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1,026 results for “Linked data”
Data from: Chemical cues linked to risk: cues from belowground natural enemies enhance plant defences and influence herbivore behaviour and performance
1. Chemical cues are essential for many ecological interactions. Previous studies of chemically mediated multitrophic interactions have typically focused on responses to cues from plants or herbivores aboveground. It is increasingly clear, however, that belowground cues and those produced by organisms at higher trophic levels also have ecological importance. Prey animals often avoid predator odours to improve survival, and previous research documented enhanced plant resistance following contact with belowground natural enemies, though the ecological basis was unknown. 2. Here we investigated plant and insect responses to chemical cues from belowground natural enemies and explored the ecological significance of these cues for multitrophic interactions. More specifically, we examined the influence of odours emitted by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), a natural enemy of insect herbivores, on the performance and behaviour of their insect prey and the defence responses of nearby plants. 3. Our findings revealed that EPN-infected insect cadavers emit a characteristic blend of volatile compounds with bioactivity in plants and insects. EPN chemical cues influenced both performance and preference of a specialist herbivore, Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata), feeding on its host plant, potato (Solanum tuberosum). CPB larvae consumed less leaf tissue and gained less mass feeding on plants exposed to EPN cues compared to control plants. Female CPBs laid fewer eggs on plants with EPN cues than on controls, indicating deterrence by EPN cues or EPN-altered plant defences. 4. Plant defences were enhanced by exposure to live EPNs or EPN chemical cues. Potato plants exposed to EPN infective juveniles induced higher amounts of the defence hormone salicylic acid and had higher expression of the pathogen-resistance gene PR-1(PR4) in foliar tissue. Exposing plants to EPN cues primed induction of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in response to feeding damage by CPB larvae. 5. These findings suggest that herbivores avoid cues from their EPN natural enemies and plants respond to the beneficial nematodes by enhancing systemic defences that reduce herbivore performance. This work has important implications for the chemical ecology of tritrophic interactions as we report that the third trophic level can play direct and indirect roles in plant defence.
Data from: Impacts of warming revealed by linking resource growth rates with consumer functional responses
Warming global temperatures are driving changes in species distributions, growth and timing, but much uncertainty remains regarding how climate change will alter species interactions. Consumer-Resource interactions in particular can be strongly impacted by changes to the relative performance of interacting species. While consumers generally gain an advantage over their resources with increasing temperatures, nonlinearities can change this relation near temperature extremes. We use an experimental approach to determine how temperature changes between 5 and 30 °C will alter the growth of the algae Scenedesmus obliquus and the functional responses of the small bodied Daphnia ambigua and the larger D. pulicaria. The impact of warming generally followed expectations, making both Daphnia species more effective grazers, with the increase in feeding rates outpacing the increases in algal growth rate. At the extremes of our temperature range, however, warming resulted in a decrease in Daphnia grazing effectiveness. Between 25 and 30°C both species of Daphnia experienced a precipitous drop in feeding rates, while algal growth rates remained high, increasing the likelihood of algal blooms in warming summer temperatures. D. pulicaria performed significantly better at cold temperatures than D. ambigua, but by 20°C there was no significant difference between the two species and at 25°C D. ambigua out-performed D. pulicaria. Warming summer temperatures will favor the smaller D. ambigua, but only over a narrow temperature range and warming beyond 25°C could open D. ambigua to invasion from tropical species. By fitting our results to temperature dependent functions we develop a temperature and density dependent model which produces a metric of grazing effectiveness, quantifying the grazer density necessary to halt algal growth. This approach should prove useful for tracking the transient dynamics of other density dependent consumer-resource interactions, such as agricultural pests and biological control agents.
Data from: Evolutionary consequence of a change in life cycle complexity: a link between precocious development and evolution towards female-biased sex allocation in a hermaphroditic parasite
The evolutionary consequences of changes in the complex life cycles of parasites are not limited to the traits that directly affect transmission. For instance, mating systems that are altered due to precocious sexual maturation in what is typically regarded as an intermediate host may impact opportunities for outcrossing. In turn, reproductive traits may evolve to optimize sex allocation. Here we test the hypothesis that sex allocation evolved towards a more female-biased function in populations of the hermaphroditic digenean trematode Alloglossidium progeneticum that can precociously reproduce in their second hosts. In these precocious populations, parasites are forced to self-fertilize as they remain encysted in their second hosts. In contrast, parasites in obligate 3-host populations have more opportunities to outcross in their third host. We found strong support that in populations with precocious development, allocation to male resources was greatly reduced. We also identified a potential phenotypically plastic response in a body size-sex allocation relationship that may be driven by the competition for mates. These results emphasize how changes in life cycle patterns that alter mating systems can impact the evolution of reproductive traits in parasites.
Data from: Fine mapping of dominant X-linked incompatibility alleles in Drosophila hybrids
Sex chromosomes have a large effect on reproductive isolation and play an important role in hybrid inviability. In Drosophila hybrids, X-linked genes have pronounced deleterious effects on fitness in male hybrids, which have only one X chromosome. Several studies have succeeded at locating and identifying recessive X-linked alleles involved in hybrid inviability. Nonetheless, the density of dominant X-linked alleles involved in interspecific hybrid viability remains largely unknown. In this report, we study the effects of a panel of small fragments of the D. melanogaster X-chromosome carried on the D. melanogaster Y-chromosome in three kinds of hybrid males: D. melanogaster/D. santomea, D. melanogaster/D. simulans and D. melanogaster/D. mauritiana. D. santomea and D. melanogaster diverged over 10 million years ago, while D. simulans (and D. mauritiana) diverged from D. melanogaster over 3 million years ago. We find that the X-chromosome from D. melanogaster carries dominant alleles that are lethal in mel/san, mel/sim, and mel/mau hybrids, and more of these alleles are revealed in the most divergent cross. We then compare these effects on hybrid viability with two D. melanogaster intraspecific crosses. Unlike the interspecific crosses, we found no X-linked alleles that cause lethality in intraspecific crosses. Our results reveal the existence of dominant alleles on the X-chromosome of D. melanogaster which cause lethality in three different interspecific hybrids. These alleles only cause inviability in hybrid males, yet have little effect in hybrid females. This suggests that X-linked elements that cause hybrid inviability in males might not do so in hybrid females due to differing sex chromosome interactions.
Data from: Fusion transcript discovery in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissues reveals a link to tumor progression
The identification of gene fusions promises to play an important role in personalized cancer treatment decisions. Many rare gene fusion events have been identified in fresh frozen solid tumors from common cancers employing next-generation sequencing technology. However the ability to detect transcripts from gene fusions in RNA isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues, which exist in very large sample repositories for which disease outcome is known, is still limited due to the low complexity of FFPE libraries and the lack of appropriate bioinformatics methods. We sought to develop a bioinformatics method, named gFuse, to detect fusion transcripts in FFPE tumor tissues. An integrated, cohort based strategy has been used in gFuse to examine single-end 50 base pair (bp) reads generated from FFPE RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) datasets employing two breast cancer cohorts of 136 and 76 patients. In total, 118 fusion events were detected transcriptome-wide at base-pair resolution across the 212 samples. We selected 77 candidate fusions based on their biological relevance to cancer and supported 61% of these using TaqMan assays. Direct sequencing of 19 of the fusion sequences identified by TaqMan confirmed them. Three unique fused gene pairs were recurrent across the 212 patients with 6, 3, 2 individuals harboring these fusions respectively. We show here that a high frequency of fusion transcripts detected at the whole transcriptome level correlates with poor outcome (P<0.0005) in human breast cancer patients. This study demonstrates the ability to detect fusion transcripts as biomarkers from archival FFPE tissues, and the potential prognostic value of the fusion transcripts detected.
Data from: Linking the vectorial capacity of multiple vectors to observed patterns of West Nile virus transmission
1. Theoretical models suggest that increased vector species participation in pathogen transmission significantly increases the prevalence of vector and host infections. However, there has been a lack of empirical evidence to support this. 2. We linked transmission potential of multiple vectors species to observed patterns of enzootic pathogen transmission by conducting longitudinal field surveillance of West Nile virus (WNv) infections in Culex spp. mosquitoes and avian host communities in the southeastern U.S. We then used a temperature-dependent vectorial capacity model as a predictor of WNv infections in mosquitoes and birds using general linear mixed effects models. 3. Two WNv-competent Culex spp. mosquitoes were present in our study sites, Culex restuans Theobald during the spring and Culex quinquefasciatus Say during the summer. Empirical evidence of WNv transmission was limited exclusively to time periods when night time temperatures were suitable for accelerated within-vector viral replication, susceptible avian hosts (i.e. hatch year birds) were abundant, and Culex quinquefasciatus was the primary Culex spp. vector in the mosquito community. 4. Contrary to theoretical predictions, increased presence of competent vector species through time did not significantly increase the prevalence of infections in the WNv enzootic system. 5. Synthesis and applications. We extend a commonly used theoretical framework to quantify transmission potential of vector-borne diseases, the vectorial capacity equation, to account for species-specific variations in temperature-dependent development and host feeding preference. By quantifying key vectorial capacity parameters using field data from southeast United States we quantified the relative contribution of two Culex spp. species (Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex restuans) to the transmission of West Nile virus (WNv). Our findings suggest that to reduce the risk of human exposure to WNv in urban environments, vector control should focus on the primary WNv vector, the members of the Culex pipiens complex. Additionally, vector control may be more effective if it coincides with the onset of the avian breeding season, when most WNv amplification occurs. Moreover, our results highlight relevant knowledge gaps pertaining to WNv transmission by secondary mosquito species that coexist either in time or space with Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes. A better understanding of secondary WNv vector species is greatly needed in order to appropriately gauge their role in pathogen transmission dynamics.
Data from: Milkweed butterfly resistance to plant toxins is linked to sequestration, not coping with a toxic diet
Insect resistance to plant toxins is widely assumed to have evolved in response to using defended plants as a dietary resource. We tested this hypothesis in the milkweed butterflies (Danaini) which have progressively evolved higher levels of resistance to cardenolide toxins based on amino acid substitutions of their cellular sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase). Using chemical, physiological, and caterpillar growth assays on diverse milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and isolated cardenolides, we show that resistant Na+/K+-ATPases are not necessary to cope with dietary cardenolides. In contrast, sequestration of cardenolides in the body (as a defense against predators) is associated with the three levels of Na+/K+-ATPase resistance. To estimate the potential physiological burden of cardenolide sequestration without Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations, we applied haemolymph of sequestering species on isolated Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering and nonsequestering species. Haemolymph cardenolides dramatically impair non-adapted Na+/K+-ATPase, but had systematically reduced effects on Na+/K+-ATPase of sequestering species. Our data indicate that major adaptations to plant toxins may be evolutionarily linked to sequestration, and may not necessarily be a means to eat toxic plants. Na+/K+-ATPase adaptations thus were a potential mechanism through which predators spurred the coevolutionary arms race between plants and insects.
Data from: Sex-linked genomic variation and its relationship to avian plumage dichromatism and sexual selection
Background: Sexual dichromatism is the tendency for sexes to differ in color pattern and represents a striking form of within-species morphological variation. Conspicuous intersexual differences in avian plumage are generally thought to result from Darwinian sexual selection, to the extent that dichromatism is often treated as a surrogate for the intensity of sexual selection in phylogenetic comparative studies. Intense sexual selection is predicted to leave a footprint on genetic evolution by reducing the relative genetic diversity on sex chromosome to that on the autosomes. Results: In this study, we test the association between plumage dichromatism and sex-linked genetic diversity using eight species pairs with contrasting levels of dichromatism. We estimated Z-linked and autosomal genetic diversity for these non-model avian species using restriction-site associated (RAD) loci that covered ~3 % of the genome. We find that monochromatic birds consistently have reduced sex-linked genomic variation relative to phylogenetically-paired dichromatic species and this pattern is robust to mutational biases. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with several interpretations. If present-day sexual selection is stronger in dichromatic birds, our results suggest that its impact on sex-linked genomic variation is offset by other processes that lead to proportionately lower Z-linked variation in monochromatic species. We discuss possible factors that may contribute to this discrepancy between phenotypes and genomic variation. Conversely, it is possible that present-day sexual selection -- as measured by the variance in male reproductive success -- is stronger in the set of monochromatic taxa we have examined, potentially reflecting the importance of song, behavior and other non-plumage associated traits as targets of sexual selection. This counterintuitive finding suggests that the relationship between genomic variation and sexual selection is complex and highlights the need for a more comprehensive survey of genomic variation in avian taxa that vary markedly in social and genetic mating systems.
Rapid evolution of sexual size dimorphism facilitated by Y-linked genetic variance data set
<p>The three datasets were collected to study the genetic architecture of sexual size dimorphism in the seed beetle <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> (Quantitative_genetics_data_set), the response of sexual dimorphism to artificial selection (artificial_selection_data_set) and to isolate and quantify the effect of Y haplotypes on male body size (Y_introgression_data_set).</p> <p><u>Quantitative genetics:</u> A four generation breeding design with pedigree information for 8022 individuals and body size measurements for 7356 individuals. The breeding design and sample size of the study allows to partition genetic variances into additive autosomal, additive sex-linked, autosomal dominance and X-linked dominance variance.</p> <p><u>Artificial selection:</u> Family level phenotypic data over 10 generations of artificial selection using direct progenitors of the quantitative genetics experiment in 5 different selection regimes (random selection [C], sexually antagonistic selection, for increased sexual dimorphism [SA], sex limited selection; for small males [SL1], for large females [SL2], for large males [SL3]), each selection regime was replicated by two replicate lines, resulting in 10 selection lines.</p> <p><u>Y introgression:</u> We followed the Y lineage (paternal founder line) from the quantitative genetics experiment over the course of the artificial selection, and after the selection we introgressed each remaining Y lineage into an isogenic background, by 13 generations of backcrossing of males with the isogenic females in order to isolate the Y-linked effect on male body size.</p>
Data attached to Radio Science paper "Model to Scale Rain Attenuation Time Series with Link Elevation Angle for LEO Satellite Based Systems"
<p>Data attached to Radio Science paper "Model to Scale Rain Attenuation Time Series with Link Elevation Angle for LEO Satellite Based Systems"</p>
Data from: Seasonal and daily xylem radius variations in Scots pine are closely linked to environmental factors affecting transpiration
<p>The data file (<strong>Dendrometer_data_Pisy.xlsx</strong>) contains environmental records and dendrometer data, i.e., raw data as well as calculated mean daily radial variations of the xylem and inner bark, detrended radial variations of the xylem and inner bark, and daily xylem amplitudes.</p> <p><strong>Data are documented in the following article</strong>:</p> <p>Oberhuber W, A Gruber, G Wieser (2023) Seasonal and daily xylem radius variations in Scots pine are closely linked to environmental factors affecting transpiration<strong>. </strong>Biology, 12, 1251; doi: 10.3390/ biology12091251</p> <p><strong>Summary</strong></p> <p>Diurnal and seasonal radius variations of xylem and inner bark of mature Scots pine trees (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>; stem diameter 27±2 cm) were determined at a drought prone inner alpine site (<em>c</em>. 750 m asl; Tyrol, Austria). Point dendrometers were mounted on xylem and on living phloem (i.e., inner bark) of four trees, and xylem radius variations (XRV) were continuously recorded throughout three growing seasons (April 2019–October 2021) and related to environmental factors including air temperature (T), vapour pressure deficit of the air (VPD), relative air humidity (RH), solar radiation (SR), precipitation (P) and soil water content (SWC). While inner bark width increased due to radial stem growth (<em>c</em>. 500 µm per year), radial xylem width consistently decreased by <em>c</em>. 50 µm during the growing seasons. Results of our study revealed that daily and seasonal radial variations of the xylem and inner bark were closely linked, indicating intensive water exchange between these tissues. Comparison of XRV with environmental variables affecting transpiration revealed a close coupling of XRV to VPD, T and SR, pointing to a strong dependence of stem water status on changes in atmospheric conditions. Because VPD increases exponentially with the increase in temperature and thus causes the water content in the stem to decrease especially under drought, tree growth and mortality will be increasingly affected by climate warming.</p> <p> </p>
Linked Data Lokasi Restoran Pizza Hut di AS
<p>Melakukan linked data menggunakan DBpedia dan GeoNames</p>
Linking evapotranspiration, boundary-layer processes and atmospheric moisture using isotope tracer modeling and data
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Data from: Perception of odors linked to precise timing in the olfactory system
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Data from: Coevolutionary dynamics of polyandry and sex-linked meiotic drive
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Data from: Autosomal and X linked additive genetic variation for lifespan and aging: comparisons within and between the sexes in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Linkage disequilibrium clustering-based approach for association mapping with tightly linked genome-wide data
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Data from: Apex predator suppression is linked to restructuring of ecosystems via multiple ecological pathways
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Data from: Population scale mapping of transposable element diversity reveals links to gene regulation and epigenomic variation
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Data from: SNP markers tightly linked to root knot nematode resistance in grapevine (Vitis cinerea) identified by a genotyping-by-sequencing approach followed by Sequenom MassARRAY validation
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.