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Fig. 2 in Hydrochemical Conditions Of Phytoplankton Development In Zaporizhian (Dnipro) Reservoir

Fig. 2. Distribution of phytoplankton abundance in different parts of the Zaporizhia reservoir: 1 – Samara bay; 2 – Festival Wharf; 3 – Monastyrskyi island; 4 – the entry of the Mokra Sura river; 5 – the lower part of the reservoir (Viyskove village).

Fig. 2 Tomopteris pacifica. Neurogenesis. Confocal maximum projections. A in Development and structure of the anterior nervous system and sense organs in the holopelagic annelid Tomopteris spp. (Phyllodocida, Errantia)

Fig. 2 Tomopteris pacifica. Neurogenesis. Confocal maximum projections. A Early developmental stages are characterized by a large amount of yolk and a prominent prototroch (pt). B At 5 days post-fertilization (dpf), the larval stages possess four pairs of well-developed trunk appendages and a distinct prototroch (pt). Note that the anterior-most appendage (I) is uniramous while all other appendages appear biramous. C Slightly older stages show a well-developed ventral nerve cord (vnc) with outgoing parapodial neurite bundles (pn) innervating the body appendages; serotonergic somata form serial clusters along the ventral nerve cord. D A closer examination of larvae at around 6–7 dpf shows the presence of a prominent nuchal nerve (nn) innervating the nuchal organs and originating from the dorsal part of the larval brain (br). The insert shows the innervation of the nuchal organ.

Fig. 9 in Development and structure of the anterior nervous system and sense organs in the holopelagic annelid Tomopteris spp. (Phyllodocida, Errantia)

Fig. 9 Tomopteris helgolandica. Nuchal organ, details of receptor cells, juvenile, TEM. A Outer part of the olfactory chamber (oc), showing that the epithelium is primarily formed by monociliary sensory dendrites (sd), some with basal bodies (arrows). The olfactory chamber has numerous sensory processes (spr), and vesicle-like structures appearing empty (asterisks). The apical region of dendrites often contains dense cored (arrowheads) and other vesicles. B Sensory dendrite (sd) with very short sensory cilium and shaft branches into microvillus-like structures (arrowhead). C Sensory dendrite sending out a microvillus

Fig.1 Tomopteris pacifica. Developmental stages. SEM images. A in Development and structure of the anterior nervous system and sense organs in the holopelagic annelid Tomopteris spp. (Phyllodocida, Errantia)

Fig.1 Tomopteris pacifica. Developmental stages. SEM images. A Spherical trochophore ca. 48–72-h post-fertilization. B Elongated embryo at ca. 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) with four segments and rudiments of parapodia, Roman numerals refer to segment numbers. C Dorsal view of larva/juvenile at 6–7 dpf showing parapodia formation; note first cirruslike appendage. Nuchal organs (no) visible as cilia semicircles in front of the prototroch (pt). D Ventral view of larva/juvenile at ca. 8–10 dpf. E

Fig. 5 in Development and structure of the anterior nervous system and sense organs in the holopelagic annelid Tomopteris spp. (Phyllodocida, Errantia)

Fig. 5 Tomopteris helgolandica. Tentacular cirrus of juvenile. TEM. A Longitudinal section of the intracellular skeletal element (se) with regular cross striation pattern. B Skeletal element, periodicity, and substructure of the striation pattern. C Process of rod-bearing cells reaching the epithelial surface of the epidermis (arrow). D Gland cell opening at the base of cirrus with a circle of microvilli (arrow). E Group of distal gland cell processes close to opening at the base of cirrus. F Central part of the cirrus formed by numerous neurites cov-

Fig. 18 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 18 Ultrastructure of the anterior hemisphere of a bilayered embryo and embryo sac shortly before bud formation in Plumatella casmiana (TEM). a Overview of embryonic epithelia and embryo sac. The embryo shows high prismatic ectoderm and flattened mesodermal cells. Ectodermal cells possess filiform extensions on their lateral sides. b Detail of an embryonic ectodermal cell showing filiform processes, mitochondria, numerous free ribosomes and a multivesicular body in the apical part of the cell. c Detail of a mesodermal cell of the embryo sac. In contrast to the embryonic cells, it shows a lower density of ribosomes, but much more vacuoles and endoplasmatic reticulum. Presumed site of exocytosis towards the lumen of the embryo sac is marked by an arrow. d Detail of the mesoderm of the embryo including large vacuoles with unknown content (asterisks). Arrow shows an extension of the cell membrane towards the basal lamina. Abbreviations: bl basal lamina, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, er endoplasmatic reticulum, esm mesoderm of the embryo sac, mi mitochondria, mvb multivesicular body, nu nucleus, nuc nucleolus, ri ribosomes

Fig. 15 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 15 Longitudinal sections of brooded larvae of Plumatella casmiana. a. The embryo sac is conspicuous. The larval mantle is ciliated (arrowhead) and in earlier stages restricted to the anterior pole of the larva. Halfway along the longitudinal axis the mantle forms a deep groove (arrows). Two almost differentiated buds are present in the larva. b

Fig. 16 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 16 Semithin sections of late embryonic stages of Plumatella casmiana. a, b Longitudinal sections of an early larva. The mantle is not yet ciliated and a mantle fold is present in the equatorial region. Posterior of the mantle fold, the ring-shaped contact zone ('placenta') of elongated cells of the larval ectoderm is in contact with the mesoderm of the embryo sac (partly seen in a). The embryo sac is rather thin but still includes voluminous cells (arrowheads), some with cytoplasmatic inclusions (arrows). c, d Oblique cross section of an advanced larva showing contact areas of the larva to the cells of the embryo sac. The ringshaped 'placenta' is disrupted where the mantle fold overgrows the larva in posterior direction. e–i Contact cells (asterisks) in early larvae. These cells are either formed by cytoplasmatic extensions of embryonic/larval cells (e, f), or their origin is unclear (g, h). In some cases they appear to belong to the embryo sac (i). Abbreviations: b bud, e embryo/ larva, ecd ectoderm of the larva, ebs embryo sac, ma larval mantle, msd mesoderm of the larva, mf mantle fold, pac placenta cells

Fig. 13 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 13 Bud formation in an advanced embryo of Plumatella casmiana. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are shown by a dashed line in a and d. a, b Different section levels of same embryo showing proliferating cells (arrows in b) of the anlage of the bud, close to the posterior pole of the larva. Buds are two-layered and protrude into the lumen of the embryo. c, d. Two-layered polypide anlage (asterisk) consisting of an inner (epidermal/ectodermal) and outer (peritoneal/mesodermal) budding layer. Abbreviations: ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm

Fig. 12 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 12 Semithin sections of a bilayered embryo of Plumatella casmiana. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac wall are highlighted by a dashed line in a, b. a Distal part of the embryo sac and the posterior pole of the embryo. The ectodermal lining of the embryo sac is thin except at its attachment area to the body wall (upper part of image). b Dark cytoplasmic inclusion (arrow) in the mesodermal embryo sac layer. Multiple lipids are visible as light brown inclusions. The embryonic mesoderm consists of flattened cells, and the ectodermal cubic or prismatic cells occasionally show vacuoles (asterisks). In some areas it has tight contact to the dissolving embryo sac ectoderm (arrowhead). c Embryo sac showing voluminous cells of the embryo sac mesoderm (asterisks) and an almost completely reduced ectodermal layer. The ovary is in tight association with the embryo sac with apparent contacts (arrows). d Ectodermal cell of the embryo showing extension towards the mesoderm of the embryo sac (arrow). Abbreviations: b polypide bud, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ese ectoderm of embryo sac, esm mesoderm of embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 11 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 11 Bilayered embryo of Plumatella casmiana at the beginning of bud formation. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac are shown by the dashed line in b & c. a Double-layered embryo with fully formed mesoderm. Towards the proximal, suspended end of the sac, the mesodermal cells of the embryo are thinner. At one point the embryo sac shows a perforation through which the embryo protrudes (arrow). b Same embryo as in a but a more median section of the embryo and the embryo sac showing mesoderm thickness. Note also the much smaller plug of maternal ectodermal cells towards the body wall. c Detail of the distal end of the embryo sac showing less staining of ectodermal embryo sac cells compared to the remaining cells. d–f Details of contact areas between embryo and embryo sac. Individual cells of the embryonic ectoderm show cytoplasmic extensions (arrows) towards the embryo sac. The mesoderm of the embryo sac projects toward the embryonic ectoderm (d, left arrow). Abbreviations: b polypide bud, clc coelomocyte, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ebs embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 8 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 8 Schematic drawings of the embryonic development of Plumatella casmiana. a Blastula stage situated at the suspended end of the embryo sac which consists of an external mesodermal layer and an ectodermal part inside that entirely surrounds the embryo at this stage. b Early mesoderm formation from ectodermal cells (red) of the prospective aboral pole of the embryo. Maternal ectoderm in the proximal, suspended end has started to diminish in this stage. c Progressed mesoderm formation showing its progression from the upper attached site towards the suspended, lower area of the embryo sac. The mesoderm of the embryo sac is connected to the embryonic ectoderm via contact cells where the ectodermal lining is reduced. d Late embryo with commencing bud formation at the aboral pole. The maternal ectoderm is in contact with some embryonic ectodermal cells (arrows). The mesoderm of the embryo sac is connected to the embryonic ectoderm via contact cells. e Late embryo with mantle fold formation. A distinct ring-shaped contact zone has formed at this stage. Abbreviations: b polypide bud, bwm body wall musculature of the maternal cystid, coc coelomic cavity, e embryo, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, ebs embryo sac, ese ectoderm of embryo sac, esm mesoderm of embryo sac, ed epidermis (ectodermal origin), mec maternal ectoderm cells, mf mantle fold of larval mantle, pac placenta cells, pt peritoneum (mesodermal origin). Colors: peritoneum and mesodermal layer of embryo sac, yellow; epidermis and ectodermal layer layer of embryo sac, green; ectoderm of embryo, red; mesoderm of embryo, blue; contact cells, violet

Fig. 9 3D in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 9 3D reconstruction of early embryos of Plumatella casmiana based on serial semithin sections. a Embryo consisting of several blastomeres at the suspended end of the bilayered embryo sac. The inner, ectodermal lining of the embryo sac begins to disappear at the suspended end (asterisk). Embryonic contact cells are in connection to the embryo sac. b Blastula with central cavity. The maternal ectoderm cells are now restricted to the contact area towards the body wall. c Early mesoderm formation. d Advanced stage with mesoderm formation completed. Abbreviations: cnc contact cells, e embryo, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, esm mesoderm of the embryo sac, mec maternal ectoderm cells. Colors: Mesodermal part of embryo sac, yellow; ectodermal part of embryo sac, green; embryonic ectoderm, red; embryonic mesoderm, blue; contact cells, violet

Fig. 7 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 7 Contact areas of embryos of Plumatella casmiana and the maternal ectoderm. Semithin sections. The border between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac are shown by the dashed line in a–c. a Blastula stage in a bilayered embryo sac. The latter consists of a thick (outer) mesoderm and a thin inner lining of maternal ectoderm. One blastomere of the embryo is in contact (arrow) with the adjacent ectodermal cell of the embryo sac. The cytoplasm of the connected maternal ectoderm cell stains less intense than adjoining cells. b Detail of the embryo sac with a maternal ectodermal cell (arrow) in contact with the blastomere. c Detail of a blastula showing contact of a blastomere with the maternal ectoderm in the proximal area of the embryo sac. d Late embryo showing several ectodermal cells at the posterior pole of the embryo forming contact with the remaining maternal ectodermal cells (arrow). Abbreviations: e embryo, ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, mec maternal ectoderm cells, ov ovary

Fig. 6 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 6 Late embryo of Plumatella casmiana, longitudinal section. a Overview of the large thin-walled embryo sac next to the ovary with mature oocytes. The embryo oc- cupies almost the entire cavity of the brood sac and has started to form buds in its distal region. b Ectodermal cells (asterisks) of the posterior pole of the embryo are in direct contact to the maternal ectodermal cells of the embryo sac. c Early bud formation. Ectodermal cells proliferate (arrows) and ingress, while the adjoining mesoderm thickens and surrounds the ectodermal ingression. d Establishment of contact between the embryonic ectoderm (asterisk) and the mesodermal layer of the embryo sac. The bor- der between the ectodermal and mesodermal layer of the embryo sac is shown by a dashed line in b and c. Abbreviations: ebs embryo sac, eme embryonic ectoderm, emm embryonic mesoderm, mec maternal ectoderm cells

Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 3 Ovary and embryo sac formation in Plumatella sp. a Early ovary in the body wall. Embryo sac formation occurs next to the ovary with its initial stage detectable by proliferation of the epidermal layer. b More progressed stage than in 'a' with the ovary and embryo sac protruding more into the body cavity of the zooid. c The oocyte number increases, and the largest and most mature oocytes are situated at the free end of the ovary towards the coelomic cavity. d Embryo sac with enclosed early embryo in the proximal part. The distal part towards the body wall is plugged by maternal cells from the epidermis. Abbreviations: b bud, e embryo, ebs embryo sac, ese embryo sac ectoderm, esm embryo sac mesoderm, mec maternal ectodermal cells, ooc oocyte, ov ovary

Fig. 2 a, b in Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana

Fig. 2 a, b Whole mounts of autozooids of Plumatella sp. a General view of a zooid with retracted polypide. b Close-up of the cystid wall showing a young polypide bud, an ovary with few oocytes and a developing embryo sac. Abbreviations: b bud, ebs embryo sac, l lophophore, o orifice, ooc oocytes, ov ovary, t tentacles, ts tentacle sheath

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Dataset to: Realistic accelerated stress tests for PEM fuel cells: Test procedure development based on standardized automotive driving cycles

This is the dataset to the published article "Realistic accelerated stress tests for PEM fuel cells: Test procedure development based on standardized automotive driving cycles" (DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.292) in which the degradation of two commercial PEM fuel cell stacks was analyzed. Please cite this publication if you use the dataset in a publication as follows: P. Thiele, Y. Yang, S. Dirkes, M. Wick, S. Pischinger, Realistic accelerated stress tests for PEM fuel cells: Test procedure development based on standardized automotive driving cycles, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 52 (Part D) (2024) 1065–1080, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.292.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2013View details →

BRAIN Journal-Brain-Like Artificial Intelligence for Automation-Figure 20. Overview about which Binding Mechanisms Work at what Hierarchical Levels and Development Stages of the Brain

As a result of our research, in [60], a solution to the binding problem for perception was suggested by combining the already existing binding hypotheses in a conclusive way, supplementing them with other insights about the perceptual system of the brain, and translating them into a technically implementable model. It was demonstrated via computational simulations that different binding mechanisms proposed in literature are not mutually inclusive. On the contrary! At different hierarchical levels and in different development stages, different binding mechanisms are acting in perception. An overview about these circumstances is given in Figure 20. A detailed description can be found in.