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FIGURE 8 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 8. Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) [ZMBN 81784]: A. Specimen with large oscule on top and smaller oscules on the sides (picture taken shortly after collection); B. Cross–section of specimen showing large and small oscules and their cloacae (large and small arrow). Cortex is clearly visible; C. Base of specimen: color is lighter and small roots are present (arrows). Scale: 2 cm; D. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. scc: sub– cortical canal. Scale: 1 mm; S. fibrosa [MCZ 8020, lectotype]: E. Lectotype specimen. Scale: 1 cm; F. Cross–section of cortex and the choanosome. Scale: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929) [ZMBN 81787]: A. Gross morphology. Scale: 5 cm; C. kuekenthali [ZMBN 81786]: B. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture. Scale: 1 mm; C. Microxeas. Scale: 20 µm; D. Sigmaspire. Scale: 2 µm.

FIGURE 16 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 16. Geodia papyracea (Hechtel, 1965) [UMPCW921]: A. Specimen in situ, growing on a mangrove root, arrow points to the oscule plate with uniporal oscules (Picture: Scott Nichols). Scale: 3 cm; B. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the confused arrangement of the megascleres in the choanosome. Scale: 1 mm; C. Sterraster, with an acanthostrongylaster by the warty hilum. Scale: 20 µm; D. Star–shaped warty rosettes from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm; E. Acanthoxyaster I and acanthostrongylasters. Scale: 4 µm; F. Acanthoxyaster II. Scale: 4 µm; G. Acanthostrongylasters. Scale: 2 µm; G. papyracea [YPM 5045, holotype]: H. Warty rosettes and hilum from a sterraster surface. Scale: 4 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Cinachyrella apion (Uliczka, 1929) [ZMBN 80958]: A. Gross morphology; B. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture. ect: ectosome. Scale: 1mm; C. Cross–section of oscule. ptI: protriaenes I, ptII: protriaenes II. Scale: 0.5 mm; D. Oxea II. Scale: 20 µm; E. Anatriaene. Scale: 10 µm; F. Sigmaspire. Scale: 1 µm.

FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 14. Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815: A. Large specimen hanging at the tip of a mangrove root. It is overgrown by the purple sponge Chalinula molibta, algae and oysters. Scale: 6 cm; B. Specimen with characteristic tumulose shape; C. Close up of oscular plates of an overgrown specimen in situ. Each oscule is uniporal. Scale: 4 cm; G. gibberosa: [ZMBN 81780]: D. Close up of the cribriporal pores. Scale: 1 mm; E. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. Note the radial arrangement of the triaenes right under the cortex. Scale: 1 mm; F. Cross–section of a uniporal oscule. mx: cortical microxeas. s: sphincter. plgt: plagiotriaene. Scale: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Map of the Bocas del Toro archipelago. () Sites surveyed in August 2007, and February 2008.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Cinachyrella alloclada (Uliczka, 1929) [ZMBN 81788]: A. Specimen in situ. Scale: 1 cm; B. Cross–section showing the skeletal architecture. Scale: 1 mm; C. Oxea II. Scale: 20 µm; D. Oxea II. Scale: 20 µm; E. Anatriaenes. Scale: 20 µm; F. Sigmaspire. Scale: 1 µm.

FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 13. Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886: A. In situ, Adriana's reef (Picture: Deborah Gochfeld). Note the uniporal oscules. Scale: 6 cm; [ZMBN 81644]: B. Cross–section of the uniporal pores showing the skeletal architecture: cortex and choanosome. s: sphincter; p: polychaete living in the canals. Scale: 1 mm; C. Orthotriaene. Scale: 100 µm; D. Microrhabds and acanthotylaster. Scale: 10 µm; E. Aspidaster. Scale: 20 µm; F. Smooth rosettes with bifid or trifid rays on the surface of an aspidaster. Scale: 2 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Spicule repertoire of Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984. A. Oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Dichotriaene; D. Cladome of protriaene; E. Cladome of anatriaene; F. Acanthomicrorhabds; G. Microxeas; H. Acanthotylaster; I. Acanthoxyaster. Scale 200 µm for A–B–C and F–G. Scale 20 µm for D–E. Scale 2 µm for H–I.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 9. Stelletta fibrosa (Schmidt, 1870) [ZMBN 81784]: A. Plagiotriaene and oxeas. Scale: 100 µm; B. Anatriaene. Scale: 20 µm; C–D. Tylaster. Scale: 2 µm; S. fibrosa [MCZ 8020, lectotype]: E. Plagiotriaene. Scale: 20 µm; F. Tylaster. Scale: 2 µm.

FIGURE 10 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 10. Stelletta sp. [ZMBN 81643]: A. Specimen in situ on mangrove root, August 2007. Notice large oscule leading to a cloaca. Scale: 2 cm; B. Bleached specimen maintained alive in a tank, July 2009. Scale: 2 cm; C. Cross– section showing the skeletal architecture. Scale: 1 mm; D. Close-up of cross-section showing bundles of triaenes at the surface of the sponge. Scale: 1 mm; E. Oxea II. Scale: 100 µm; F. Plagiotriaenes. Scale: 100 µm; G. Anatriaene and tylaster. Scale: 20 µm; H. Tylaster. Scale: 4 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 6. Ecionemia megastylifera Wintermann-Kilian & Kilian, 1984 [ZMBN 81782]: A. Microrhabd and acanthostrongylaster. Scale: 10 µm; B. Acanthoxyaster. Scale: 2 µm; C. Acanthostrongylaster. Scale: 2 µm; E. megastylifera [INVPOR 1148, holotype]: D. Young triaene. Scale: 20 µ m; E. Microxea, microrhabd and acanthostrongylaster. Scale: 10 µm; F. Acanthostrongylasters. Scale: 2 µm.

FIGURE 12 in Morphological description and DNA barcodes of shallow-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from Bocas del Toro, Panama, with description of a new species

FIGURE 12. Spicule repertoire of Stryphnus raratriaenus sp. nov [ZMBN 81642]: A. Oxea I; B. Oxea II; C. Style; D. Dichotriaene; E. Oxyasters; F. Sanidasters. Scale 200 µm for A. Scale 50 µm for B–C–D. Scale 10 µm for E–F.

FIGURES 63–76 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 63–76. Larva of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 63–70. Variation in the head color. 63. Head capsule, dorsal view. 64. Head capsule, ventral view. 65. Head capsule, dorsal view. 66. Head capsule, ventral view. 67. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 68. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 69. Dorsal view of cephalic apotome and cervical sclerites. 70. Postgenal cleft, ventral view. 71. Hypostoma. 72. Antenna. 73. Lanceolated setae on body cuticle. 74. Anal sclerite. 75. Papillae of one of the three lobes of rectal papilla. 76. Dorsal tubercles on cuticle of abdominal segment.

FIGURES 59–62 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 59–62. Lateral view of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae) showing color variation and variation in the development and number of paired dorsal tubercles.

FIGURES 45–50 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 45–50. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 45. Pupa inside cocoon, lateral view. 46. Middle region of the anterior margin of the cocoon, in dorsal view. 47. Male cephalic plate. 48. Head capsule frontal trichome. 49. Head capsule dorsal trichome. 50. Thoracic trichomes.

FIGURES 17–25. Male. 17–19 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 17–25. Male. 17–19. Simulium guianense (Diptera: Simuliidae). 17. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 18. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 19. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 20–25. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 20–22. Goias state population. 20. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 21. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 22. Scutum, dorso-lateral view. 23–25. Minas Gerais state population. 23. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 24. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 25. Scutum, dorso-lateral view.

FIGURES 1–11 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 1–11. Female of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 1. Scutum, dorsal view, anterior illumination. 2. Scutum, dorsal view, posterior illumination. 3. Cibarium. 4. Fronto-ocular triangle. 5. Maxillary palp. 6. Wing base. 7. Fore leg. 8. Middle leg. 9. Hind leg. 10. Calcipala and pedisulcus. 11. Tarsal claw from middle leg.

FIGURES 57–58 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 57–58. Pupa of Simulium litobranchium n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae). 57. Abdomen, dorsal view. 57a–c: setae and hooks on tergites II–IV. 57d: group of spine combs on tergites VI–IX. 58. Abdomen, ventral view. 58a: group of spine combs on sternites III–VIII. 58b–d: hooks on sternites V–VII.

FIGURES 33–44 in A new black fly species from Brazil, closely related to Simulium guianense Wise (Diptera, Simuliidae), revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding

FIGURES 33–44. Male terminalia and ventral plate. Simulium duodenicornium (Diptera: Simuliidae). 33. Terminalia, ventral view. 36. Ventral plate, ventral view. 39. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 42. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium guianense. 34. Terminalia, ventral view. 37. Ventral plate, ventral view. 40. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 43. Ventral plate, lateral view. Simulium litobranchium n. sp. 35. Terminalia, ventral view. 38. Ventral plate, ventral view. 41. Ventral plate, in ventral view tilted dorsally. 44. Ventral plate, lateral view. [Modified from Pepinelli et al. (2005)]