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1,808 results for “flower plantings”
Dactylis glomerata (Poaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Dactylis glomerata (Poaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Penstemon tenuiflorus (Scrophulariaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Penstemon tenuiflorus (Scrophulariaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Arisaema dracontium (Araceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Arisaema dracontium (Araceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Rumex acetosella (Polygonaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Fig 4. A–Y. Crotalaria suffruticosa. A. Habit. B. Plant twig showing leaves and flowers. C in Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India
Fig 4. A–Y. Crotalaria suffruticosa. A. Habit. B. Plant twig showing leaves and flowers. C. Herbarium specimen of the new species. D. Close-up of the flower in field. E. Adaxial leaf surface with white sparse pubescent vestiture. F. Abaxial surface with pubescent vestiture. G. Close-up of abaxial leaf surface showing prominent hairs on the midrib region. H. Close-up of mucronulate leaf apex. I. Flower showing calyx, corolla and pedicel. J. Position of bract (base of pedicel) and bracteoles (middle of pedicel). K. Bi-lipped calyx with pubescent surface. L. Adaxial surface of standard. M. Abaxial surface of standard. N. Planar callosities. O. Close-up of silky pubescence on standard dorsal apex. P-Q. Wing petals. R. Close-up of cavae. S-T. Keel petals, angled with lower third curvature and ciliate glabrous vestiture. U. Anthers in 5 + 5 arrangement (one missing), with five carinal/ basifixed/sagittate anthers and five small dorsifixed ovoid anthers. V. Gynoecium showing ovary, style and stigma. W. Close-up of style showing trichomes in two parallel rows(parallel) and brush type stigma. X. Fruit showing glabrous surface and prominent beak. Y. Cordiform seed, golden brown color. Scale bar 0.5 cm unless indicated otherwise. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192226.g004
Fig 6. A–R. Crotalaria multibracteata. A. Plant twig showing leaves and flowers. B-C in Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India
Fig 6. A–R. Crotalaria multibracteata. A. Plant twig showing leaves and flowers. B-C. Adaxial and abaxial leaf surface with hirsute vestiture and ciliate margin. D. Flower showing pedicel, bracteoles and calyx with corolla inserted (all three with dense pubescence). E. Bilipped calyx with pubescent-densely ciliate surface. F. Both lips of calyx dissected show surface and bi-lipped condition. G. Adaxial surface of standard with pubescent apex. H. Abaxial surface of standard. I-J. Wing petals. K-L. Keel petals, sub-angled with below the middle curvature and lanate vestiture. M. Anthers in 5 + 5 arrangement (one missing), with five carinal/basifixed/sagittate anthers and five small dorsifixed ovoid anthers with their filaments fused to form a staminal sheath. N. Gynoecium showing ovary, style and stigma. O. Fruit showing glabrous surface, and densely pubescent calyx. P. Seed reniform, golden brown with smooth surface. Q. Close-up of lameliform callosities. R. Close-up of cavae. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192226.g006
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)
Fig. 3 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 3. Choice of cups with either unscented sucrose solution or with bananascented sucrose solution made by Tamarixia radiata following a pre-test exposure to either 1.0 M sucrose solution or 1.0 M sucrose solution and banana flavor extract (G-test; ** = P ≤ 0.01; NS = not significant).
Fig. 1 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of nectary architectures presented to Tamarixia radiata in foraging evaluations. Location of nectaries shown in red. A. Cy- athium of euphorbiaceous species with exposed nectaries. B. Partially exposed nectaries as found in buckwheat. C. Partially hidden nectaries as found in alyssum. D. Partially exposed nectaries covered with trichomes as found in marjoram. E. Hidden nectaries as found in composites. Drawings are only indicative of size and spatial relationships and are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Laboratory evaluations of the foraging success of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on flowers and extrafloral nectaries: potential use of nectar plants for conservation biological control of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae)
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) feeding time of Tamarixia radiata when presented with different concentrations of sugars commonly occurring in nectar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and honeydew (melizitose, raffinose). Bars within the same concentration having different letters are different at P ≤ 0.05 (ANOVA).
Fig. 2 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 2. Pollination of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, by cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus: (A) number of seeds per fruit among pollination treatments; (B) seed mass per fruit among pollination treatments; (C) lint weight per fruit among pollination treatments. Bars represent treatment means and error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. Treatment means listed with the same letter are not significantly different (P> 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 1. Photographs of a cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, taken under a dissecting microscope (A) foraging on a cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, stigma, and (B) carrying cotton pollen grains.
Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants
<p>Determining how pollinators visit plants versus how they carry and transfer pollen is an ongoing project in pollination ecology. The current tools for identifying the pollens that bees carry have different strengths and weaknesses when used for ecological inference. In this study we use three methods to better understand a system of congeneric, co-flowering plants in the genus <i>Clarkia </i>and their bee pollinators: observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field, and two different molecular methods to estimate the relative abundance of each <i>Clarkia </i>pollen in samples collected from pollinators. We use these methods to investigate if observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field correspond to the pollen bees carry; if individual bees carry <i>Clarkia </i>pollens in predictable ways, based on previous knowledge of their foraging behaviors; and how the three approaches differ for understanding plant-pollinator interactions. We find that observations of plant-pollinator contact are generally predictive of the pollens that bees carry while foraging, and network topologies using the three different methods are statistically indistinguishable from each other. Results from molecular pollen analysis also show that while bees can carry multiple species of <i>Clarkia </i>at the same time, they often carry one species of pollen. Our work contributes to the growing body of literature aimed at resolving how pollinators use floral resources. We suggest our novel relative amplicon quantification method as another tool in the developing molecular ecology and pollination biology toolbox.</p>
Figs. 12–13. Endemic flowering plants. 12 in Socotra Archipelago - a lifeboat in the sea of changes: advancement in Socotran insect biodiversity survey
Figs. 12–13. Endemic flowering plants. 12 – Croton sulcifructus (Wadi Madar); 13 – Hypericum scopulorum (Skant).
Figs. 8–11. Endemic flowering plants. 8 in Socotra Archipelago - a lifeboat in the sea of changes: advancement in Socotran insect biodiversity survey
Figs. 8–11. Endemic flowering plants. 8 – Aerva revoluta (Skant); 9 – Caralluma socotrana (Wadi Ayhaft); 10 – Trichodesma scottii (Skant-Wadi Madar); 11 – Begonia socotrana (Skant).
Differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict affect post-pollination reproductive isolation in a flowering plant
<p>Mating system shifts from outcrossing to selfing are frequent in plant evolution. Relative to outcrossing, selfing is associated with reduced parental conflict over seed provisioning, which may result in postzygotic, asymmetric, reproductive isolation in crosses between populations of different mating systems. To test the hypothesis that post-pollination reproductive isolation between populations increases with increasing differences in mating system and predicted parental conflict, we performed a crossing experiment involving all combinations of three self-compatible populations (with low outcrossing rates), and three self-incompatible populations (with high outcrossing rates) of the arctic-alpine herb Arabis alpina, assessing fitness-related seed and plant traits of the progeny. Predicted levels of parental conflict ("genome strength") were quantified based on strength of self-incompatibility and estimates of outcrossing rates. Crosses between self-compatible and self-incompatible populations yielded very small seeds of low viability, resulting in strong reproductive isolation. In 14 of 15 reciprocal between-population crosses, seeds were heavier when the paternal plant had the stronger genome, and seed mass differences between cross directions increased with an increased difference in parental conflict. Overall, our results suggest that, when sufficiently large, differences in mating system and hence in expected parental conflict may result in strong post-pollination reproductive barriers contributing to speciation.</p>
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
<p>Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.</p>
Genome-wide association study of aphid abundance highlights a locus affecting plant growth and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana
<div> <div>Plant life-history traits, such as size and flowering, contribute to shaping variation in herbivore abundance. Although plant genes involved in physical and chemical traits have been well studied, less is known about the loci linking plant life-history traits and herbivore abundance. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of aphid abundance in a field population of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>. This GWAS of aphid abundance detected a relatively rare but significant variant on the third chromosome of <em>A. thaliana</em>, which was also suggestively but non-significantly associated with the presence or absence of inflorescence. Out of candidate genes near this significant variant, a mutant of a ribosomal gene (AT3G13882) exhibited slower growth and later flowering than a wild type under laboratory conditions. A no-choice assay with the turnip aphid, <em>Lipaphis erysimi</em>, found that aphids were unable to successfully establish on the mutant. Our genome-wide association study of aphid abundance unexpectedly found a locus affecting plant growth and flowering.</div> </div>
R code and datasets for flower-visitor interactions (pollinators, robbers, thieves) and plant traits from Mount Cameroon
<p>Raw data and R code for: <strong>Cheaters among pollinators: Nectar robbing and thieving vary spatiotemporally with floral traits in Afrotropical forests. </strong><i>Ecosphere, 2023</i>. doi: 10.1002/ecs2.4696<br> </p><p>When using the dataset for anything, cite the Sakhalkar et al. <i>Ecosphere </i>paper.</p><p><br>All related information can be found in the cited paper. For additional information, refer to the paper or write to either robert.tropek@gmail.com or sailee.sakha@gmail.com.</p>
Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants
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