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FIGURE 7 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Plega dactylota. (a) Proximal half of femoral closing surface. (b) Detail of medial region of the integumentary specializations rows. (c) Distal half of femoral closing surface. (d) Detail of distal region of the integumentary specializations rows. (e) medial region of the tibia in lateral view. (f) detail of the tibial ventral keel and prostrate setae row. (g) Anterior surface of tibia apex and tarsus. (h) Detail of the basitarsus. Abbreviations: avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; ftso, foretarsal Stitz organ; lcp, lanceolate process; p, primary process; prs, prostrate seta; ptc, pretarsal claw; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; pths, pedicellate thickened seta; s, secondary process; sshs, stinger shaped seta; t, tertiary process; ti, tibia; tbs, tubercle-shaped specialization; tvk, tibial ventral keel; tsgb, thickened seta with globular base (Table 1).

FIGURE 11 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 11. Mid- and hind leg morphology of Plega dactylota. (a) Mid leg. (b) Hind leg. Abbreviations: ar, arolium; bt, basitarsus; cx, coxa; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; ptc, pretarsal claw; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter; tsp, tibial spur (Table 1).

FIGURE 13 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 13. Male terminalia morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Male terminalia, lateral view. (c, d) Ventral surface of ectoprocts. (e, f) Dorsal surface of sternite IX (arrow showing the posteromedial canal). Abbreviations: cc, callus cerci; ect, ectoproct; dp, digitiform processes; gxIX, ninth gonocoxite; s, sternite; t, tergite (Table 1).

FIGURE 10 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 10. Wings of Plega dactylota. (a) Fore- and hind wing showing relevant morphological characters. (b) Interpretation of the wing venation (colors showing the homology with other raptorial Mantispoidea). Abbreviations: C, costal vein; g.s., gradate series; h, humeral vein; jl, jugal lobe; jv, jugal vein; pt, pterostigma; rarp, anterior radial cell; scvl, subcostal veinlets; 1r-m, first crossvein of radiomedial space (Table 1).

FIGURE 16 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 16. Female terminalia morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Lateral view. (c, d) Ventral view. Abbreviations: ect, ectoproct; gp, genital pore; s, sternite; t, tergite (Table 1).

FIGURE 15 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 15. Male genitalia morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Dorsal view. (c, d) Ventral view. Abbreviations: dp, digitiform processes; ml, median lobe of gonocoxites XI (Table 1).

FIGURE 21 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 21. Foreleg of Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, anterior surface. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b) Rhachiberotha ingwe. (c) Trichoscelia nassonovi. (d) Anchieta fumosella. (e) Anchieta partheniella. (f) Anchieta fasciatella. Abbreviations: fe, femur; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; tr, trochanter; p, primary process; prt, pretarsus (Table 1).

FIGURE 19 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 19. Prothorax of Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae in dorsal view. (a) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (b) Anchieta partheniella. (c) Theristria hillieri. (d) Calomantispa venusta. (e) Campion sp. Abbreviations: mac, macula; pn, pronotum (Table 1).

FIGURE 9 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 9. Sclerites of the wing bases of Plega dactylota. (a) Micrograph in dorsal view. (b) Drawing of the sclerites. Abbreviations: ANWP, anterior notal wing process; BA, basanale; BR, basiradiale; Bsc, basisubcostale; DMP, distal median plate; HP, humeral plate; PMP, proximal median plate; PNWP, posterior notal wing process; Tg, tegula; 1Ax, first axillary sclerite; 2Ax, second axillary sclerite; 3Ax, third axillary sclerite (Table 1).

FIGURE 8 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 8. Pterothorax morphology of Plega dactylota. (a, b) Lateral view. (c, d) dorsal view. Abbreviations: at, acrotergite; apc, anapleural cleft; anes, anepisternum; ba, basalare; cvgs, lateral parapsidal suture; em, epimeron; ktes, katepisternum; m, meron; pls, pleural suture; psn, postnotum; pwp, pleural wing process; pcxs, paracoxal suture; prep, preepisternum; scll, scutellum; sct, scutum; spi, spircle; sasc, subalar sclerite; sscs, scutoscutellar suture; tI, abdominal tergite I; trt, trochantin; teps, transepimeral suture (Table 1).

FIGURE 24 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 24. Scanning electron micrographs of foreleg integumentary specializations of Trichoscelia santareni. (a) Detail of the two rows of integumentary specializations on the ventral surface of femur. (b) Detail of the proximal region of the integumentary specializations rows. (c) Detail of the distal region of the integumentary rows of processes. (d) Close-up of the femoral integumentary specializations rows. (e) Close-up of the integumentary specializations on the femur and tibia in lateral view. (f) Detail of the tibia in lateral view. (g) Detail of the tibial apex and tarsus, anterior surface. (h) Close-up of the foretarsal Stitz organ. Abbreviations: ar, arolium; avr, anteroventral row of processes; bt, basitarsus; cvs, clavate setae; et, eutarsus; fe, femur; fcs, femoral closing surface; ftso, foretarsal Stitz organ; lcp, lanceolate process; prs, prostrate seta; ptc, pretarsal claw; pvr, posteroventral row of processes; ti, tibia; tbs, tubercle-shaped specialization; tvk, tibial ventral keel; tsgb, thickened seta with globular base (Table 1).

FIGURE 20 in Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

FIGURE 20. Prothorax morphology of Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae in lateral view. (a, b) Mucroberotha vesicaria. (c, d) Plega dactylota. (e, f) Theristria hillieri. (g, h) Nolima victor. (i, j) Campion sp. Abbreviations: es, episternum; lc, posterior cervical sclerite; mac, macula; pn, pronotum; pfs, postfurcasternum; prb, precoxal bridge (Table 1).

FIGURES 117−132 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 117−132. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 117, 118. Libythea laius lepitoides Moore: ♂, India, Nilgiris, Conoor (BMNH); 119, 120. Libythea lepita formosana Fruhstorfer: Holotype ♂, Taiwan (BMNH); 121, 122. Libythea lepita amamiana Shirôzu: ♂, Japan, Okinawa, Nago (MTC); 123, 124. Libythea lepita amamiana Shirôzu: ♀, Japan, Okinawa, Shimajiri, Kitadaito−mura (TFC); 125, 126. Libythea lepita lepita Moore: ♂, Japan, Yamanashi, Hinoharu (AYK); 127, 128. Libythea lepita lepita Moore: ♀, Japan (BMNH); 129, 130. Libythea myrrha myrrha Godart: ♂, Indonesia, Java (BMNH); 131, 132. Libythea myrrha myrrha Godart: ♀, Indonesia, West Java (BMNH).

FIGURES 149−164 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 149−164. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libytheana. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 149, 150. Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer): ♂, Mexico, San Juan (CMNH); 151, 152. Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland): ♂, USA, North Carolina, 20 mi north of Raleigh (AYK); 153, 154. Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker): Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, San Antonio (FSNM); 155, 156. Libytheana carinenta streckeri Austin and Emmel: Paratype ♂, USA, Texas, Hidalgo Co, Donna (USNM); 157, 158. Libytheana motya Hübner [1823]: ♂, Cuba (CUIC); 159, 160. Libytheana motya (Hübner [1823]): ♀, Cuba, Santiago (AMNH); 161, 162. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♂, Dominican Republic, Pedernales, La Abeja, 38 km NNW of Cabo Rojo (CMNH); 163, 164. Libytheana terena (Godart): ♀, Hispañola (CUIC).

FIGURES 69−84 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 69−84. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 69, 70. Libythea celtis (Laicharting): ♂, Russia, Kirgizia, Kirgizaskii Ridge, Ala−Archa, Ak−Sai (TFC); 71, 72. Libythea celtis (Laicharting): ♀, France, St. Maxime (BMNH); 73, 74. Libythea collenettei Riley: ♂, Marquesas Islands, Ua Pou, Poohekaei Summit (BPBM); 75, 76. Libythea collenettei Riley: ♀, Marquesas Islands, Nuku Hiva, Toovi Plateau (BPBM); 77, 78. Libythea cinyras Trimen: Holotype, Mauritius, Moka District (BMNH); 79, 80. Libythea geoffroyi alompra Moore: Holotype ♂, Myanmar, Ataran Valley (BMNH); 81, 82. Libythea geoffroyi ceramensis Wallace: ♂, Indonesia, Seram (BMNH); 83, 84. Libythea geoffroyi ceramensis Wallace: ♀, Indonesia, Seram, Mansuela (BMNH).

FIGURES 39−50 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 39−50. Lateral illustrations of the aedeagus of Libythea and Libytheana. 39. Libythea celtis; 40. Libythea collenettei; 41. Libythea geoffroyi; 42. Libythea labdaca; 43. Libythea laius; 44. Libythea lepita; 45. Libythea myrrha; 46. Libythea narina; 47. Libytheana carinenta carinenta; 48. Libytheana fulvescens; 49. Libytheana motya; 50. Libytheana terena.

FIGURES 27−32 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 27−32. Lateral view of male genitalia of Libythea. 27. Libythea collenettei; 28. Libythea geoffroyi; 29. Libythea labdaca; 30. Libythea laius; 31. Libythea lepita; 32. Libythea myrrha.

FIGURE 1 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of snout butterflies based on morphology (after Kawahara 2009). Numbers above and below each rectangle refer to the characters and states in Kawahara (2009). A dark rectangle indicates a unique character state change (synapomorphy), a white rectangle indicates homoplasy. Large numbers indicate branch support (Bremer Support/jackknife). Due to limited space, outgroups are not shown in this figure.

FIGURES 101−116 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURES 101−116. Right dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of Libythea. The second image of each specimen shows the ventral surface of the wings. 101, 102. Libythea geoffroyi howarthi Petersen: Paratype ♂, Solomon Islands, Rennell (BMNH); 103, 104. Libythea labdaca ancoata Grose−Smith: Holotype ♂, Madagascar, Irast (BMNH); 105, 106. Libythea labdaca labdaca Westwood: ♂, Uganda, Mulange (CMNH); 107, 108. Libythea labdaca labdaca Westwood: ♀, Cameroon, Bafia (CMNH); 109, 110. Libythea laius laius Trimen: ♂, Malawi, Cholo (CMNH); 111, 112. Libythea laius laius Trimen: ♀, Malawi, Cholo (CMNH); 113, 114. Libythea laius tsiandava Grose−Smith: Holotype ♂, Madagascar (BMNH); 115, 116. Libythea laius tsiandava Grose−Smith: ♀, Madagascar, Mahabo (BMNH).

FIGURE 26 in Systematic revision and review of the extant and fossil snout butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Libytheinae)

FIGURE 26. Lateral view of male genitalia of Libythea celtis. aed = aedeagus, apan = appendix angularis, bej = bulbus ejaculatorius, dej = ductus ejaculatorius, dia = diaphragma, jux = juxta, sac = saccus, teg = tegumen, unc = uncus, valv = valva, vin = vinculum.