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Fig. 3. A in Sugarcane stem borers of the Colombian Cauca River Valley: current pest status, biology, and control

Fig. 3. A. "Dead heart" in sugarcane caused by Diatraea sp. (photo M. Rodríguez), and B. bored internode by Diatraea sp. can disrupt apical dominance and promote growth of multiple lateral shoots, diverting resources from sucrose synthesis to vegetative growth (photo AE Bustillo).

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Fig. 2 in Sugarcane stem borers of the Colombian Cauca River Valley: current pest status, biology, and control

Fig. 2. Larvae of 4 Diatraea species present in Colombia. A. D. saccharalis; B. D. indigenella; C. D. tabernella; D. D. busckella. In general, larvae of D. saccharalis exhibit a well-sclerotized set of setal plates along their length, whereas the setal plates are ofen less distinguishable in D. indigenella due to dark, longitudinal dorsal stripes. Larvae of D. tabernella possess a distinctive set of blackish setal plates and adjacent purple spots that resemble transverse lines, which are absent in D. busckella (photos L. A. Lastra).

Fig. 3 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 3. Mean distribution of burrowing slugs in relation to soil moisture levels afer release into vented (75% RH) and unvented (90% RH) cages. Error bars indicate SD. Bars topped by the same letter are not significantly different according to the Bonferroni multiple comparison test.

Fig. 7 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 7. Foliage consumption (mean leaf area and mean wet weight) patterns by L. floridana in relation to mean slug wet weight (age): (a) daily consumption; (b) relative consumption (consumption adjusted for slug weight).

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Fig. 2 in Impact of food diversity on biological parameters of Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)

Fig. 2. Number (± SE) of Helicoverpa armigera eggs preyed upon by Apolygus lucorum for each instar. Bars topped by different lowercase letters represent means that are statistically different among different foods (1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test, P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 2. Leidyula floridana: (a) growth (change in mean wet weight) and (b) survival over an 18 month period under laboratory conditions. Error bars indicate SD.

Fig. 1 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 1. Leidyula floridana: (a) dissected male genitalia, showing exsheathed penial gland (lef) and penis (right); (b) adults, showing extended form (lef) and contracted form (right); (c) adult depositing eggs; (d) completed egg clutch.

Fig. 8 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 8. Effects of different bait treatments on L. floridana slugs in relation to time: (a) mean cumulative mortality; (b) mean daily lettuce consumption. Error bars indicate SD. Bars within a date topped by the same letter are not signficantly different according to the Bonferroni multiple comparison test.

Fig. 5 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 5. Growth (mean change in wet weights) of young L. floridana afer transfer to a Romaine lettuce lettuce diet from less suitable hosts. Error bars indicate SD.

Fig. 4 in Biology and control of the leatherleaf slug Leidyula floridana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Veronicellidae)

Fig. 4. Growth (mean change in wet weight) of young L. floridana during the first 6 weeks of life when provided with different potential food resources: (a) vegetable plants; (b) ornamental plants; (c) weeds; (d) other materials. Error bars indicate SD.

Figs. 3 and 4 in Notes on the nesting biology of the small carpenter bee Ceratina smaragdula (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in northwestern Pakistan

Figs. 3 and 4. Photographs of nests of Ceratina (Pithitis) smaragdula in Ravenna grass stems (Saccharum ravennae) from northwestern Pakistan (photos by Hussain Ali). 3. Section of a nest with adult female and cell partitions with a series of pupae (scale in mm). 4. Section of nest with completed cell partitions containing characteristic pollen masses (not to same scale).

Figs. 1 and 2 in Notes on the nesting biology of the small carpenter bee Ceratina smaragdula (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in northwestern Pakistan

Figs. 1 and 2. Photographs of nest entrances of Ceratina (Pithitis) smaragdula in Ravenna grass stems (Saccharum ravennae) in northwestern Pakistan (photos by Hussain Ali). 1. Two individual nest entrances. 2. Nest entrance with entrance blocked by the brilliant metallic green metasoma of a female guard.

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Fig. 1 in Potential of biological control agents against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): current knowledge in Argentina

Fig. 1. Relationships among the proportions of Tuta absoluta per tomato plant parasitized by Pseudapanteles dingus, or by Dineulophus phtorimaeae phthorimaeae or by both species (multiparasitism) at various densities of T. absoluta in 2 regions of Argentina, i.e., (a) La Plata, northern Buenos Aires province and (b) Tucumán. Relevant logistic regression parameters are shown in Table 2.

Fig. 2 in Brazilian collections and laboratory biology of the thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae): a potential biological control agent of the invasive weed Brazilian peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae)

Fig. 2. Life history stages of the thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini reared on leaves of Schinus terebinthifolia in quarantine at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory (horizontal bars = 0.5 mm).

Fig. 1 in Brazilian collections and laboratory biology of the thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae): a potential biological control agent of the invasive weed Brazilian peppertree (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae)

Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of the host Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia, in its native range (black dots) and the thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini (red dots). Thrips introduced to quarantine for life history studies were collected from a population near Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fig. 1 in The effect of food source on survival and development of Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of air potato (Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae)

Fig. 1. Percentage survival (mean ± SE) of Lilioceris cheni from 3rd instar to adult when reared on leaves, brown bulbils, or tan bulbils of air potato.

Fig. 3 in Comparison of biology between Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on artificial diets

Fig. 3. Cumulative daily larval body length of Helicoverpa zea and H. armigera reared using the same artificial diet and laboratory conditions (26 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10% RH, 12:12 h L:D photoperiod), Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fig. 1 in Comparison of biology between Helicoverpa zea and Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on artificial diets

Fig. 1. Cumulative daily mass of Helicoverpa zea and H. armigera reared using the same artificial diet and laboratory conditions (26 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 10% RH, 12:12 h L:D photoperiod), Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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Figs. 20, 21 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 20, 21. Daily activity of individuals of Canephorula apiformis and Melectoides bellus at food plants during 1993–1994 and 1996–1997, in the Valley of ZondaUllum, San Juan Province, Argentina. 20. Canephorula apiformis. 21. Melectoides bellus.