genetic quality could be masked by environmental heterogeneity, the contribution of genetic quality to phenotypic variation in fitness-related traits and condition-dependent signals remains unclear. We compared effects of ecologically relevant manipulations of environmental quality (nutrient dilution in the larval diet) and genetic quality (one generation of inbreeding) on male and female morphology, life history and reproductive performance in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis. We found that larval diet quality had strong, positive effects on male and female body size, male secondary sexual traits, and aspects of male and female reproductive performance. By contrast, inbreeding had weak effects on most traits, and no trait showed clear and consistent effects of both environmental and genetic quality. Indeed, inbreeding effects on body size and male competitive performance were of opposite sign in rich vs. poor larval diet treatment groups. Our results suggest that environmental quality strongly affects condition, but the effects of genetic quality are subtle and environment-dependent in this species. These findings raise questions about the genetic architecture of condition and the potential for condition-dependent traits to function as signals of genetic quality.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Individual dietary specialization in a generalist bee varies across populations but has no effect on the richness of associated microbial communities

Despite the increasingly documented occurrence of individual specialization, the relationship between individual consumer interactions and diet-related microbial communities in wild populations is still unclear. Using data from nests of the bee Ceratina australensis from three different wild populations, we combine metabarcoding and network approaches to explore the existence of individual variation in resource use within and across populations, and whether dietary specialization affects the richness of pollen-associated microbes. We reveal the existence of marked dietary specialization. In the most specialized population, we also show that individuals' diet breadth was positively related to the richness of fungi, but not bacteria. Overall, individual specialization appeared to have a weak or negligible effect on the microbial richness of nests, suggesting that different mechanisms beyond environmental transmission may be at play regarding microbial acquisition in wild bees.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2021View details →

Forming Impressions from Self-Truncated Samples of Traits - Interplay of Thurstonian and Brunswikian Sampling Effects

Data sets for both experiments of the article "Forming Impressions from Self-Truncated Samples of Traits - Interplay of Thurstonian and Brunswikian Sampling Effects" published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Additionally norms for the trait adjectives used as stimulus materials in Experiment 2.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Effects of season length and uniparental care efficiency on the evolution of parental care

Parental care patterns differ enormously among and even within species. In Chinese penduline tits (Remiz pendulinus), for example, biparental care, female-only care, male-only care, and biparental desertion all occur in the same population; moreover, the distribution of care patterns differs systematically between populations. By means of an individual-based model, we show that such diversity can readily evolve. We report five main findings. First, under a broad range of parameters, different care patterns (e.g. male care and biparental care) coexist at equilibrium. Second, for many parameters, alternative evolutionary outcomes are possible; this can explain differences in care patterns across populations. Third, rapid evolutionary transitions can occur between alternative equilibria; this can explain the often-reported evolutionary lability of parental care patterns. Fourth, season length has a strong but non-monotonic effect on the evolved care patterns. Fifth, when uniparental care efficiency is low, biparental care tends to evolve; however, in many scenarios uniparental care is still common at equilibrium. Our study sheds new light on Triver's hypothesis that the sex with the highest pre-zygotic investment is predestined to invest a lot post-zygotically as well. We also discuss the implications of climate change, which simultaneously affects season length and efficiency of parental care.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

River-groundwater Interaction and Recharge Effects on Microplastics Contamination of Groundwater in Confined Alluvial Aquifers: Original dataset

The dataset includes all the microplastics analysed for the manuscript "River–Groundwater Interaction and Recharge Effects on Microplastics Contamination of Groundwater in Confined Alluvial Aquifers" by Edoardo Severini, Laura Ducci, Alessandra Sutti, Stuart Robottom, Sandro Sutti and Fulvio Celico (https://doi.org/10.3390/w14121913). The dataset "MP (ctrl and sample).txt" contains the raw data of environmental and ctrl samples. The values of the ctrl samples were used to analyse the statistical differences between ctrl and environmental samples and subsequently used to define the identification parameters (threshold) for the microplastics identification in surface water and groundwater, contained in the file "MP (after ctrl sample).txt".

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Temperature effect on non-Darcian flow in low-permeability porous media

This dataset includes the measured threshold gradients and permeabilities of low permeability porous at 3 temperatures, and the measured hydraulic gradients and flow velocities of different permeabilities at 3 temperatures. The experiment is designed to reveal the temperature effects on the non-Darcian flow in low permeability porous media.