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Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 9 Effects of selection for large (L) and small (S) adults over two generations on adult head width (mean ± SD) in a giant migratory locust. Different letters in each sex indicate statistically significant differences at the 5% level by the Tukey's multiple comparison test.
Fig 7 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 7 Relationship between the duration of nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in G2 of different family lines reared as groups at LD 12:12h (A) and LD 16:8h (B). Each circle represents the mean value of female (red) or male (green) individuals reared in a cage. Interrupted lines indicate statistically significant regression lines.
Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 5 Relationship between nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in giant Locusta migratoria individually reared at LD 12:12h (A) and LD 16:8h (B). The numbers presented in parentheses denote the number of nymphal stadia. In (A), the sample size were N = 20 and 24 for females with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, respectively; and N = 22 and 3 for males with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, respectively. In (B), the sample sizes were N = 19 and 28 for females with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, and N = 49 and 2 for males with 5 and 6 nymphal instars. Relationship between body weight at hatching and nymphal development in giant Locusta migratoria individually reared at LD 12:12h (C) and LD 16:8h (D). Asterisk indicates p < 0.05.
Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 6 Relationship between the duration of nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in G2 of two family lines (TG and TK) reared as groups at LD 12:12h (A, C) and LD 16:8h (B, D). Each circle represents one individual, with females in red and males in green. Interrupted lines indicate statistically significant regression lines.
Fig 3 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 3 A photograph showing differences between a giant female (A, TBL = 84.0 mm, head width = 11.7 mm) and an average-sized female (B, TBL = 65.0 mm, head width = 8.8 mm) of Tsushima Island. Relationship between maximum body weight and head width of Locusta migratoria female adults collected on Tsushima Island in 2008 and reared individually at 30°C and LD 12:12h (C). The maximum body weight for a giant individual with the head width of 11.3 mm was 8.91 g, whereas it was 4.47 g (range, 3.09–5.49 g, N = 33) for the other individuals.
Fig 4 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 4 The effects of female body size on egg pod width (A) and numbers of eggs per pod (B) in field-collected Locusta migratria. Female adults used in (A) and (B) were collected in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Relationship between the number of ovarioles and head width in Locusta migratoria females collected in 2008 (C) and between the number of ovarioles and head width in G1 females of a giant family reared under isolated conditions (D). Relationship between hatchling body weight and head width of 12 Locusta migratoria maternal specimens collected on Tsushima Island in 2008 (E). In (E) each circle is based on 12.7 hatchlings on average.
Fig 13 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 13 Phylogenetic relationships among Tsushima Island (highlighted in red) and various other populations of Locusta migratoria. The original tree was constructed by Tokuda et al. (2010) using the neighbor-joining method based on a combined dataset of 2181 bp, including sequences of cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunit I, NADH dehydrogenase subunit II, and 12S ribosomal RNA. Bootstrap values are provided for nodes supported by more than 50% in 1000 pseudoreplicates. This figure has been reproduced with permission and some modifications. For a detailed explanation, see Tokuda et al. (2010).
Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 2 Head width analysis of adult Locusta migratoria from Tsushima Island. Frequency distribution of head widths among female (A) and male (B) individuals. Relationship between head widths and total body length in fresh specimens (C). Box plot illustrating head width distribution by fresh female individuals (D) and male individuals (E). The figure presents data obtained from both recently collected fresh specimens and dry specimens gathered in 1930 and 1933 that were preserved at Kyushu University's museum. Additionally, reference data from Hiura's study (1976) are included.
Fig 11 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 11 Changes in annual air temperatures on Tsushima Island from 1930 to 2020 (A), from 1930 to 1975 (B), and from 1976 to 2022 (C) (Japan Meteorological Agency).
Fig 12 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 12 Diagram illustrating how the developmental pathways of hatchlings are influenced by their initial body sizes and subsequent molt patterns, shedding light on the correlation between molting frequency, growth duration, and adult size attainment under isolated rearing conditions. On average, hatchling body size between sexes was similar. Among the female hatchlings, those with larger initial body sizes exhibited a propensity to undergo 5 molts, whereas their smaller counterparts tended to experience 6 molts during their development. Among the male hatchlings, the majority followed a pattern of 5 molts with the exception of a limited number of smaller individuals that underwent 6 molts. On average, individuals that experienced 6 molts exhibited an extended growth period but ultimately emerged as larger adults in comparison to their counterparts that underwent 5 molts. These findings are in line with the data presented in Table 1.
Fig 10 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 10 Effects of reciprocal crossings between giant (TG) and other families including Koutsuki (KT1 and KT2) and Neo (NE1 and NE 2) on the body weight of offspring at hatchling in F2. Different letters in each crossing experiment indicate statistically significant differences at the 5% level using the Tukey's multiple comparison test; ns indicates no significant difference by ANOVA. Nymphs and adults of F1 were reared as groups at LD 12:12h, and their eggs (F2) were allowed to hatch at 30°C after diapause termination. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes, with a mean of 13.8 hatchlings in each sample.
Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789
Fig 1 Mean head widths of male and female solitarious adults of Locusta migratoria across diverse climatic regions. Data for Tsushima populations were derived from this study (red circle) and Farrow and Colless (1980).
Data and scripts for: Site-level connectivity identified from multiple sources of movement data to inform conservation of a migratory bird
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Stable isotope profile of autumnal migratory bird feathers on Italian Alps
<p>In the study of migration of birds, there are many aspects to be deepened to comprehend both ecology of the species and their geographical connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds. In the last decades, stable isotopes of light elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur measured in cheratinous tissues such feathers are increasingly used in order to delineate origin of migrants and to define ecological aspects of birds. Here we present a complete isotopic profile of several passerine species migrating through Italian Alps during post-breeding season. Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were measured in juvenile feathers of 807 individuals of 48 different specie ringed in central Italian Alps during post-breeding migration in the years 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Birds were ringed in two ringing and monitoring stations of Progetto Alpi (<a href="http://progetto-alpi.muse.it/">http://progetto-alpi.muse.it/</a>). No birds were mistreated, and the sampling took place in compliance with the national and international laws in force at the time of the study.</p>
Stopover use of a large estuarine wetland by dunlins during spring and autumn migrations: linking local refuelling conditions to migratory strategies
<p>1. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values measured in blood (plasma and red blood cells) and toenails of dunlins (<em>Calidris alpina</em>) captured at the Tagus estuary, Portugal, during spring and autumn migrations.</p> <p>2. Biometric and haematological parameters of dunlins (<em>Calidris alpina</em>) captured at the Tagus estuary, Portugal, during spring and autumn migrations.</p> <p>3. Biometric parameters and plasma metabolite concentrations of dunlins (<em>Calidris alpina</em>) captured at the Tagus estuary, Portugal, during spring and autumn migrations.</p>
Regularized satellite tracks from: Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
<p>Data are regularized tiger shark satellite tracks used in "Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)" published in Global Change Biology. Paper abstract below:</p> <p>Given climate change threats to ecosystems, it is critical to understand responses of species to warming. This is especially important in the case of apex predators since they exhibit relatively high extinction risk and changes to their distribution could impact predator-prey interactions that can initiate trophic cascades. Here we used a combined analysis of animal tracking, remotely sensed environmental data, habitat modeling, and capture data to evaluate the effects of climate variability and change on the distributional range and migratory phenology of an ectothermic apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). Tiger sharks satellite tracked in the western North Atlantic between 2010 and 2019 revealed significant annual variability in the geographic extent and timing of their migrations to northern latitudes from ocean warming. Specifically, tiger shark migrations have extended farther poleward and arrival times to northern latitudes have occurred earlier in the year during periods with anomalously high sea-surface temperatures. A complementary analysis of nearly 40 years of tiger shark captures in the region revealed decadal-scale changes in the distribution and timing of shark captures in parallel with long-term ocean warming. Specifically, areas of highest catch densities have progressively increased poleward and catches have occurred earlier in the year off the North American shelf. During periods of anomalously high sea-surface temperatures, movements of tracked sharks shifted beyond spatial management zones that had been affording them protection from commercial fishing and bycatch. Taken together, these study results have implications for fisheries management, human-wildlife conflict, and ecosystem functioning.</p>
Does hatch date set the clock? Timing of post-fledging movements for families of a colonially breeding, long-distance migratory songbird
<p><span>Factors that influence the development of migration timing in juvenile songbirds have implications for the ability of individuals to respond positively to rapid environmental changes. We investigated the impacts of nest timing on the post-fledging movement timing of juveniles and adults of a migratory songbird. We tested whether first egg date and environmental factors predicted the initiation of post-fledging stages: fledge date for juveniles, and colony departure date for both adults and juveniles. At breeding colonies of purple martin (<i>Progne subis</i>) in southern Ontario, Canada, we monitored nests to determine the date of nest initiation ('first egg date') and deployed 122 coded radio-frequency tracking tags on young and adults to determine the timing of post-fledging stages. We found that first egg date, the number of nestmates and age of parents were the main predictors of fledge date. Of these three factors, only first egg date was carried through post-fledge to influence colony departure date for juvenile birds, but this relationship weakened between first egg date and departure date. Nestmates tended to fledge together (range 0-4 days) but exhibited greater variation in colony departure timing (range 0-11 days). Further, while first egg influenced departure date, increasing variation between fledge and departure led to some birds departing breeding colonies at a younger age, suggesting in influence of local environmental factors (e.g. social or photoperiod change) in departure decisions. The timing of adult colony departure date was independent of first egg dates. In sum, our results suggest a role for 1<sup>st</sup> egg dates in setting timing of post-breeding movements, but with variation introduced between fledge and departure dates. Experimental manipulations of photoperiod in a wild setting are needed and future research should investigate whether the timing of movement driven by nesting timing, holds across the rest of migration or even the lifetime of birds. </span></p>
Data from: A migratory divide spanning two continents is associated with genomic and ecological divergence
<p>Migratory divides are contact zones between breeding populations with divergent migratory strategies during the non-breeding season. These locations provide an opportunity to evaluate the role of seasonal migration in the maintenance of reproductive isolation, particularly the relationship between population structure and features associated with distinct migratory strategies. We combine light-level geolocators, genomic sequencing, and stable isotopes to investigate the timing of migration and migratory routes of individuals breeding on either side of a migratory divide coinciding with genomic differentiation across a hybrid zone between barn swallow (<i>Hirundo rustica</i>) subspecies in China. Individuals west of the hybrid zone, with <i>H. r. rustica</i> ancestry, had comparatively enriched carbon isotope values and overwintered in eastern Africa, while birds east of the hybrid zone, with <i>H. r. gutturalis </i>ancestry, had depleted isotope values and migrated to southern India. The two subspecies took divergent migratory routes around the high-altitude Karakoram Range and arrived on the breeding grounds over three weeks apart. These results indicate that assortative mating by timing of arrival and/or selection against hybrids with intermediate migratory traits may maintain reproductive isolation between the subspecies, and that inhospitable geographic features may have contributed to the diversification of Asian avifauna by influencing migratory patterns.</p>
Migration tactics and connectivity of a Nearctic-Neotropical migratory shorebird
<p><span>During long-distance spring migrations, birds may rest and refuel at numerous stopover sites while minimizing the time to reach the breeding grounds. If habitat is limited along the migration route, pre-breeding birds optimize flight range by having longer stopovers at higher quality sites compared to poorer quality sites. Stopover duration also depends on distance remaining to breeding grounds, ecological barriers, and individual characteristics.</span></p> <p><span>We assessed spring migration tactics and connectivity of a Nearctic-Neotropical migratory shorebird, the semipalmated sandpiper (<em>Calidris pusilla</em>), at two sites with known relative habitat quality on the Northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) coast, the first land encountered after crossing the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). </span></p> <p><span>We used automated radio telemetry (Motus) to estimate stopover duration and probability of departure. Migration speed was estimated for individuals detected at subsequent receivers on the Motus Network. To measure migratory connectivity, we used morphometrics and the Motus network to assign general breeding regions. Additionally, feather stable isotope ratios of C and N provided coarse information about over-wintering regions. </span></p> <p><span>Stopover duration declined with higher fuel loads at capture as expected under a time-minimizing strategy. After accounting for fuel load, stopover duration was approximately 40% longer at the higher quality site. We found no detectable effect of age, sex, or breeding location on stopover behavior. Probability of departure was strongly affected by humidity and also by tailwind and weather conditions. Birds stopping at the higher-quality site had earlier apparent arrival to the breeding grounds. The Louisiana coast is an apparent stopover hub for this species, since the individuals were departing to range-wide breeding regions and isotope values suggested birds were also using widespread wintering regions.</span></p> <p>Our study shows how high-quality, coastal wetlands along the NGOM coast serve a critical role in the annual cycle of a migratory shorebird. Stopover behavior indicated that high quality habitat may be limited for this species during spring migration. As threats to the GOM coast increase, protection of these already limited wetlands is vitally important.</p>
Understanding how diel and seasonal rhythms affect the movements of a small non-migratory bird
Diel and seasonal rhythms affect an animal's environment and life history. Understanding how these rhythms influence movement increases our knowledge on how animals adjust to changing resources, environmental conditions, and risk to their survival. To better understand how diel and seasonal rhythms affect animals, we evaluated movements of Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus); hereafter, bobwhite. Because bobwhite are a small non-migratory species that must cope with daily and seasonal changes in their environment year-around, they are a model species to study how diel and seasonal rhythms influence animal movement of a non-migratory species. Global positioning system data from transmitters attached to bobwhite at four wildlife management sites across Oklahoma were collected during 2019–2021. We parsed the diel data as daytime (7:00–19:00 Central Daylight Savings Time [CDT]) and nighttime (19:00–7:00 CDT), and diurnal (sunrise–sunset) and nocturnal (sunset–sunrise) as well as by astronomical season. We calculated three movement metrics: net displacement (Euclidean distance from the starting fix to the ending fix of a path which encompasses consecutive relocations in a time series of geographic fixes), cumulative distance (sum of all Euclidean distances between each consecutive fix along the path), and hourly movement. We modeled the data using a generalized linear mixed-modeling approach. Across season, model predictions showed that net displacement was highest during spring, and daytime cumulative distance slowly increased as the year progressed. Bobwhite had two movement peaks during the diurnal period, one during 9:00–10:00 and the other during 17:00–20:00 depending on the season. Despite being diurnal, bobwhite occasionally made nocturnal movements, likely in response to a disturbance by a predator, inclement weather, or energetic demands. Movement peaks during the diurnal period may reflect changes in behavior in response to energy requirements, predator risk, and changes in air temperature. Life history events, likely cause seasonal differences in movement. This study furthers our understanding on how animals move daily and seasonally suggesting the importance of analyzing movement across the entire year because animals move differently across the day and year.
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