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6,569 results for “Long-term”
NDVI-based monitoring of long-term vegetation dynamics and responses to multi-time scales droughts in Inner Mongolia
<p>The characteristics of vegetation and drought for different seasons between 1982 and 2015 in Inner Mongolia were studied based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The response of vegetation to drought over various time scales for different seasons and vegetation types was investigated using the maximum Pearson correlation, allowing a discussion about the possible causes of any changes. The results indicate that the vegetation NDVI in Inner Mongolia showed an increasing trend in different seasons, with spring vegetation NDVI (April to May) having the largest significant increasing rate, followed by the growing season (April to October), autumn (September to October), and summer (June to August). Accordingly, the proportion of stations with decreasing SPEI was, in descending order, summer, growing season, autumn, and spring. Additionally, the magnitude of the SPEI decrease was greater in eastern Inner Mongolia. NDVI and SPEI were positively correlated in most regions of Inner Mongolia, indicating that changes in vegetation in most parts of this region were affected by the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought, the correlation being them being strongest in the growing season, followed by summer, then spring and autumn. Considering the different types of vegetation, forests were less affected by drought, with broadleaf forests more affected than coniferous forests. The meadow steppes and typical steppes were more affected by 12-month droughts in the growing season and summer, 6-month droughts in spring, and 3-month droughts in autumn, with desert steppes mainly affected by 3-month droughts. The shrubs, sandy vegetation, and cropland were mostly affected by droughts in summer, and show a greater response to 3-month droughts in autumn. Finally, the water balance was found to be the most important factor affecting the response of vegetation to drought in Inner Mongolia.</p>
dmurraystoker/OGC-biomass: Long-term comparison of invertebrate communities in a blackwater river reveals taxon-specific biomass change
<p>Data, metadata, and R code for "Long-term comparison of invertebrate communities in a blackwater river reveals taxon-specific biomass change."</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>1. Around the world, researchers are reporting declines in insect fauna. Though uncommonly evaluated in high-profile studies of insect declines, the community context of population trends can facilitate interpretation of the causes and consequences of such losses. Here, we aimed to explore the shifts in a well-studied invertebrate community of a blackwater river and identify potential catalysts of such change.</p> <p>2. We compared the density, biomass, and community structure of freshwater invertebrate assemblages separated by more than 30 years in the Ogeechee River, in the southeastern US, and found biomass declines. We also evaluated long-term trends in river discharge, water temperature, and precipitation.</p> <p>3. Overall, the biomass in the 2010s was approximately 60% of the total in the 1980s. Community analyses indicated that this decline was driven by reduced densities of large-bodied, filter-feeding insects, particularly Hydropsychidae caddisflies (Trichoptera). Conversely, predators and small-bodied primary consumers increased in density, though their contributions to overall biomass were minimal and their increased density was not sufficient to compensate for biomass declines. Seasonal shifts in both invertebrate populations and environmental parameters were evident, especially when focusing on discharge and dissolved organic carbon.</p> <p>4. Through a combination of direct analysis and the use of established research on the metabolic dynamics of the study site, we determined that the overall decline of freshwater invertebrate biomass may be driven by climate-related changes in flood dynamics: seasonal flooding that facilitates delivery of floodplain carbon to filter-feeding consumers has decreased over several decades. Water temperature had also increased and has likely had effects on the invertebrate assemblages.</p> <p>5. Whole-community evaluations such as this one, in contrast to single-taxon and abundance-based studies, provide critical information to elucidate the dynamics of freshwater impairment and insect loss in the Anthropocene.</p>
Can short-term data accurately model long-term environmental exposures? Investigating the multigenerational adaptation potential of Daphnia magna to environmental concentrations of organic ultraviolet filters
<p>Organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are contaminants of concern, ubiquitously found in many aquatic environments due to their use in personal care products to protect against ultraviolet radiation. Research regarding the toxicity of UVFs such as avobenzone, octocrylene and oxybenzone indicates that these chemicals may pose a threat to invertebrate species; however, minimal long-term studies have been conducted to determine how these UVFs may affect continuously exposed populations. The present study modeled the effects of a 5-generation exposure of <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> to these UVFs at environmental concentrations. Avobenzone and octocrylene resulted in minor, transient decreases in reproduction and wet mass. Oxybenzone exposure resulted in > 40% mortality, 46% decreased reproduction and 4-fold greater reproductive failure over the F0 and F1 generations; however, normal function was largely regained by the F2 generation. These results indicate that <em>Daphnia</em> are able to acclimate over long-term exposures to concentrations of 6.59 μg/L avobenzone, ~0.6 μg/L octocrylene or 16.5 μg/L oxybenzone. This suggests that short-term studies indicating high toxicity may not accurately represent long-term outcomes in wild populations, adding additional complexity to risk assessment practices at a time when many regions are considering or implementing UVF bans in order to protect these most sensitive invertebrate species.</p>
Data for LEELO-LA (Long-term Energy Expansion Linear Optimization - Latin America)
<p>This repository contains the data for LEELO-LA (Long-term Energy Expansion Linear Optimization - Latin America)</p>
Does long-term soil warming affect microbial element limitation? A test by short-term assays of microbial growth responses to labile C, N and P additions
<p><span>Increasing global temperatures have been reported to accelerate soil carbon (C) cycling but also to promote nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. However, warming can differentially affect ecosystem C, N and P dynamics, potentially intensifying elemental imbalances between soil resources, plants and soil microorganisms. Here we investigated the effect of long-term soil warming on microbial resource limitation, based on measurements of microbial growth (<sup>18</sup>O incorporation into DNA) and respiration after C, N and P amendments. Soil samples were taken from two soil depths (0–10, 10–20 cm) in control and warmed (>14 yrs warming, +4°C) plots in the Achenkirch soil warming experiment. Soils were amended with combinations of glucose-C, inorganic/organic N and inorganic/organic P in a full factorial design, followed by incubation at their respective mean field temperatures for 24 hours. Soil microbes were generally C-limited, exhibiting 1.8-fold to 8.8-fold increases in microbial growth upon C addition. Warming consistently caused soil microorganisms to shift from being predominately C limited to become C-P co-limited. This P limitation possibly was due to increased abiotic P immobilization in warmed soils. Microbes further showed stronger growth stimulation under combined glucose and inorganic nutrient amendments compared to organic nutrient additions. This may be related to a prolonged lag phase in organic N (glucosamine) mineralization and utilization compared to glucose. Soil respiration strongly positively responded to all kinds of glucose-C amendments, while responses of microbial growth were less pronounced in many of these treatments. This highlights that respiration – though easy and cheap to measure – is not a good substitute of growth when assessing microbial element limitation. Overall, we demonstrate a significant shift in microbial element limitation in warmed soils, from C to C-P co-limitation, with strong repercussions on the linkage between soil C, N and P cycles under long-term warming.</span></p>
Long-term responses to large-scale disturbances: Spatiotemporal variation in gastropod populations and communities
<p>The Anthropocene is characterized by complex, primarily human-generated, disturbance regimes that include combinations of long-term press (e.g. climate change, pollution) and episodic pulse (e.g. cyclonic storms, floods, wildfires, land use change) disturbances. Within any regime, disturbances occur at multiple spatial and temporal scales, creating complex and varied interactions that influence spatiotemporal dynamics in the abundance, distribution, and biodiversity of organisms. Moreover, responses to disturbance are context-dependent, with the legacies of previous disturbances affecting responses to ensuing perturbations. We use three decades of annual data to evaluate the effects of repeated pulse disturbances and global warming on gastropod populations and communities in Puerto Rico at multiple spatial scales. More specifically, we quantify (1) the relative importance of large-scale and small-scale aspects of disturbance on variation in abundance, biodiversity, and species composition; and (2) the spatial scales at which populations and communities integrate information in the spatially heterogenous environments created by disturbances. Gastropods do not exhibit consistent decreases in abundance or biodiversity in association with global warming: abundance for many species has increased over time and species richness does not evince a temporal trend. Nonetheless, gastropods are sensitive to hurricane severity, spatial environmental variation, and successional trajectories of the flora. In addition, they exhibit context-dependent (i.e. legacy effects) responses that are scale-dependent. The Puerto Rican biota has evolved in a disturbance-mediated system. This historical exposure to repeated, severe hurricane-induced disturbances has imbued the biota with high resistance and resilience to the current disturbance regime, resulting in an ability to persist or thrive under current environmental conditions. Nonetheless, these ecosystems may yet be threatened by worsening direct and indirect effects of climate change. In particular, more frequent and severe hurricanes may prevent the establishment of closed-canopy forests, negatively impacting populations and communities that rely on these habitats.</p>
Measurement of the fumarole temperature of the north eastern crater rim of Vesuvius -----Long-term variations of fumarole temperature of the north eastern crater rim of Vesuvius (Italy)
<pre>Measurements of the fumarole temperature of the north eastern edge of Vesuvius have been carried out since 1995. The temperature is measured at a depth of 10 cm using a K-type thermocouple. The coordinate of the fumarole is 33T 451833.1m E - 4519224.8m N.</pre> <pre>The monitored fumarole is the one at the highest altitude present on Vesuvius </pre> <p>The fumarole is characterized by low temperatures (59.5 - 75.6 ˚C) and discharge a mixture of air (46% -72%), steam (25% -45%) and CO2 (0.2% -2%). The air is the main component of fumarole, is most likely included in the upper fluids part of the fumarolic ducts found in the highly permeable products of the Vesuvian cone. </p>
Immediate and long-term genetic consequences of linear transport infrastructure: Can fauna crossing mitigate its cost?
<p><span>The genetic consequences of the subdivision of populations are regarded as significant to long-term evolution, and research has shown that the scale and speed at which this is now occurring is critically reducing the adaptive potential of most species which inhabit human-impacted landscapes. Here, we provide a rare, and to our knowledge, the first analysis of this process while it is happening and demonstrate a method of evaluating the effect of mitigation measures such as fauna crossings. We did this by using an extensive genetic dataset collected from a koala population which was intensely monitored during the construction of linear transport infrastructure which resulted in the subdivision of their population. First, we found that both allelic richness and effective population size decreased through the process of population subdivision. Second, we predicted the extent to which genetic drift could impact genetic diversity over time and showed that after only 10 generations the resulting two subdivided populations could experience between 12–69% loss in genetic diversity. Lastly, using forward simulations we estimated that a minimum of 8 koalas would need to disperse from each side of the subdivision per generation to maintain genetic connectivity close to zero but that 16 koalas would ensure that both genetic connectivity and diversity remained unchanged. </span><span>These results have important consequences for the genetic management of species in human-impacted landscapes by showing which genetic metrics are best to identify immediate loss in genetic diversity and how to evaluate the effectiveness of any mitigation measures.</span></p>
Dataset for: Long-term soil warming decreases microbial phosphorus utilization by increasing abiotic phosphorus sorption and losses
<p><span>Phosphorus (P) is an essential and often limiting element that could play a crucial role in terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate warming. However, it has yet remained unclear how different P cycling processes are affected by warming. Here we investigated the response of soil P pools and P cycling processes in a mountain forest after 14 years of soil warming (+4°C). Long-term warming decreased soil total P pools, likely due to higher outputs of P from soils by increasing net plant P uptake and downward transportation of colloidal and particulate P. Warming increased the sorption strength to more recalcitrant soil P fractions (absorbed to iron oxyhydroxides and clays), thereby further reducing bioavailable P in soil solution. As a response, soil microbes enhanced the production of acid phosphatase, though this was not sufficient to avoid decreases of soil bioavailable P and microbial biomass P (and biotic phosphate immobilization). This study therefore highlights how long-term soil warming triggers changes in biotic and abiotic soil P pools and processes, which can potentially aggravate the P constraints of the trees and soil microbes and thereby negatively affect the C sequestration potential of these forests.</span></p>
Data from: Contrasting long-term trends in juvenile abundance of a widespread cold-water salmonid along a latitudinal gradient: Effects of climate, stream size and migration strategy
<p><span>A changing climate reshapes the range distribution of many organisms, and species with relatively low thermal optima, like many salmonids, are increasingly expected to face local population extinctions at lower latitudes. Understanding where and how fast these changes are happening is of pivotal importance for successful mitigation and conservation efforts.</span></p> <p><span>We used an extensive electrofishing database to explore temporal trends of brown trout juveniles (<em>Salmo</em> <em>trutta</em> L.) in 218 locations from 174 Swedish streams, over the last 30 years (1991–2020). We hypothesized that 1) declines in abundance have occurred predominately in the warmer, southern regions, while increases have occurred in the colder, northern regions, 2) larger stream sizes may partly offset negative effects of climate, and 3) migrating and resident populations are affected differently by a warming climate.</span></p> <p><span>We found that abundance of brown trout juveniles generally declined in warmer regions, especially in smaller streams (≤ 6 m wide), while the abundance increased in colder regions. In larger streams, negative effects of higher temperatures were seemingly buffered, as we found lower rates of decline or even positive trends. The rate of change (i.e. the slopes of the trends in abundance) was more pronounced towards the climate extremes and was on average zero in regions with a normal annual air temperature (average temperature over 30-year period) around 5–6 ºC. Warmer climate had stronger effects on migrating compared to resident populations, suggesting that climate-induced loss of stream connectivity could be an additional factor that hinders recruitment in anadromous populations in a changing climate.</span></p> <p><span>Considering predictions of increasing temperatures and frequency of summer droughts, management of cold-water salmonid populations should focus on conserving and restoring riparian vegetation, wetlands, climate and thermal refugia, and habitat integrity overall. Such measures may, however, not suffice for small streams at lower latitudes, unless hydrological connectivity is maintained.</span></p>
Data from: Long-term trends in grassland bird relative abundance on focal grassland landscapes in Missouri
<p><span>North American grassland birds have widely declined over the past 50 years, largely due to anthropogenic-driven loss of native prairie habitat. In response to these declines, many conservation programs have been implemented to help secure wildlife habitat on private and public lands. The Grasslands Coalition is one such initiative established to advance the conservation of grassland birds in Missouri. The Missouri Department of Conservation conducted annual point count surveys for comparison of grassland bird relative abundance between focal grassland areas and nearby paired (i.e., containing no targeted management) sites. We analyzed 17 years of point count data with a generalized linear mixed model in a Bayesian framework to estimate relative abundance and trends across focal or paired sites for nine bird species of management interest that rely on grasslands: barn swallow (<em>Hirundo</em> <em>rustica</em>), brown-headed cowbird (<em>Molothrus</em> <em>ater</em>), dickcissel (<em>Spiza</em> <em>americana</em>), eastern meadowlark (<em>Sturnella</em> <em>magna</em>), grasshopper sparrow (<em>Ammodramus</em> <em>savannarum</em>), Henslow's sparrow (<em>A</em>. <em>henslowii</em>), horned lark (<em>Eremophila</em> <em>alpestris</em>), northern bobwhite (<em>Colinus</em> <em>virginianus</em>), and red-winged blackbird (<em>Agelaius</em> <em>phoeniceus</em>). Relative abundance of all species except eastern meadowlarks declined regionally. Relative abundance of barn swallows, brown-headed cowbirds, dickcissels, eastern meadowlarks, Henslow's sparrows, and northern bobwhites was higher in focal than paired sites, though relative abundance trends were only improved in focal vs. paired areas for dickcissels and Henslow's sparrows. Relative abundance increased with increasing grassland cover at the local (250-m radius) scale for all species except horned larks and red-winged blackbirds and at the landscape (2,500-m radius) scale for all species except dickcissels, eastern meadowlarks, and northern bobwhites. Our results suggest focal areas contained greater relative abundances of several grassland species of concern, likely due to increased availability of grassland habitat at local and landscape scales. Further efforts to decrease landscape-scale fragmentation and improve habitat quality may be needed to achieve conservation goals.</span></p>
Data from: Long-term forecast of thermal mortality with climate warming in riverine amphipods
<p>Dataset and code to reproduce the figures in the associated publication</p>
Data set for the article "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities"
<p>The following are data and code used for statistical analysis and figure plotting in the manuscript</p> <p>Gorka et al. (2023) "One-time freeze-thawing or carbon input events have long-term legacies in soil microbial communities", Geoderma, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116399</a></p> <p>It contains the following files:</p> <ol> <li>Microbial PLFA and NLFA analysis files (contained in <em>Fatty_acid_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>PLFA and NLFA abundance data, in nmol C g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>fatty_acid_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>Taxonomic specificities of fatty acids, needed for R-script to run (in <em>phylum.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>Fatty_acid_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Soil C and N stoichiometry analysis files (contained in <em>TOC_TN_analysis.zip</em>) <ul> <li>Dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TN), and C and N in microbial biomass (Cmic, Nmic) abundance data, in mg g<sup>-1</sup> dw (in <em>toc_tn_data.csv</em>)</li> <li>An R Script reproducing the statistical analysis, figure plotting and output for tables, as used in the manuscript (<em>TOC_TN_analysis.R</em>)</li> </ul> </li> </ol>
Datset related to article: "ACTB gene mutation in combined Dystonia-Deafness syndrome with parkinsonism: Expanding the phenotype and highlighting the long-term GPi DBS outcome"
<p>Sanger sequences (.abi files) validating variants found with whole exome sequencing</p>
Dataset for "A Double Dissociation between Savings and Long-Term Memory in Motor Learning"
<p>Data for "A Double Dissociation between Savings and Long-Term Memory in Motor Learning"<br> <br> For analysis code and any updates, please visit https://github.com/AlkisMH/Savings_vs_Long_Term_Memory<br> <br> For any questions, please contact Alkis Hadjiosif (alkis [at] seas [dot] harvard [dot] edu; ahadjiosif [at] gmail [dot] com)</p> <p>These .mat files contain data collected for Experiments 1-4 and S1, used to reproduce Figures 1-6 and S1 in the paper. Data for each experiment are in the form of a Matlab structure, with each field consisting of a [Num_trials x Num_participants] matrix.</p> <p>The fields are:</p> <p><strong>TN:</strong> Trial Number</p> <p><strong>VF:</strong> Whether visual feedback was given during the trial (1: online visual feedback; 2: no visual feedback)</p> <p><strong>Rotation:</strong> The visuomotor rotation imposed on each trial (in degrees). CCW is positive, CW is negative.</p> <p><strong>Wait:</strong> Whether, right before the trial, a wait time was imposed (1) or not (0). Trials immediately following breaks are indicated by (2).</p> <p><strong>Instruction:</strong> Whether an instruction was given for the trial (1) or not (0). Only present in Experiment 3. Note that Experiment 3 includes:</p> <p>-> Two specific instruction trials during learning and and two during relearning, before and after the 1-minute wait ("Move your hand to the center of the target","Move your hand to the far end of the target")</p> <p>-> Six random instruction trials before initial learning and six before relearning ("Move your hand to the left/right/near/far end of the target"), to familiarize participants with the instruction process</p> <p><strong>ITI:</strong> Time (in seconds) since the last trial (regardless of direction).</p> <p><strong>theta_target:</strong> Target direction (in degrees) relative to the 12 o'clock position. Only included for Experiment 4: target is always at 12 o'clock for Experiments 1-3.</p> <p><strong>theta:</strong> = reaching direction relative to theta_target, measured 150ms into the movement. Note that this is flipped based on the rotation sign so that adaptation towards the imposed visuomotor rotation is always positive.</p> <p><strong>theta_end:</strong> = reaching direction relative to theta_target, measured at the end of movement. Only included for Experiment 4: it is to be used for the no visual feedback blocks in Experiment 4.</p> <p>Note for <strong>Experiment 4</strong>: the last two blocks (last 114 trials) were done on day 2.</p>
Trinity College Botanic Garden long-term monitoring program
<p><span>Botanic gardens hold large, documented, and accessible collections of living plants. These represent </span><span>unique subsets of taxa from different biogeographical regions growing under common environmental conditions, connecting people to global plant research and conservation efforts while offering a place beneficial for human health and wellbeing. Despite Botanic Gardens being an ideal setting for climate change research, their potential for comparative, long-term studies and outreach in the field is still underutilised. As part of its ten-year strategy, Trinity College Botanic Garden (TCBG) aims to tap this potential and establish a programme for long-term (>30 years) monitoring of key physiological performances in its living woody plant collection. The programme will also assess particulate pollution (PM10 and PM2.5) interception by the same trees, pairing climate change and urban green research. Importantly, the project will include the design of a transferable protocol, produce vouchered herbarium specimens as a future historical archive and as a pedagogical tool, and support the garden outreach strategy, so as to nurture its link with both Trinity College Dublin and local communities, ensuring the garden's legacy into the future.</span></p>
Long-term seed bank persistence in Arctomecon californica
<p>Seed banks, the collection of viable seeds in the soil, are particularly important determinants of population survival in highly variable environments. Predictions of increased stochasticity in the amount and timing of precipitation in desert environments raise the question of how seed banks of desert species will respond to climate change, and ultimately, whether these species will persist. Here, we present data from our long-term studies of germination requirements and seed bank dynamics in a rare desert gypsophile perennial, <em>Arctomecon</em> <em>californica</em> (Las Vegas bearpoppy). <em>Arctomecon</em> <em>californica</em> is a relatively short-lived plant that recruits from seed in sequences of unusually favorable years. We used germination experiments, an in situ seed bank study, and a 15-year field seed retrieval study to examine factors affecting seed bank persistence. In the germination study, a majority of seeds remained dormant, despite a wide variety of treatments, suggesting that a large proportion of the seed dispersed each year has cue-nonresponsive dormancy. Our seed bank study showed that seed density varied widely between sites, among transects, and among samples within a transect. The patchiness of seeds in the soil highlights the importance of protecting large areas where <em>A. californica</em> populations are known to have existed in the past. The seed retrieval study provided strong evidence that this species has a long-lived seed bank in which only a small fraction of seeds (roughly 5%) become nondormant each year, allowing seed banks of this species to last up to 20 years without a seed production event. Whether this impressive life history strategy can maintain the species in the face of climate change depends on the future frequency of the well-timed precipitation that allows for establishment of new cohorts of adult plants.</p>
Data from: Long-term capture data uncover shifts in the daily activity patterns of Amazonian birds
<p>Although the duration of biological rhythms varies from milliseconds to decades, daily cycles are especially widespread for individual organisms. These circadian rhythms are synchronized by light-dark cycles, which govern predictable changes in other microclimate variables. Despite the fixed, regular nature of these abiotic cycles at low latitudes, little is known about how different animals structure activity along these gradients. We used 25 years of capture-recapture data and ~25,000 unique captures to characterize 'activity' (time of capture) for 65 species of Amazonian birds in the lowest forest stratum (0–2.5 m). To quantify vertical niche breadths, we also measured foraging heights for these same species in the field. Activity peaked within the first two hours after sunrise for most species (71%), while others peaked 1–3 hours later (29%). This difference was associated with an apparent preference for specific vertical strata, as terrestrial and near-ground birds peaked ~1 hour after sunrise, while birds from higher strata delayed their first bouts of activity in the lower understory (by an average of 40 to 100 minutes). Peak capture times also correlated with long-term abundance trends, as only species with the earliest capture times showed strong declines, suggesting that associations with mid- or late-morning microclimates may contribute to resiliency in birds typical of higher strata. Because arboreal species largely avoid the lower understory in the early morning, when terrestrial birds are active, we infer that they are poorly adapted to low-light environments. However, with their broad vertical niches and reliance on brighter microhabitats, we suggest that an arboreal lifestyle diminishes specialization and may increase the capacity to cope with a wider range of daily microclimate conditions. We predict that subtle, but important, shifts in daily activity patterns would materialize if other biodiversity-monitoring programs could analyze similar temporal datasets.</p>
Short-term, but not long-term grooming reciprocity in a species with high fission-fusion dynamics
<p>Reciprocity allows animals to balance the costs and benefits of cooperative interactions by switching roles over time. Reciprocity can be based on two different processes: partner control and partner choice. Although not mutually exclusive, the relative roles of the two processes remain debated. We investigated grooming reciprocity in wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (<em>Ateles</em> <em>geoffroyi</em>), <span>a species with </span>low grooming rates <span>and reduced opportunities for group members to interact due to a </span>high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. We assessed separately the roles of partner control and partner choice in grooming exchanges and investigated the factors affecting reciprocity. We found short-term reciprocity based on partner-control with reciprocation occurring within 401 s after receiving grooming. In contrast, we did not find evidence for long-term reciprocity based on partner choice. Short-term reciprocity based on partner control was not affected by kinship, whereas reduced time spent together in the same subgroup increased the probability of short-term grooming reciprocation. Our results suggest the opportunity to interact is a potent modulator of reciprocity. In species characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics and low grooming rates, short-term reciprocation based on partner control can be favoured at the expense of partner choice.</p>
Brief introduction to parameterization of downward longwave radiation based on long-term baseline surface radiation measurements in China
<p>This short vidio is used to briefly introduce the contents of the article "Parameterization of downward longwave radiation based on long-term baseline surface radiation measurements in China".</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.