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5,666 results for “Social”
Dataset: The role of social costs as a mechanism enforcing the honesty of ultraviolet-reflecting signals in a lizard
<p>Here are the data associated with the study entitled "The role of social costs as a mechanism enforcing the honesty of ultraviolet-reflecting signals in a lizard<strong>"</strong> authored by Anna Kawamoto, Jean-François Le Galliard, and Arnaud Badiane and published in <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em>.</p> <p>Four different data sets are provided and the Notes.xlsx file explains the content of these data sets.</p> <p>We also added three short videos showing typical lizards' behaviours scored in this study.</p> <p> </p>
A Large Open Dataset from the Parler Social Network
<p>There are two main zip files in this dataset. Each zip file contains multiple <a href="http://ndjson.org/">newline delimited JSON files</a>. The JSON objects in each file contain all the key/value pairs returned from their respective Parler API endpoints.</p> <p><strong>NOTE:</strong> All identifying data has been redacted by removing the "name" field from posts, comments and user profiles.</p> <p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03820">Current paper</a> for more details and preferred citation information.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Parler Users (parler_user.zip)</strong></p> <p>Returned by the <em>/v1/profile</em> endpoint. Each line consists of an individual user profile object.</p> <p><strong>Parler Posts and Comments (parlerpostcomments.zip)</strong></p> <p>Returned by the <em>/v1/post[comment] </em>endpoints. Each line consists of an individual post or comment object.</p> <p><strong>How to extract the data:</strong></p> <p>The data provided is compressed in zip format. See the instructions below on how to extract it:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Linux and Mac</strong></li> </ul> <p>Navigate to the file in a terminal window or file browser.</p> <p>Run the following command (or typically you can double click if you are in a file browser):</p> <p>User profiles:</p> <pre><code>unzip parler_users.zip</code></pre> <p>Posts and comments:</p> <pre><code>unzip parler_data.zip</code></pre> <p>The unzipped version contains multiple files for each data type.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Windows</strong></li> </ul> <p>Microsoft provides instructions on to extract a zip file. The authors cannot recommend a particular method or software.</p>
Wild Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebae show plastic responses to the presence of nonrelatives during multicellular development
<p>When multiple strains of microbes form social groups, such as the multicellular fruiting bodies of <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em>, conflict can arise regarding cell fate. Both fixed and plastic differences among strains can contribute to cell fate, and plastic responses may be particularly important if social environments frequently change. We used RNA-sequencing and photographic time series analysis to detect possible conflict-induced plastic differences between wild <em>D. discoideum </em>aggregates formed by single strains compared to mixed pairs of strains (chimeras). We found one hundred and two differentially expressed genes that were enriched for biological processes including cytoskeleton organization and cyclic-AMP response (up-regulated in chimeras), and DNA replication and cell cycle (down-regulated in chimeras). In addition, our data indicate that in reference to a time series of multicellular development in the lab strain AX4, chimeras may be slightly behind clonal aggregates in their development. Finally, phenotypic analysis supported slower splitting of aggregates and a nonsignificant trend for larger group sizes in chimeras. The transcriptomic comparison and phenotypic analyses support discoordination among aggregate group members due to social conflict. These results are consistent with previously observed factors that affect cell fate decision in <em>D. discoideum </em>and provide evidence for plasticity in cAMP signaling and phenotypic coordination during development in response to social conflict in <em>D. discoideum </em>and similar microbial social groups.</p>
Data from: Brain functional networks associated with social bonding in monogamous voles
<p>Previous studies have related pair bonding in Microtus ochrogaster, the prairie vole, with plastic changes in several brain regions. However, the interactions between these socially-relevant regions have yet to be described. In this study, we used resting state magnetic resonance imaging to explore bonding behaviors and functional connectivity of brain regions previously associated with pair bonding. Thirty-two male and female prairie voles were scanned at baseline, 24h and 2 weeks after the onset of cohabitation. By using network based statistics, we identified that the functional connectivity of a cortico-striatal network predicted the onset of affiliative behavior, while another predicted the amount of social interaction during a partner preference test. Furthermore, a network with significant changes in time was revealed, also showing associations with the level of partner preference. Overall, our findings revealed the association between network-level functional connectivity changes and social bonding.</p>
Fine-scale habitat heterogeneity favours the coexistence of supergene-controlled social forms in Formica selysi
<p><b>Background:</b> Social insects vary widely in social organization, yet the genetical and ecological factors influencing this variation remain poorly known. In particular, whether spatially varying selection influences the maintenance of social polymorphisms in ants has been rarely investigated. To fill this gap, we examined whether fine-scale habitat heterogeneity contributes to the co-existence of alternative forms of social organization within populations. Single-queen colonies (monogyne social form) are generally associated with better colonization abilities, whereas multiple-queen colonies (polygyne social form) are predicted to be better competitors and monopolize saturated habitats. We hypothesize that each social form colonizes and thrives in distinct local habitats, as a result of their alternative dispersal and colony founding strategies. Here, we test this hypothesis in the Alpine silver ant, in which a supergene controls polymorphic social organization.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Monogyne and polygyne colonies predominate in distinct habitats of the same population. The analysis of 59 sampling plots distributed across six habitats revealed that single-queen colonies mostly occupy unconnected habitats that were most likely reached by flight. This includes young habitats isolated by water and old habitats isolated by vegetation. In contrast, multiple-queen colonies were abundant in young, continuous and saturated habitats. Hence, alternative social forms colonize and monopolize distinct niches at a very local scale.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Alternative social forms colonized and monopolized different local habitats, in accordance with differences in colonization and competition abilities. The monogyne social form displays a colonizer phenotype, by efficiently occupying empty habitats, while the polygyne social form exhibits a competitor phenotype, thriving in saturated habitats. The combination of the two phenotypes, coupled with fine-scale habitat heterogeneity, may allow the coexistence of alternative social forms within populations. Overall, these results suggest that spatially varying selection may be one of the mechanisms contributing to the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms in social organization.</p>
The role of social media in the democratization of language and knowledge
<p>6<sup>th</sup> Lecture</p>
Novel Science communication – how to build public health knowledge across the social gradient. The Healthy Choices Project (WP5).
<p>Everyday life consists of hundreds of choices of which many may have an impact on our health. The citizens of the modern Nordic welfare states are in general well-educated and thus can be assumed to know what is best for them. Despite this our health care systems face an increasing burden of lifestyle related diseases and there is a difference across the social gradient. Here building public health knowledge through communication is key. The reason for people making unhealthy choices are many and can be that; they do not know what is good for them (lack information) or do not understand (lack understanding) or do not care (carelessness). However it seems likely that it is more complex than that. Maybe they do not receive the information, because gets conveyed through channels that they do not consult or maybe the format of the message does not ‘click’? Could it be, that ‘one media message or channel does not fit all’? </p> <p>Over the last decades there has been an increased focus from both scientists themselves and politicians to scientific and practical field of ‘science communication’. Consequently, various advanced modes of communicating e.g. health issues to the general populations have been developed, and today scholars of Mass Media term this development the ‘scientification’ of media. Furthermore, media and information availability has exploded since the emergence of the Internet in the early 1990s. Research has indicated that social gradient also is a factor affecting a person’s media consumption and habit. </p> <p>In the healthy choices project we aim through novel methods to learn more about these challenges and at the develop new methods of conveying public health knowledge to enable people to make healthier choices across the social gradient. We have so far built a framework for this including a science group, consisting of public health experts, and a communication group consisting of experienced science communicators. The Science group is consulted about risk factors and health endpoints and what to prioritize. Two PhD students will be involved in; 1) assessing media consumption and usage related to health issues across social classes (Low social gradient versus high social gradient) and across the generational gap (young and elderly) and 2) develop and test various media message formats for target groups including considerations of the social gradient. This project will provide new understanding on how to communicate public health messages and reduce social inequalities in health.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Agonistic character displacement in social cognition of advertisement signals
Interspecific aggression between sibling species may enhance discrimination of competitors when recognition errors are costly, but proximate mechanisms mediating increased discriminative ability are unclear. We studied behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying responses to conspecific and heterospecific vocalizations in Alston's singing mouse (Scotinomys teguina), a species in which males sing to repel rivals. We performed playback experiments using males in allopatry and sympatry with a dominant heterospecific (Scotinomys xerampelinus) and examined song-evoked induction of egr-1 in the auditory system to examine how neural tuning modulates species-specific responses. Heterospecific songs elicited stronger neural responses in sympatry than in allopatry, despite eliciting less singing in sympatry. Our results refute the traditional neuroethological concept of a matched filter and instead suggest expansion of sensory sensitivity to mediate competitor recognition in sympatry.
Data from: Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection
Elevated parasite infection risk is considered to be a near universal cost of social living. However, living in groups may also provide benefits that reduce the negative impacts of infection. These potential 'tolerance' benefits of living socially are theoretically possible, but have rarely been described. In this study, we used an anthelmintic treatment experiment in wild Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti), who are commonly infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), to show that social living confers both costs and benefits related to GIN parasitism. We show that although larger group size increases GIN infection risk, a key cost of GIN infection – the suppression of food intake − is simultaneously moderated by living in larger groups. Our findings help illuminate the complex role parasites play in the evolution of host social behavior.
Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
Reproductive division of labor is common in many societies, including those of eusocial insects, cooperatively breeding vertebrates, and most forms of multicellularity. However, conflict over what is best for the individual versus the group can prevent an optimal division of labor from being achieved. In the social amoeba <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>, cells aggregate to become multicellular and a fraction behaves altruistically, forming a dead stalk that supports the rest. Theory suggests that intraorganismal conflict over spore-stalk cell fate can drive rapid evolutionary change in allocation traits, leading to polymorphisms within populations or rapid divergence between them. Here we assess several proxies for stalk size and spore-stalk allocation as metrics of altruism investment among strains and across geographic regions. We observe geographic divergence in stalk height that can be partly explained by differences in multicellular size, as well as variation among strains in clonal spore-stalk allocation, suggesting within-population variation in altruism investment. Analyses of chimeras comprised of strains from the same versus different populations indicated genotype-by-genotype epistasis, where the morphology of the chimeras deviated significantly from the average morphology of the strains developed clonally. The significantly negative epistasis observed for allopatric pairings suggests that populations are diverging in their spore-stalk allocation behaviors, generating incompatibilities when they encounter one another. Our results demonstrate divergence in microbial social traits across geographically separated populations and demonstrate how quantification of genotype-by-genotype interactions can elucidate the trajectory of social trait evolution in nature.
Infanticide by females is a leading source of juvenile mortality in a large social carnivore
Social animals benefit from their group-mates, so why do they sometimes kill each other's offspring? Using 30 years of data from multiple groups of wild spotted hyenas, we address three critical aims for understanding infanticide in any species: (1) quantify the contribution of infanticide to overall mortality (2) describe the circumstances under which infanticide occurs and (3) evaluate hypotheses about the evolution of infanticide. We find that, although observed only rarely, infanticide is in fact a leading source of juvenile mortality. Infanticide accounted for 24% of juvenile mortality, and 1 in 10 hyenas born in our population perished due to infanticide. In all observed cases of infanticide, killers were adult females, but victims could be of both sexes. Of four hypotheses regarding the evolution of infanticide, we found the most support for the hypothesis that infanticide in spotted hyenas reflects competition over social status among matrilines.
On the use of private versus social information in oviposition site choice decisions by Drosophila melanogaster females
<p>Individuals are faced with decisions throughout their lifetimes, and the choices they make often have important consequences towards their fitness. Being able to discern which available option is best to pursue often incurs sampling costs, which may be largely avoided by copying the behaviour and decisions of others. Although social learning and copying behaviours are widespread, much remains unknown about how effective and adaptive copying behaviour is, as well as the factors that underlie its expression. Recently, it has been suggested that since female fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) appear to rely heavily on public information when selecting oviposition sites, they are a promising model system for researching patch-choice copying, and more generally, the mechanisms that control decision-making. Here, we set out to determine how well female distinguish between socially-produced cues, and whether females are using 'relevant' signals when choosing an oviposition site. We found that females showed a strong preference for ovipositing on media patches that had been previously occupied by ovipositing females of the same species and diet over other female outgroups. However, in a separate assay, we observed that females favoured ovipositing on media patches that previously housed virgin males over those exhibiting alternative conspecific signals. Our results confirm that females use cues left behind by other flies when choosing between potential oviposition sites, though their prioritization of these signals raises serious questions as to whether fruit flies are employing copying behaviour, or are instead responding to signals that may not be of relevance to oviposition site suitability.</p>
Data from: Ecological and social factors constrain spatial and temporal opportunities for mating in a migratory songbird
Many studies of sexual selection assume that individuals have equal mating opportunities and that differences in mating success result from variation in sexual traits. However, the inability of sexual traits to explain variation in male mating success suggests that other factors moderate the strength of sexual selection. Extrapair paternity is common in vertebrates and can contribute to variation in mating success and thus serves as a model for understanding the operation of sexual selection. We developed a spatially explicit, multifactor model of all possible female-male pairings to test the hypothesis that ecological (food availability) and social (breeding density, breeding distance, and the social mate's nest stage) factors influence an individual's opportunity for extrapair paternity in a socially monogamous bird, the black-throated blue warbler, Setophaga caerulescens. A male's probability of siring extrapair young decreased with increasing distance to females, breeding density, and food availability. Males on food-poor territories were more likely to sire extrapair young, and these offspring were produced farther from the male's territory relative to males on food-abundant territories. Moreover, males sired extrapair young mostly during their social mates' incubation stage, especially males on food-abundant territories. This study demonstrates how ecological and social conditions constrain the spatial and temporal opportunities for extrapair paternity that affect variation in mating success and the strength of sexual selection in socially monogamous species.
Data from: The price of insurance: costs and benefits of worker production in a facultatively social bee
Kin selection theory is foundational in helping to explain the evolution of sociality; however, the degree to which indirect fitness benefits may underlie helping behavior in species of early stage sociality has received relatively little empirical attention. Facultatively social bees, which demonstrate multiple forms of social organization, provide prime systems in which to empirically test hypotheses regarding the evolutionary origins of sociality. The subsocial small carpenter bee, Ceratina calcarata, may establish a social nest by manipulating brood provisions to rear a worker daughter, which then assists in critical late-season alloparental care. Here, we combine nest demographic and behavioral data with genetic relatedness estimates to calculate the relative inclusive fitness of both subsocial and social reproductive strategies in C. calcarata. Social mothers benefit from improved likelihood of brood survivorship and have higher fitness than subsocial mothers. Worker daughters have low indirect fitness on average, and will not produce their own offspring. Among-sibling relatedness is significantly higher in social nests than subsocial nests, though mothers of either reproductive strategy may mate multiply. Though this study corroborates the ultimate role of indirect fitness and assured fitness returns in the evolution of social traits, it also offers additional support for maternal manipulation as the proximate mechanism underlying evolutionary transitions in early stage insect societies.
Data from: It's cool to be dominant: social status alters short-term risks of heat stress
Climate change has potential to trigger social change. As a first step towards understanding mechanisms determining the vulnerability of animal societies to rising temperatures, we investigated interactions between social rank and thermoregulation in three arid-zone bird species: fawn-coloured lark (Mirafra africanoides, territorial); African red-eyed bulbul (Pycnonotus nigricans, loosely social) and sociable weaver (Philetairus socius, complex cooperative societies). We assessed relationships between body temperature (Tb), air temperature (Ta) and social rank in captive groups in the Kalahari Desert. Socially dominant weavers and bulbuls had lower mean Tb than subordinate conspecifics, and dominant individuals of all species maintained more stable Tb as Ta increased. Dominant bulbuls and larks tended to monopolise available shade, but dominant weavers did not. Nevertheless, dominant weavers thermoregulated more precisely, despite expending no more behavioural effort on thermoregulation than subordinates. Increasingly unequal risks associated with heat stress may have implications for stability of animal societies in warmer climates.
Data from: Is repeatability of metabolic rate influenced by social separation? a test with a teleost fish
<p>Metabolic rates are typically thought to have important influences on fitness and more broadly be relevant to the ecology and evolution of animals. Previous studies demonstrate that metabolic rates are repeatable to a certain extent under constant conditions, but how social conditions influence the repeatability of metabolic rate remains largely unknown. In this study we investigated the repeatability of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in the highly-social crucian carp<i> </i>(<i>Carassius auratus</i>)<i> </i>after being socially separated for different time periods relative to control fish that were not socially separated. We found that RMR was repeatable in fish in the control group, while the repeatability of RMR disappeared quickly (even within 7 d) when fish were exposed to social separation. This study is the first to examine the role of social separation at different time periods on the repeatability of intra-individual physiological variation in fish. <span>We highlight that inter-individual repeatability of metabolic rate can be substantial</span> <span>over time but was eliminated by </span>social separation<span>. </span>The findings <span>indicate that the repeatability of metabolic rate in fish is condition-dependent, and that the change in repeatability of metabolic rate should not be overlooked when considering the ecological and evolutionary effects of </span>environmental change<span>.</span></p>
Data from: Assessing the influence of biotic, abiotic, and social factors on the physiological stress of a large Neotropical primate in Atlantic Forest fragments
Wildlife physiological responses to environmental and human-related stressors provide useful clues on animal welfare. Non-invasive biomarkers, such as fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM), allow researchers to assess whether variations in habitat quality, behavior, and climate influence the animals' physiological stress. We examined the role of fragment size, ambient temperature, ripe fruit availability and consumption, percentage of records moving, sex, female reproductive state, and group composition as predictors of the level of fGCM in adult brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) inhabiting three small (<10 ha) and three large (>90 ha) Atlantic Forest fragments in southern Brazil. We collected bimonthly behavioral data and fecal samples from adult individuals over three years, and used a multimodel inference framework to identify the main predictors of fGCM. We found that the mean (±SD) fGCM in the study groups ranged from 57 ± 49 ng/g to 93 ± 58 ng/g, which were within the known range for howler monkeys. We found 10 best models including five of the 17 tested variables. Sex and reproductive state were the only variables included in all these models. We found that fGCM was higher in nursing females (mean ± SD = 104 ± 73 ng/g) than in non-nursing females (64 ± 55 ng/g) and males (53 ± 40 ng/g, P < 0.05) and that it decreased with increasing ripe fruit consumption and minimum temperature. However, fragment size did not predict fGCM concentration (groups in small fragments = 71 ± 58 ng/g vs. groups in large fragments = 63 ± 54 ng/g, P > 0.05). We conclude that factors related to the energetic balance of individuals play major roles in modulating the physiological stress of brown howler monkeys. Future studies should investigate the consequences of higher levels of stress hormones on howler monkey health and demography.
Diet composition and social environment determine food consumption, phenotype and fitness in an omnivorous insect
Nutrition is the single most important factor for individual's growth and reproduction. Consequently, the inability to reach the nutritional optimum imposes severe consequences for animal fitness. Yet, under natural conditions organisms may face a mixture of stressors that can modulate the effects of nutritional asymmetry. For instance, stressful environments caused by intense interaction with conspecifics. Here, we subjected the house-cricket Acheta domesticus to i) either of two types of diet that have proven to affect cricket performance and ii) simultaneously manipulated their social environment throughout their complete lifecycle. We aimed to track sex-specific consequences for multiple traits during insect development throughout all life stages. Both factors affected critical life-history traits with potential population-level consequences: Diet composition induced strong effects on insect development time, lifespan and fitness, whilst the social environment affected the number of nymphs that completed development, food consumption and whole-body lipid content. Additionally, both factors interactively determined female body mass. Our results highlight that insects may acquire and invest resources in a different manner when subjected to an intense interaction with conspecifics or when isolated. Furthermore, while only diet composition affected individual reproductive output, the social environment would determine the number of reproductive females, thus indirectly influencing population performance.
Social trematodes parasites increase standing army size in areas of greater invasion threat
<p>Organisms or societies are resource limited, causing important trade-offs between reproduction and defence. Given such trade-offs, optimal allocation theory predicts that, for animal societies with a soldier caste, allocation to soldiers should reflect local external threats. Although both threat intensity and soldier allocation can vary widely in nature, we currently lack strong evidence that spatial variation in threat can drive corresponding variation in soldier allocation.<b> </b>The diverse guild of trematode parasites of the California horn snail provides a useful system to address this problem. Several of these species form colonies in their hosts with a reproductive division of labour including a soldier caste. Soldiers are non-reproductive and specialized on defence, attacking and killing invading parasites. We quantified invasion threat and soldier allocation for 168 trematode colonies belonging to 6 species at 26 sites spread among 10 estuaries in temperate and tropical regions. Spatial variation in invasion threat was matched as predicted by the relative number of soldiers for multiple parasite species. Soldier allocation correlated with invasion threat at fine spatial scales, suggesting that allocation is at least partly inducible. These results may represent the first clear documentation of a spatial correlation between allocation to any type of caste and a biotic selective agent.</p>
Data from: A novel method to analyze social transmission in chronologically sequenced assemblages, implemented on cultural inheritance of the art of cooking
Here we present an analytical technique for the measurement and evaluation of changes in chronologically sequenced assemblages. To illustrate the method, we studied the cultural evolution of European cooking as revealed in seven cook books dispersed over the past 800 years. We investigated if changes in the set of commonly used ingredients were mainly gradual or subject to fashion fluctuations. Applying our method to the data from the cook books revealed that overall, there is a clear continuity in cooking over the ages – cooking is knowledge that is passed down through generations, not something (re-)invented by each generation on its own. Looking at three main categories of ingredients separately (spices, animal products and vegetables), however, disclosed that all ingredients do not change according to the same pattern. While choice of animal products was very conservative, changing completely sequentially, changes in the choices of spices, but also of vegetables, were more unbounded. We hypothesize that this may be due a combination of fashion fluctuations and changes in availability due to contact with the Americas during our study time period. The presented method is also usable on other assemblage type data, and can thus be of utility for analyzing sequential archaeological data from the same area or other similarly organized material.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.